Seeds Of Pisum Sativum Research Articles

Preservative Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides of Germinated Seeds of Pisum sativum (Garden Pea) On Roselle Flowers (Hibiscus sabdarifa L.) Drink

Study’s Excerpt This research presents the use of antimicrobial peptides derived from Pisum sativum (pea) seeds as natural preservatives for extending the shelf life of local African beverages. It demonstrated that peptides, particularly from germinated peas on day four, exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against bacteria. Plant-derived peptides could replace synthetic preservatives in the food and beverage industry. Full Abstract The demand for natural and effective food preservatives has increased due to the growing concern over the safety and quality of processed beverages. Antimicrobial peptides have gained significant attention as natural alternatives to synthetic preservatives, offering potential benefits such as broad-spectrum activity and lower toxicity. Germinating seeds of Pisum sativum were harvested on days 2, 4, 6 and 8 and peptides were extracted and purified using Ammonium Sulphate Precipitation at 70% saturation, Dialysis, Gel filtration and the peaks were obtained. The molecular weight of peptides was determined using SDS-PAGE while Six (6) Bacteria and Four (4) Fungal species were isolated and characterized using standard procedures. The highest protein concentration was obtained with germinated peas day four (P4) with a value of 1.7866mg/mL, while the highest zone diameter of inhibition was recorded with peptide of germinated pea seeds day six fraction three (P6:3) with a value of 17.000±0.577mm against B. cereus. The least MIC value, expressed in protein concentration (mg/mL), was obtained as 0.0253mg/mL with 100% concentration of the peptide of germinated peas on day four (P4). All four (4) fungal species recorded no activity/zone diameter of inhibition. Sanitizing activity of the peptides on the ‘Zobo’ drink adjusted to pH 2.3, at 0hr, 24hr, 48hr and 72hrs was carried out, and all the purified peptides extended the shelf life of the drink except for peptide of germinated peas on day two. Sensory evaluation equally indicated that the drink was preserved with 10% (P4:4) at pH 2.3, being the most preferred treatment by the judges with a percentage likeness of 72.22% after 72hrs of storage. Findings from this study highlight the potential of these peptides in developing innovative and safe preservation techniques for extending the shelf life of local African beverages. This study further offers promising insights into the application of Pisum sativum peptides in preserving traditional drinks like 'Zobo.'

DNA Damage, Cell Death, and Alteration of Cell Proliferation Insights Caused by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using a Plant-Based Model.

The speedy growth of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NP) manufacturing due to their wide application in industries has caused concerns due to their increased discharge into the environment from both purposeful and accidental sources. Their presence at an elevated concentration in the environment can cause potential hazards to the plant kingdom, specifically to staple food crops. However, limited research is available to determine the consequences of CuO NPs. The present study aimed to assess the morphological and cytological changes induced by CuO NPs on Pisum sativum L., a key staple food crop. Seeds of Pisum sativum were exposed to various concentrations of CuO NPs (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ppm) for 2 h, and their effects on seed germination (SG), radicle length (RL), cell proliferation kinetics (CPK), mitotic index (MI), cell death (CD), micronucleus frequency (MNF), and chromosomal aberration frequency (CAF) were studied. The results indicate a significant reduction in SG, RL, CPK, and MI and a significant dose-dependent increase in CD, MNF, and CAF. CuO NP treatment has led to abnormal meiotic cell division, increased incidence of micronucleus frequency, and chromosomal aberration frequency. Additionally, the CuO NP-treated groups showed an increase in the percentage of aberrant meiotic cells such as laggard (LG), double bridge (DB), stickiness (STC), clumped nuclei (CNi), precocious separation (PS), single bridge (SB), and secondary association (SA). CuO NP treatment led to reductions in SG as follows: 55% at 24 h, 60.10% at 48 h, and 65% at 72 h; reductions in RL as follows: 0.55 ± 0.021 cm at 24 h, 0.67 ± 0.01 cm at 48 h, and 0.99 ± 0.02 cm at 72 h; reductions in CPK as follows: 34.98% at prophase, 7.90% at metaphase, 3.5% at anaphase, and 0.97% at telophase. It also led to a 57.45% increase in CD, a 39.87% reduction in MI, and a 60.77% increase in MNF at a higher concentration of 125 ppm. The findings of this study clearly show that CuO NPs have a genotoxic effect on the food crop plant Pisum sativum.

Investigating plasma activated water as a sustainable treatment for improving growth and nutrient uptake in maize and pea plant

In this study, an atmospheric pressure air plasma jet (APAPJ) was employed to generate plasma-activated water (PAW), which was applied to treat maize (monocot) and pea (dicot) seeds for evaluating its influence. This research explored APAPJ diagnostics by varying the air feed rate as 1, 2, and 3 liter per minute (Lpm) through current-voltage characterization, optical emission spectroscopy, electron temperature and density, nitrogen metastable state density, and rotational and vibrational temperature of the plasma. Additionally, various reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) formed and physicochemical properties of PAW were analyzed by varying plasma treatment time from 0 to 8 min. Furthermore, the water uptake of maize (Zea mays) and pea (Pisum sativum) seeds were examined by the measurement of the contact angle. Results indicated that APAPJ has the capacity of fostering germination, growth, chlorophyll, phosphorus, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium ion and leaf area in plants significantly with an optimized 6 min treated PAW for maize and 2 min treated PAW for peas. Among various categories, seeds soaked in PAW and irrigated with PAW exhibited the most outstanding result in germination and plant growth. Non-thermal plasma showed promising green methods for enhancing plant growth and boosting nutrient content.

The allelopathic effect of Aloe ferox, Aloe marlothii, Anthocleista grandiflora and Pollichia campestris extracts on the germination of selected plants

Many unpopular species are useful for medicinal and food security use. However, their extracts can be used to improve seed germination and can remove unwanted vegetation by acting as herbicides. Often, such use is based on a history of traditional practices. For example, Vhavenda villages in the Limpopo province (South Africa) use Anthocleista grandiflora leaves to cover maize and millet grains during malting to stimulate germination, but few studies have tested their efficacy or even formulated extracts out of them. This study tested the allelopathic effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Aloe ferox, Aloe marlothii, Anthocleista grandiflora and shoot extracts of Pollichia campestris. The extracts were applied at a 100 or 50 % concentration through irrigating or soaking seeds of Strychnos spinosa and common vegetable seeds of Pisum sativum, Vigna unguiculata and Zea mays were used as benchmark species. The results showed that the extracts had a significant effect (P < 0.001, P < 0.002 and P < 0.010) on the germination of three species and suppressed germination instead of enhancing it. The exception was Vigna unguiculata, where extracts had a non-significant effect (P = 0.784). The highest inhibition was observed in the crude extract of Anthocleista grandiflora (100 %), which inhibited Pisum sativum germination with a percentage inhibition of 76 %. All extracts inhibited the seed germination of Zea mays and the highest germination of 52 % was achieved compared to 87 % germination in the control (no extracts applied). None of the different extract concentrations (100 or 50 %) or application methods (irrigation and soaking) improved the seed germination of species. These results suggest the tested extracts could be useful as growth suppressors (especially Anthocleista grandiflora) of Strychnos spinosa but more research is required.

Toxicological assessment of synthetic pesticides on physiology of Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Pisum sativum L. along with their correlation to health hazards: A case study in south-west Nagaland, India

Pesticide toxicity has been a major concern in the recent time. Higher concentrations of pesticides affect the organisms and environmental health. The present study aims to assess the toxicological effect of some commonly used pesticides in southwest Nagaland of India and their impact on the physiology of Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum along with their correlation to health hazards. The study area is a hilly region where the overall temperature ranges in between 2 °C and 35 °C. The annual rainfall received in the region is between 1000 and 2000 mm. The region shares a subtropical to tropical climate. Agriculture is the main activity of the region. Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum were collected from the local market and sterilized with 2 % sodium hypochlorite for 15 min. The solution of monocrotophos, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, dichlorvos, and cypermethrin was prepared with 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm concentrations. The seeds were soaked for 24 h in the test solutions and kept uniformly in sterilized petri dishes in 10 ml of test solutions. For every experiment, three replicates of each sample were taken including the control. The control sample was run with tap water. For each replica 10 seeds were taken, so one sample contained 30 seeds. The seeds of the above two vegetable species were treated with these pesticides and analyzed for germination rate, phytotoxicity, dry biomass, and seedling vigor index. The result has shown the negative impact of higher concentrations of pesticides on plant physiology. A questionnaire and interview-based field survey were also conducted among the users to find out exposure-related health hazards of pesticides. The average time utilized for a single interview was 30 min. According to the self-assessed reports of 323 pesticide users, 17 physical disorders were recorded from the study. Eye irritation (49.12), excessive sweating (46.68), and excessive tiredness were some of the highly observed signs and symptoms among the users. For the statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the biomass production in radicle and plumule of the studied species was done with OriginPro 8.5 software. A chi-square (χ2) test was performed at the significance level of 5 % for the comparative study among male and female farmers for exposure-related disorders. The correlation analysis was done with MS-EXCEL software. A coefficient correlation value of 0.54 was recorded, which indicates a positive correlation between the studied factors.

Effect of PGPR Arthrobacter sp. CTF1 and foliar iodine spraying on pea microgreens growth in hydroponic culture

The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) along with additional biofortification of agricultural plants with scarce essential elements, such as iodine, is a promising area of agricultural biotechnology. The seeds of Pisum sativum L. (var. Madras) pre-inoculated for two hours with PGPR Arthrobacter sp. strain CTF1 (108 CFU/mL) were grown for 14 days in a hydroponic culture at foliar spraying with iodine solution (0.01% KI or KIO3) on the 7th day of the vegetation. Growth parameters such as the length of shoot, fresh and dry biomass of seedlings were studied, the germination percentage and vigor index were calculated, and the content of photosynthetic pigments in pea leaves was assessed. The results showed inoculation of pea seeds with PGPR strain CTF1 had a positive effect on the biomass of two-week-old pea microgreens and their vigor index. At the same time, a significant increase in photosynthetic pigments was also observed in the leaves of pea seedlings, especially chlorophyll a (by almost 25%) and carotenoids (by almost 40%). Additionally, application of iodine via foliar spraying, irrespective of its form (KI or KIO3), resulted in nearly a 26-fold surge in amount of microgreens. However, the significant effect of such iodine treatment had a positive effect only on the content of carotenoids.

Creating saponin-free yellow pea seeds by CRISPR/Cas9-enabled mutagenesis on β-amyrin synthase.

Dry pea (Pisum sativum) seeds are valuable sources of plant protein, dietary fiber, and starch, but their uses in food products are restricted to some extent due to several off-flavor compounds. Saponins are glycosylated triterpenoids and are a major source of bitter, astringent, and metallic off-flavors in pea products. β-amyrin synthase (BAS) is the entry point enzyme for saponin biosynthesis in pea and therefore is an ideal target for knock-out using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to produce saponin deficient pea varieties. Here, in an elite yellow pea cultivar (CDC Inca), LC/MS analysis identified embryo tissue, not seed coat, as the main location of saponin storage in pea seeds. Differential expression analysis determined that PsBAS1 was preferentially expressed in embryo tissue relative to seed coat and was selected for CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of PsBAS1 was systematically optimized in pea hairy roots. From these optimization procedures, the AtU6-26 promoter was found to be superior to the CaMV35S promoter for gRNA expression, and the use of 37°C was determined to increase the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. These promoter and culture conditions were then applied to stable transformations. As a result, a bi-allelic mutation (deletion and inversion mutations) was generated in the PsBAS1 coding sequence in a T1 plant, and the segregated psbas1 plants from the T2 population showed a 99.8% reduction of saponins in their seeds. Interestingly, a small but statistically significant increase (~12%) in protein content with a slight decrease (~5%) in starch content was observed in the psbas1 mutants under phytotron growth conditions. This work demonstrated that flavor-improved traits can be readily introduced in any pea cultivar of interest using CRISPR/Cas9. Further field trials and sensory tests for improved flavor are necessary to assess the practical implications of the saponin-free pea seeds in food applications.

Determining Germination percentage and Protein Levels in Germinating Pisum sativum (Green Pea) Seeds Exposed to Lead Stress using the Biurette Method

Determining Germination percentage and Protein Levels in Germinating Pisum sativum (Green Pea) Seeds Exposed to Lead Stress using the Biurette Method

Screening of Phytoconstituents in Medicinal Plants and Study of Their Effect in Seed Germination

Due to the existence of bioactive phytochemicals in plants, they have been traditionally utilized as medicine for a very long time. The present study was aimed to determine the phytoconstituents present in ten different plants collected from Katunje-Bhaktapur, Nepal. The methanol extract of the sample was used for analyzing the phytoconstituents present in the plant sample. The result revealed the existence of several phytoconstituents like alkaloid terpenoid, quinine, tannin, saponin and flavonoid in these plants. Similarly, the impact of phytoconstituents on germination of Pisum sativum seeds in water, aqueous extract, methanol, and methanol extract were analyzed. Shoot germination was retarded on all extracts.

Development of Bacterial Augmented Floating Treatment Wetlands System (FTWs) for Eco-Friendly Degradation of Malachite Green Dye in Water

Industrial revolution has intensified water pollution due to the indiscriminate discharge of untreated industrial effluents into water bodies, posing a serious threat to the whole ecosystem. Recently, the floating treatment wetlands system (FTWs) technique has been used as one of the most innovative, cost-effective and environment-friendly option for wastewater treatment. The present study is aimed at investigating the Malachite green (MG) dye decolorizing potential of Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) through the development of a bacterial augmented FTWs. To an artificial FTWs, vegetated with E. crassipes and bioaugmented with Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas sp., synthetically prepared MG dye enriched wastewater was added. Among all the treatments developed, floating wetlands treatment T2 (consisting of dye, E. crassipes and Pseudomonas putida) performed the best in decolorizing the dye and in reducing values of electrical conductivity (EC), pH and total dissolved solids (TDS) of the treated water. Bacterial inoculation proved fruitful in assisting the increased MG dye decolorization in partnership with E. crassipes and also helped in aquatic plant growth promotion. MG dye toxicity effects were studied through phytotoxicity assay using FTWs treated water on Pisum sativum seeds, and satisfactory results were obtained. From experimental results, it can be seen that Eichhornia crassipes with bacterial inoculation have a strong ability to degrade and decolorize MG dye in textile effluents. We conclude that the plant-microbial assisted FTWs technique can be a unique approach to remediate the textile dye effluents before their release into water bodies.

Evaluation of the use of silicon and iron nanoform for pre-sowing treatment of &lt;i&gt;Pisum sativum&lt;/i&gt; seeds

Relevance. Modern plant growing technologies are associated with the use of nanoparticles for pre-sowing seed treatment. The article presents the results of studying the effect of pre-sowing treatment of Pisum sativum seeds with solutions of iron and silicon nanooxides on the germination, viability and yield of plants in the conditions of the Southern Ural. Methods. For pre-sowing treatment of seeds, solutions of nanoparticles of SiO2 and Fe3O4 were used at a concentration of 10–2, 10–3 and 10–4 mg/l, as well as a solution of mixture of two oxides. Cell viability was assessed by the method of Vijayaraghavaraddy, superoxide dismutase activity was determined by Giannopolitis and Ries, catalase, lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde content – by Heath and Packer, and the fractional composition of proteins in seeds – by Chen. Results. Determination of the germination of P. sativum showed a significant stimulation of seed germination and an increase in catalase activity when seeds were treated with SiO2 in two concentrations (up to 83 % and 146 %), Fe3O4 (up to 111 %) and Fe3O4 + SiO2 (up to 47 %). A decrease in the content of malonic dialdehyde due to the treatment with SiO2 and its mixture with Fe3O4 (up to 40 %) was noted. Against the background of the use of nanoparticles for pre-sowing seed treatment, the composition of the protein complex changed due to an increase in the pool of albumins by 88 % and a decrease in the content of globulins down to 9,8 %.

Impact of PGRS Priming on Germination and Seedling Parameters of Pea And Plantago under Artificial Magnetism

Seed priming is widely recognized as a significant phenomenon for synchronizing germination and enhancing the vigor of seeds. Seeking the importance of priming, the influence of magnetic treatments in overall performance of plants cannot be undermined as well. In the present study, seeds of Pisum sativum L. and Plantago ovata Forssk. were primed with essential Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) such as; Gibberellic acid (GA3), Potassium nitrate (KNO3), Salicylic acid (SA), Ascorbic acid (AsA), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in combination with different artificial magnetic treatment (North, South and N/S) to document morpho-physiological attributes. A lab experiment was conducted under Complete Randomized Design (CRD) which consisted of 6 seed priming treatment along with control (no-priming) each with three replications. Seeds were primed with water (H2O) and PGRs for 12 hours and the final harvest of seedlings was obtained for morpho-physiological analysis after 20 days of germination. Results portrayed statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) data by increasing the morphological characteristics (root/shoot length, number of leaves, root/shoot fresh weight and root/shoot dry weight). Similarly, photosynthetic pigments i.e., chl a and carotenoids recorded significant variations under artificial magnetism except chl b which showed non-significant (p &gt; 0.05) variations. Results concluded that hydro priming and pre-soaking of seeds with essential PGRs are highly recommended to maximize the early germination, morpho-physiological performance in pea and plantago seedlings under artificial magnetism.

Quantitative effect of musical sound on seed germination kinetics in Pisum sativum

Germination of seed is a crucial step in a plant’s life cycle. It is essential for emergence of seedling and finally producing viable offspring. Germination encompasses a wide number of events influenced by different factors and sound is not an exception. Sound is a vibration that propagates as an acoustic wave. Sound waves with different frequencies, intensities and amplitudes affect different phases of plant’s life cycle including germination. Seed germination kinetics, particularly germination speed contributes a major role in the variability of germination. This work is aimed to analyse the effect of musical sound with specific spectral characteristics mainly Detrended Fluctuation Analysis scaling exponent on seed germination kinetics in Pisum sativum. Indian Classical music and Natural music was used to stimulate Pisum sativum seeds for 72 hours. Germination kinetics was evaluated in terms of Mean Germination Time, t20 and Germination Percentage. Experimental results showed that musical sound can speed up germination process in Pisum sativum. Extremely high statistically significant differences were observed in germination kinetics after musical sound treatment (p&lt;0.0001). This new work will be valuable for improving germination performance in Pisum sativum.

Removal of toxic methyl orange by a cost-free and eco-friendly adsorbent: Mechanism, phytotoxicity, thermodynamics, and kinetics

This article describes the adsorptive removal of acute toxic methyl orange (MO) dye using natural jackfruit leaves powder (JLP) adsorbent without any chemical modification. The adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope equipped with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and point of zero charge (pHZPC) Analyses. Under the optimized condition, the highest removal efficiency of MO dye was found to be 78.10%. The adsorption kinetic models ensued pseudo-second order kinetics (R2 > 0.99) and mixed diffusion process (bulk and intra-particle diffusion). The Langmuir model was well fitted (R2 > 0.99) compared to other isotherms and indicated exothermic monolayer adsorption. The study of thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous, physisorption, and exothermic in nature. Phytotoxicity trials on pea (Pisum sativum) seeds showed 0%, 76%, 82%, and 100% germination in experimental MO dye, treated dye, dye-loaded JLP adsorbent, and freshwater respectively, confirmed the nontoxic nature of treated dye as well as dye-loaded JLP adsorbent. Overall, simple preparation, abundant, cost-free, efficient, and environmentally benign nature make JLP a promising adsorbent for the remediation of harmful MO and other dyes contained wastewater.

CHARACTERIZATION IN TERMS OF COMPOSITION AND PHYTOTOXICITY OF AQUEOUS SPORES EXTRACT

In this study, we used aqueous extracts of fern spores and solution of AgNO3 and HAuCl4 for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles Au:Ag in different proportions: 1:1 and 1:10. The spores used come from 2 species of ferns: Asplenium scolopendrium and Dryopteris filix-mas. For the characterization of the extracts with or without bimetallic nanoparticles we applied Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Phytotoxicity was tested using Pisum sativum seeds. Each extract was tested in 2 dilutions: 1:10 (D10) and 1:100 (D100). The parameters, which we determinate were the root and stem growth and fresh biomass. Root growth was stimulated in variants with Asplenium scolopendrium extract: without nanoparticles both dilution and with Au:Ag nanoparticles 1:10 D10. The highest values obtained for the stem were at D10 at the variants with Asplenium scolopendrium extract with or without bimetallic nanoparticles. The influence of extracts on fresh biomass was smaller than on the growth of root and stem.

Effect of five Bacillus strains on seed germination of Pisum sativum and plant growth of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (oregano)

This study aims to investigate the effect of PGP-strains from genus Bacillus on seed germination of Pisum sativum and plant growth of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum in comparison with two growth plant regulators. Bacterial cell free supernatants (CFS) from five Bacillus strains were used in two different concentrations – 100 and 500 fold dilutions. The growth regulators (gibberellic acid and indole acetic acid) were used to determine optimal concentration to Pisum sativum seeds germination and plant growth, and were compared with the bacterial CFS. PGP-activities of CFS and plant regulators were evaluated by morphometric data of sprouted seeds and plants. Bacterial CFS increase the number of lateral root branching and the average number of leaves compared with the tested growth regulators. The growth regulators had positive effect on plant growth, although their accumulation in the soils has been shown to cause soil erosion and pollution. The treatment of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum with bacterial CS from B. subtilis 8VR, B. pumilus 9VR and B. thuringiensis 13VR, resulted in significant increase in the root length compared to the control. The maximum length of the main root was measured after treatment with CS from B. thuringiensis 13VR. Bacterial CS from genus Bacillus had no effect of stem length of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, while CS from B. cereus 7VR and B. subtilis 8VR increased the number of leaf trichomes compared to the control.

BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL WITH PETROLEUM PRODUCTS

Petroleum products are recognized as one of the most environmentally hazardous soil contaminants. The sources of this pollution are the enterprises of petroleum and chemical industry, transport, landfills. Soil has the ability to absorb many chemicals and retain them in the surface, fertile layer. Petroleum products change the mechanical, chemical, biochemical and physico-chemical characteristics of the soil, which can lead to the destruction of plants and microorganisms and affects on the soil self-cleaning. The degree of petroleum products impact on plants and microorganisms depends on many factors: temperature and humidity of the air and soil, the amount of nutrients, soil type, the concentration of pollutants. The effect of petroleum products on plants is due direct toxic effects and transformation of the soil environment. At the cellular and physiological level, the effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on plants is appeared in the violation of the structure of chloroplasts and photosynthesis. Hydrocarbons damage the membranes of chloroplasts, mitochondria, root cell membranes. Plants that grow in conditions of petroleum pollution of the soil contain more substances with stress-protective properties. The impact of soil contamination on plants can be direct and indirect. Direct impact - is the impact of petroleum components on plants, indirect impact - are changes in morphological, physicochemical and biological properties of the soil. Moreover, petroleum pollution can have negative and stimulating effects on plants. Therefore, determination the phytotoxic effect in soils contaminated with petroleum products, for selection the optimal methods of soil remediation is relevant today. The question of probiotics uses for remediation contaminated soil is not enough studied in Ukraine. Wide use of probiotic is prevented by insufficient study of this area: deficiency of scientific and scientific-practical base, comparative studies of different probiotics, methods of calculating the required doses to obtain a given cleansing effect and more. Thus, there is a need for further studies of effects of petroleum products on plants and methods of remediation of contaminated soils with probiotics. The article evaluates the phytotoxicity of contaminated soil with petroleum products before and after cleaning with probiotics. To assess the phytotoxic effect of petroleum products were used indicators: seedling height, root length, phytomass of seedlings and phytomass of plants root system. In the experiment were used test-plants: peas (Pisum sativum), oats (Avéna satíva). Remediation of contaminated soil was performed by biological method using probiotic Sviteko-Agrobiotic-01 (dilution 1: 100). The probiotic was applied on the second day after petroleum contamination. The obtained results showed that petroleum products pollution has a different effect on peas and oats in different periods from the moment of pollution. Contaminated soil with petroleum products hadn’t significant phytotoxic effect on Pisum sativum seeds on the 2nd day after contamination. Оn the 30th day after contamination research results showed clear toxic effect on Pisum sativum seeds by concentration of petroleum products of 5000 and 10000 mg/kg; Оn the 180 days after contamination research results showed toxic effect on Pisum sativum seeds at all research concentrations. Contaminated soil with petroleum products had phytotoxic effect on Avéna satíva seeds on the 2nd day after contamination starting from the concentration of petroleum products 5000 mg/kg (such as decreasing the length of the roots and the ground part of plants). On the 30th and 180 th day after contamination petroleum products hadn’t toxic effect on Avéna satíva seeds in the all range of the studied concentrations. It was found that contaminated soil for Pisum sativum becomes toxic mostly on 30th day after the introduction of petroleum products and soil toxicity increase over the time. For Avéna satíva, the soil becomes toxic from the moment of contamination at concentrations of petroleum products 5000 mg/kg and the toxicity of the soil decreases over time. The research results confirmed the effectiveness of biological method (use probiotics) of cleaning the soil from petroleum products. It is established that probiotics clean the soil up to the 5th class of toxicity (no toxicity) at almost all concentrations of petroleum products. Only in the variant with Pisum sativum at concentration of petroleum products 20,000 mg/kg the phytotoxic effect was more than 20% (low toxicity). The average value of the efficiency of soil remediation from petroleum products by probiotics at sowing Pisum sativum was 75%, at Avéna satíva - 74%. Therefore, the experiment showed high efficiency of bioremediation from petroleum products in comparison with soil self-cleaning. On the basis of research results it is planned to develop methodical bases of complex system of remediation of technogenic polluted soils by the way of application of newest environmentally benign methods (using probiotic).

Allelopathic effects of Anthocephalus cadamba on germination and growth behavior of some pulses

The present study was undertaken to explore the allelopathic capability of Anthocephalus cadamba leaf litters on four common pulses viz. Pisum sativum, Phaseolus mungo, Cicer arietinum and Lens esculenta uncovered critical hindrance of seed germination and seedling development. The leaf powder obtained after shade drying (1, 2, 5 and 10 g) was doused independently in 100 ml distilled water for a day and a half (36hrs). Application of this leaf extracts reduced seed germination rate and suppressed early seedling growth. With increase in extract concentration from 1 to 10%, a slow abatement in seed germination and seedling length happened. The inhibitory impacts were relative to the groupings of leaf separates and the higher fixation (5-10%) had more inhibitory impacts. Among the test crops, Cicer arietinum and Pisum sativum seeds were least touchy to the utilization of different groupings of leaf extracts while Lens esculenta and Phaseolus mungo seeds were more helpless to the allelopathic impacts of Anthocephalus cadamba. The results suggest that leaf extracts of Anthocephalus cadamba had strong allelopathic activity although the activity differed depending on concentration. The current investigation could be significant in arranging the field under various harvests considering the common agro-biological system for better return. It is also suggested that these pulses should not be planted close to Anthocephalus cadamba due to unfriendly impacts on their development and advancement. These results suggested that the A. cadamba had allelopathic potential which decreases germination and plant development.

Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants and Study of the Effect of Phytoconstituents in Seed Germination

Phytochemical screening of ten different locally available plant parts was done in methanol extract. Tannin, quinine, terpenoid, flavonoid, steroid, alkaloid, cardiac glycoside, glycoside, volatile oils, etc were the phytoconstituents found in plants. The study of the effect of phytoconstituents in the germination of Pisum sativum seeds revealed that the phytoconstituents present in plant extracts showed the cytotoxic effect in living cells i.e. in germinating Pisum sativum seeds. The phytoconstituents present in the plant extract showed an effect on cell proliferation and growth. Hence these plants could be used to develop drugs against cancer cells and also may be effective against microbes and bacteria

Pea GH3 acyl acid amidosynthetase conjugates IAA to proteins in immature seeds of Pisum sativum L. – A new perspective on formation of high-molecular weight conjugates of auxin

Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) acyl acid amidosynthetases are encoded by early auxin-responsive genes and catalyze an ATP-dependent biosynthesis of IAA-amino acid conjugates. An amide conjugate of IAA, indole-3-acetyl-aspartate (IAA-aspartate, IAA-Asp), is a predominant form of bound auxin in immature seeds of pea. However, there is some evidence that IAA is also able to form high molecular weight amide conjugates with proteins in pea and other plant species. In this short study we report that recombinant PsGH3 IAA-amino acid synthetase, which exhibits a preference for the formation of IAA-Asp, can also conjugate IAA with the protein fraction from immature seeds of pea (S-10 fraction). We studied [14C]IAA incorporation to the S-10 protein fraction by two assays: TLC method and protein precipitation by trichloroacetic acid (TCA). In both cases, radioactivity of [14C]IAA in the protein fraction increases in comparison to the control (without PsGH3), about 9.3- and 3.17-fold, respectively. l-Asp, as a preferred substrate in the IAA conjugation catalyzed by PsGH3, down-regulates [14C]IAA conjugation to the proteins as shown by the TLC assay (∼2.8-fold decrease) and the TCA precipitation variant (∼2-fold decrease). Moreover, l-Trp that competes with Asp for the catalytic site of PsGH3 and inhibits activity of the enzyme, diminished radioactivity of [14C]IAA-proteins about 1.2- and 2.8-fold, respectively. Taking into account that amino group of an amino acid or a protein acts as an acceptor of the indole-3-acetyl moiety from IAA-AMP intermediate during GH3-dependent conjugation, we masked amine groups (α- and ε-NH2) of the S-10 protein fraction from pea seeds by reductive alkylation. The alkylated proteins revealed about 3- and 2.8-fold lower radioactivity of [14C]IAA than non-alkylated fraction for TLC and TCA precipitation variant, respectively. This is a first study demonstrating that formation of high molecular weight IAA conjugates with proteins is catalyzed by a GH3 acyl acid amidosynthetase.