Pipeline Natural Gas Research Articles

Oil and Gas Industry of India: Russian Aspect

Rather high rates of GDP growth (compared to the world average and other Asian countries) and real incomes of the population, combined with ongoing policies of industrialization and urbaniza-tion, make India one of the most attractive markets for commodities. The country needs natural resources, mainly oil and gas. Among the key areas of development of the national economy are the oil and gas producing and processing industries. Cooperation in the energy sector between Russia and India is developing steadily and progressively, important joint projects are also being implemented. The Russian Federation exports all types of raw materials, with the exception of pipeline natural gas. In 2023, oil imports from Russia, according to the Ministry of Commerce and Industry of India, amounted to 82.21 million tons (about 1.64 million barrels per day), which is 2.61 times higher than in 2022. During the same period, 9.09 million tons of Russian oil prod-ucts were delivered (+2.39 times to the level of 2022), more than 70 % of which were fuel oil. India is also among the largest importers of Russian coal and СNG. In 2023, India imported about 23.21 million tons of Russian coal (+28.8 % to the level of 2022) and 0.41 million tons of CNG (equal to the level of 2022). As you can see, Russia is interested in increasing the export of commodities to India due to the fact that the latter is an emerging economy and acts as an ex-panding market for natural fuels for the needs of households and industry. In addition, owing to the sanction restrictions imposed on Russian companies and the need to diversify supplies, in terms of foreign economy Russia takes particular interest in cooperation with Indian partners. Let’s study India’s energy policy, especially its oil and gas market, below.

Hydrogen-natural gas fuel blending in a “rich burn” engine with 3-way catalyst

Interest in hydrogen (H2) fuels is growing, with industry planning to produce it with stranded or excess energy from renewable sources in the future. Natural gas (NG) utility companies are now taking action to blend H2 into their preexisting pipelines to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from burning NG. Stoichiometric (“rich burn”) NG engines that operate on pipeline NG and will receive blended fuel as more gas utilities expand H2 production. These engines are typically chosen for their low emissions owing to the 3-way catalyst control, so the focus of this paper is on the change in emissions like carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) as the fuel is blended with up to 30% H2 by volume. The Caterpillar CG137-8 natural gas engine used for testing was originally designed for industrial gas compression applications and is a good representative for most “rich burn” engines used across industry for applications such as power generation, gas compression, and water pumping. A significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction is observed as more H2 is added to the fuel. Increasing H2 in the fuel changes combustion behavior in the cylinder, resulting in faster ignition and higher cylinder pressures, which increase engine-out NOx emissions. Post-catalyst CO and NOx both decrease slightly with increasing H2 while operating at the optimal “air-fuel” equivalence ratio (λ). A “rich burn” engine with 3-way catalyst can tolerate up to 30% H2 (by vol.) while still meeting NOx and CO emissions limits. However, at elevated levels of H2, increased engine-out NOx emissions narrow the λ range of operation. As H2 is added to NG pipelines, some “rich burn” engine systems may require larger catalysts or more precise λ control to accommodate the increased NOx production associated with a H2-NG blend. Sudden step-increases in H2 cause dramatic changes in λ, resulting in large emissions of post-catalyst NOx during the transition. Comparable changes in H2 at elevated concentrations cause larger spikes in NOx than at lower concentrations. Better tuned engine controllers respond more quickly and produce less NOx during H2 step-transitions.

Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen-Enriched Natural Gas on Combustion and Emission Characteristics

AbstractThe integration of hydrogen into natural gas infrastructure presents a viable strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and advancing toward carbon neutrality. This study investigates the combustion characteristics and emissions profiles of hydrogen-enriched natural gas mixtures, specifically focusing on the composition of Russian pipeline natural gas. A comprehensive mathematical model was developed to predict emission concentrations and simulate fuel mixture combustion using MATLAB Simulink software. This versatile model facilitates further analysis within the MATLAB ecosystem. The simulation results demonstrate a significant correlation between the hydrogen content in the natural gas mixture and the resulting heat power output. With a constant fuel consumption rate, a notable decrease in heat power was observed as the hydrogen concentration increased, reaching a maximum reduction of 44.9% at a 45% hydrogen content. These findings underscore the feasibility of partially substituting natural gas with hydrogen, while also highlighting the necessity for increased fuel flow rates to maintain equivalent power output levels. This poses additional challenges for natural gas grid operators, necessitating infrastructure adaptations to accommodate higher fuel demands. The insights gained from this research contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding hydrogen integration in the energy sector, offering valuable implications for decarbonization strategies and the optimization of natural gas infrastructure.

Early Detection of Pipeline Natural Gas Leakage from Hyperspectral Imaging by Vegetation Indicators and Deep Neural Networks.

The timely detection of underground natural gas (NG) leaks in pipeline transmission systems presents a promising opportunity for reducing the potential greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. However, existing techniques face notable limitations for prompt detection. This study explores the utility of Vegetation Indicators (VIs) to reflect vegetation health deterioration, thereby representing leak-induced stress. Despite the acknowledged potential of VIs, their sensitivity and separability remain understudied. In this study, we employed ground vegetation as biosensors for detecting methane emissions from underground pipelines. Hyperspectral imaging from vegetation was collected weekly at both plant and leaf scales over two months to facilitate stress detection using VIs and Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Our findings revealed that plant pigment-related VIs, modified chlorophyll absorption reflectance index (MCARI), exhibit commendable sensitivity but limited separability in discerning stressed grasses. A NG-specialized VI, the optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI), demonstrates higher sensitivity and separability in early detection of methane leaks. Notably, the OSAVI proved capable of discriminating vegetation stress 21 days after methane exposure initiation. DNNs identified the methane leaks following a 3-week methane treatment with an accuracy of 98.2%. DNN results indicated an increase in visible (VIS) and a decrease in near-infrared (NIR) in spectra due to methane exposure.

Sustainable supply chain of distributed multi-product gas fields based on skid-mounted equipment to dynamically respond to upstream and market fluctuations

Efficient operation of the gas field supply chain is an important guarantee for oil and gas energy security, and it needs to dynamically adapt to upstream and market fluctuations. This paper proposes an innovative design and operation optimization mixed integer nonlinear programming (MILP) method for distributed supply chain based on skid equipment. Unlike the traditional methods, the proposed MILP method can simultaneously obtain upstream production planning, midstream modular equipment and processing capacity allocation, and downstream transportation allocation schemes for various natural gas products such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), compressed natural gas (CNG) and pipeline natural gas (PNG) of each time periods by making the maximum net present value (NPV) of the full development cycle as the target. In order to prove the superiority and usability of the proposed method, four operation scheduling modes are compared through two comprehensive case analysis. Additionally, the effects of gas well productivity, market demand and product price are investigated through sensitivity analysis. The results show that comparing with the traditional method, the proposed method can effectively improve the loading rate of the processing equipment, increase the overall revenue of gas field development, integrate the operation in the upstream, midstream and downstream of the supply chain, dynamically adapt to the gas production and marketing fluctuations. This study provides a creative way to obtain better profit, reduce energy utilization and promote cleaner production for sustainable supplies management in gas industry.

New LNG production & Marine Bunkering Capability at Port Hedland Targets Pathway to IMO 2050 ‘zero-emissions’ Through Onboard Hydrogen Production

Pilbara Clean Fuels Pty Ltd is progressing a development concept for a new, mid-scale, low carbon footprint LNG plant to be located at Port Hedland in Western Australia, the world’s largest iron ore export port. The project will provide an Australian LNG fuel supply capability through a new facility for the conversion of pipeline natural gas to LNG, responding to market demand for cleaner marine bunker fuel for dry-bulk iron ore carriers operating ‘round-trip’ voyages between the Pilbara and Asia.

Status of SOC Development at Chaozhou Three-Circle

Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co., Ltd. (CCTC) is a leading company in developing and manufacturing of electronic and ceramic components. Since more than 19 years ago, CCTC has been focusing on SOFC R&D and manufacturing, covering the complete value chain from powder to power. Based on anode-supported cell technology (ASC in fuel cell mode), the latest C2-stack in planar design using metallic interconnect exhibits a high efficiency of more than 69% (DC, LHV) at 1.5 kW. Long-term stack tests using pipeline natural gas have been conducted for 20,000 hours, with low degradation rates of below 0.4%/kh. In 2022, several 35 kW SOFC CHP systems were demonstrated with C2 stacks, which showed stable performance over 3,000 hours of operation. According to the verification test by Societe Generale de Surveillance S.A., the net AC efficiency of the system reached 64.1%, and the total efficiency was up to 91.2% after 1,000 hours of continuous operation. In parallel to the continuous progressing in SOFC, optimization in cells and stack designs dedicated for SOEC applications were also conducted in recent years. The status of both SOFC and SOEC development at CCTC will be presented.

On the economic and political determinants of trade in natural gas

AbstractThis paper analyses the determinants of trade in natural gas through a political economy lens. In addition to the economic determinants of trading in natural gas, the latter could be affected by political determinants such as sanctions and the institutional gap between trading partners. Moreover, while the literature considers the effect of tariffs, less attention has been attributed to non‐tariff measures (NTMs) that might also be imposed for political reasons. To quantify the impact of these different determinants on natural gas trade, we use a gravity model that explains bilateral trade for pipeline natural gas (PNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) over the period 2000–2017. We also consider the zero trade flows of natural gas by using the Poisson pseudo‐maximum‐likelihood estimator. Our results show that economic sanctions have reduced bilateral LNG trade by 24% on average. We also find that the institutional gap between trading partners exerts a significant negative effect on bilateral PNG and LNG trade, pointing out that institutions could be considered as fixed export cost in the natural gas market. Moreover, in addition to tariffs, NTMs have a significant negative effect on trade in natural gas.

Status of SOC Development at Chaozhou Three-Circle

Chaozhou Three-Circle (Group) Co., Ltd. (CCTC) is a leading company in development and manufacturing of electronic and ceramic components. CCTC has been focusing on SOFC R&D and manufacturing since 2004, covering the complete value chain from powder to power. Based on anode-supported cell technology (ASC in fuel cell mode), the C2-stack in planar design using metallic interconnect exhibits a high efficiency of more than 69% (DC, LHV) at 1.5 kW. Long-term stack tests using pipeline natural gas have been conducted for 20,000 hours, with low degradation rates of below 0.4%/kh.

Conversion of food waste to renewable energy: A techno-economic and environmental assessment

Increasing quantities of food waste have become a concern due to high disposal costs in landfills and high greenhouse gas emissions. With this increase in food waste generation, there is also an increasing demand for renewable natural gas to supplement traditional fossil fuel combustion and offset the impacts of climate change. Collecting food waste from landfills and turning it into renewable natural gas using anaerobic digestion could be a win-win option for both food waste disposal and renewable energy production. While some literature exists on the energy potential, economic feasibility, and environmental benefit of food waste disposal via anaerobic digestion, no existing study simultaneously evaluates the energy, economic and environmental effect of food waste to renewable energy via anaerobic digestion, especially on a plant and city scale. This study is focused on the techno-economic and environmental assessment of food waste to energy via anaerobic digestion in order to fill this gap. Four anaerobic digestion pathways are considered in this study: flare, pipeline natural gas, combined heat and power, and combined cycle for efficient power generation. Using a city of 1 M people the results show that renewable natural gas from food waste could supply the natural gas usage for 1.9% of residential use, 2.7% of commercial use, 1.1% of industrial use, 167.5% of the compressed natural gas vehicle fleet, 0.7% of electric power generation, or 2.5% of industrial high-temperature heating processes. All pathways except pipeline natural gas will have a positive net present value in the baseline scenario, and the pipeline natural gas pathway will become economically viable with a net present value of 31 USD/t of food waste with renewable energy credits. Lastly, all of the pathways achieve negative greenhouse gas emissions, which indicates that anaerobic digestion is a more environmentally friendly method for the handling of food waste than landfills.

Extended Natural Gas Characterization Method for Improved Predictions of Freeze-Out in LNG Production

The formation and the blockage of plant equipment such as heat exchangers by heavy hydrocarbon (HHC) solids is an inherent risk in cryogenic natural gas processing. The accuracy of the gas mixture’s compositional characterization significantly impacts the reliability of solid formaiton temperature predictions. Recently, we showed that complete characterization of the mixture is necessary to obtain accurate predictions of the melting temperature, as current methods based on pseudocomponent characterizations of HHCs are inadequate. Here, we present an improved method of characterizing HHCs that represents each pseudocomponent up to C14+ by a paraffinic, isoparaffinic, naphthenic and aromatic (PINA) composition and allocates an associated defined component to represent these sub-fractions. This new, extended PINA-based characterization of HHC pseudocomponents is derived from 46 different pipeline natural gas samples, and the method is validated against three representative gas samples that were fully characterized. The melting temperatures of the three gas samples based on their full characterizations are 263.2 K (14.1 °F), 260.1 K (8.5 °F) and 248.3 K (−12.8 °F), respectively. Predictions made with the new method match these within (1 to 2) K, while previous correlation methods under-predict them by (10 to 20) K. The improved performance arises from (1) the selection of suitable discrete components to represent each PINA fraction within a pseudocomponent, (2) the more representative distribution of PINA fractions as a function of carbon number, and (3) the use of discrete components to represent the pseudocomponent’s thermodynamic properties in both the fluid and solid phases. These results show how the new characterization method can reliably predict HHC freeze-out conditions, particularly when a full compositional analysis is unavailable. Future research should aim to test the new method on natural gas samples from regions other than the US Gulf Coast.

Ligand-Functional Groups Induced Tuning MOFs' 2D into 1D Pore Channels for Pipeline Natural Gas Purification.

The solvothermal reactions of CoCl2 ⋅ 6H2 O, 3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (H2 L) and isonicotinic acid (HL1 )/3-amino isonicotinic acid (HL2 )/3-chloro isonicotinic acid (HL3 ) successfully led to three tfz-d topological pillar-layer [Co4 (μ-F)2 (COO)6 (NC5 H4 )4 ] cluster-based MOFs, namely, [Co4 (μ-F)2 (L)2 (L1 )2 ⋅ 2DMA] ⋅ DMA ⋅ 2H2 O (SNNU-Bai76, SNNU-Bai=Shaanxi Normal University Bai's group), [Co4 (μ-F)2 (L)2 (L2 )2 ⋅ 2H2 O] ⋅ 2DMA ⋅ 2H2 O (SNNU-Bai77) and [Co4 (μ-F)2 (L)2 (L3 )2 ⋅ 2H2 O] ⋅ 2DMF ⋅ 2H2 O (SNNU-Bai78). With the 2D pore channels in SNNU-Bai76 and SNNU-Bai77 being tuned to the 1D pore channel in SNNU-Bai78, C3 H8 and C2 H6 adsorption uptakes are apparently improved and the IAST selectivities of C3 H8 /CH4 and C2 H6 /CH4 almost remain, which indicate that SNNU-Bai78 may be one potential separation material for the pipeline natural gas purification. These were further confirmed by the breakthrough experiments for the simulated pipeline natural gas (C3 H8 /C2 H6 /CH4 : 5/10/85 gas mixture) of three isostructural MOFs. Furthermore, GCMC simulations revealed that due to one of the pore channels blocked by Cl atoms in a couple of 3-chloro isonicotinic acid with the changed conformation as the pillar, the pore wall of the formed 1D pore channel in SNNU-Bai78 may interact with the adsorbed C3 H8 or C2 H6 molecule more strongly, for which more atoms of framework at the new adsorption site will interact with the adsorbed gas molecule by more intermolecular interactions. This was also evidenced by the increased binding energies, being consistent with the tuning of adsorption enthalpies for C3 H8 and C2 H6 gas molecules, and the reduced C3 H8 and C2 H6 gas diffusion coefficients in SNNU-Bai78. Very interestingly, this work is the first example of finely tuning the pore connectivity of MOFs toward strengthened host-guest interactions for the gas adsorption and separation.

The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the natural gas trade: A network structure dependence perspective

Given the increasing complexity of multilateral relations in the natural gas trade along the Belt and Road (B&R), it is necessary to quantify the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on natural gas trade from the perspective of structure dependence. First, the multilateral trade of natural gas along B&R is abstracted as the liquefied natural gas and pipeline natural gas trade networks (BR-LNGTN and BR-PNGTN, respectively). Second, we analyze the evolution of the network structure and the status change of countries before and after the implementation of the BRI. Finally, based on the temporal exponential random graph models (TERGMs), the evolutionary mechanism of the natural gas trade network and impact of the BRI on the evolutionary mechanism are comprehensively studied. The results show that the implementation of the BRI promotes the network size, but the advantages of trade cooperation have not been fully realized. China and India are the authoritative trading countries, while Russia and Qatar are the primary intermediary countries. Structure dependence, time dependence and trade facilitation significantly impact the generation of the network, but the explanatory power of the exogenous attributes decrease, which indicates that the trade conditions along B&R have been significantly improved.

Hazardous air pollutants in transmission pipeline natural gas: an analytic assessment

Natural gas production occurs in specific regions of the US, after which it is processed and transported via an interconnected network of high-pressure interstate pipelines. While the presence of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in unprocessed, upstream natural gas has been documented, little has been published on their presence in the midstream natural gas supply. We systematically evaluated publicly available, industry-disclosed HAP composition data sourced from Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) natural gas infrastructure applications submitted between 2017 and 2020. Natural gas composition data from these filings represent approximately 45% of the US onshore natural gas transmission system by pipeline mileage. Given that reporting natural gas HAP composition data is not required by FERC, only 49% of approved expansion projects disclosed natural gas HAP composition data. Of those applications that disclosed composition data, HAP concentrations were typically reported as higher for separator flash gas and condensate tank vapor compared to liquefied natural gas and transmission-grade natural gas, with mean benzene concentrations of 1106, 7050, 77, and 37 ppm respectively. We also identified one pipeline operator that reports real-time HAP concentrations for its natural gas at five pipeline interconnection points. Similar to the FERC applications, this operator reported benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes and hydrogen sulfide as present in transmission pipeline natural gas. Notably, mercury was also reported as detectable in 14% of real-time natural gas measurements but was not reported in any FERC applications. Given that transmission infrastructure releases natural gas during uncontrolled leaks and loss of containment events as well as during routine operations (e.g. blowouts and compressor station blowdowns), these gas composition data may serve as a critical component of air quality and health-focused evaluations of natural gas releases.

Decarbonized combustion performance of a radiant mesh burner operating on pipeline natural gas mixed with hydrogen

With the pressing need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, blending lower or zero carbon fuels like renewable hydrogen into natural gas is a promising and practical way to achieve clean energy transition. From the perspective of end users and combustion device manufactures, one of the major concerns is the influence of the renewable contents on the combustion devices performance. The possible renewable gas content percentage in pipeline also interests policy makers and gas utility companies. The present study investigates on the influence of hydrogen contents on the operating performance of a surface burner, which is widely adopted in industrial, commercial and residential applications. The interactions among heating load, excess air level and fuel contents are studied by a 3-factor∗3-level experiment design. Evaluated combustion performance characteristics include flame characteristics, burner/exhaust temperature and emissions (NO, NO2, N2O, CO, UHC, NH3). The results showed that hydrogen addition to natural gas slightly increased the burner surface temperature but did not have significant impact on other burner performance parameters. Up to 20% (by volume) natural gas was replaced by hydrogen, and no abnormal effect was observed. Furthermore, tests carried out in a prototype water heater showed similar performance. This study gives a positive sign relative to replacing pipeline natural gas with renewable hydrogen at a low percentage without modifying the burner geometry.

Impacts of energy transition on Liquefied Natural Gas shipping: A case study of China and its strategies

Energy transition has been a global trend for decades, but very little literature can be found on how energy shipping is affected. Particularly, the coal-to-gas transition of China has intensified the nation's reliance on Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) shipping import, especially through a strategic maritime link, the Straits of Malacca and Singapore (SOMS). If the SOMS is blocked in conflicts or incidents, energy supplies of China will be disrupted. Driven by practical significance and the literature gap, a case study of China is formulated to investigate how shocks in natural gas supply and demand will impact LNG shipping import volumes of China and its reliance on the SOMS, especially in the context of energy transition and the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). An innovative System Dynamics model is developed to simulate natural gas supply and demand of China based on historical data, policies, and market information (i.e. energy prices, BRI projects and LNG contracts). It is recommended for China to create financial incentives to support renewable energy and shale gas development, enhance natural gas pipeline utilization and encourage overseas LNG infrastructure investments. BRI members are recommended to diversify export routes, expanding shares in global pipeline natural gas and LNG markets.

Clearing the air through pipes? An evaluation of the air pollution reduction effect of China's natural gas pipeline projects

Natural gas is one of the most important clean energy and has played crucial roles in curbing air pollution in developed world. To facilitate the use of natural gas and reduce air pollution by reaching a similar energy consumption structure to the developed world, Chinese government has vigorously constructed natural gas pipeline projects (NGPPs) during the past decades. This paper evaluates the impact of China's NGPPs on air pollution reduction, by using national data of pollutant emissions of over 800,000 firm-level observations from 1998 to 2010. The difference-in-differences approach shows that the introduction of pipeline natural gas reduces sulfur dioxide (SO2) discharge intensity in connected cities by about 22.8%. The magnitude of the reduced SO2 emissions is estimated to be at least 17.41 million metric tons, a size of 7.33% of the total industrial SO2 discharge from 1998 to 2010. We also find that a substitution effect channel that NGPPs facilitate firms to replace fuel coal with natural gas under tightening environmental regulations.

Economic Potential of Bio-Ethylene Production via Oxidative Coupling of Methane in Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion of Industrial Effluents

Brazil’s large biofuels industry generates significant amounts of effluents, e.g., vinasse from bioethanol, that can effectively be used as substrate for production of biogas via Anaerobic Digestion (AD). The Oxidative Coupling of Methane (OCM) is the heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of methane into ethylene, which is a main building block for the chemical industry. This work investigates the potential and competitiveness of bio-ethylene production via OCM using biogas produced by biological anaerobiosis of vinasse as a feedstock. The proposed process can add incentive to treat of vinasse via AD and replace fossil ethylene, thus potentially reducing emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). A process model is developed in Aspen Plus v10 software and used to design an economic Biogas-based Oxidative Coupling of Methane (Bio-OCM) process that consumes biogas and oxygen as educts and produces ethylene, ethane, and light off-gases as products. Operating conditions in the reaction section are optimized and a reaction product yield of 16.12% is reached by applying two adiabatic Packed Bed Reactors (PBRs) in series. For the downstream CO2 removal section, a standalone amine-absorption process is simulated and compared to a hybrid membrane-absorption process on an economic basis. For the distillation section, two different configurations with and without Recycle Split Vapor (RSV) are simulated and compared. The bio-ethylene production cost for a Bio-OCM plant to be installed in Brazil is estimated considering a wide range of prices for educts, utility, side products, and equipment within a Monte Carlo simulation. The resulting average production cost of bio-ethylene is 0.53 ±0.73 USD kgC2H4-1. The production cost is highly sensitive to the sales price assigned to a light off-gas side-product stream containing mostly the un-reacted methane. A sales price close to that of Brazilian pipeline natural gas has been assumed based on the characteristics of this stream. The Monte Carlo simulation shows that a bio-ethylene production cost below or equal to 0.70 USD kgC2H4-1 is achieved with a 55.2% confidence, whereas market values for fossil ethylene typically lie between 0.70USD kgC2H4-1–1.50USD kgC2H4-1. Technical and economic challenges for the industrial implementation of the proposed Bio-OCM process are identified and relevant opportunities for further research and improvement are discussed.

Challenges of LPG Supply, Distribution & Pricing in Growing Market: Bangladesh Case Study

The prime energy scarcity is nowadays a mostly the debated issue in Bangladesh in the awaken of spreading energy and fuel crisis. Pipeline natural gas support only 6 % domestic consumption of total population by 16 % of total produced gas which is declined mode. The claim of natural gas is on the continuous increase to meet domestic needs in the city, suburban areas together with industrial, commercial, power generation and diverse usage against the scarcity of gas. The demand for natural gas is on the continuous increase to meet domestic needs in the urban, suburban areas alongside industrial, commercial, power generation and diverse usage against the scarcity of gas. In this situation, LPG becomes a popular alternative energy source to reduce the natural gas crisis along with providing clean fuel in rustic areas. LPG is using by about 81% in its total amount for domestic purposes. At present in 2018 LPG demand in Bangladesh is approximate 750,000 MT and in future 2025 it would be 250, 0000 MT with growth rate 25%, 17 %, 14%, 15 %, 8%, 20% and 17% respectively. Now a day 12 KG LPG cylinders price is BDT 1150-1200 because of the variety of market barriers, government VAT and higher transaction costs which is not affordable for the middle as well as a low-income family though Bangladesh government fixed the price every month. LPG could assume an increasingly significant job in giving cooking energy to low-middle pay family units in Bangladesh if an appropriate advertising structure and circulation plan are masterminded. The aim of this project is to find out the challenges of LPG supply, distribution, and pricing in the growing Bangladesh market and to make a well planned and details road map so that LPG companies of Bangladesh can serve 70% of the domestic cooking fuel through LPG by 2025.

Formation of a N/O/F-Rich and Rooflike Cluster-Based Highly Stable Cu(I/II)-MOF for Promising Pipeline Natural Gas Upgrading by the Recovery of Individual C3H8 and C2H6 Gases.

Due to the ultralow amounts of C3H8 and C2H6 gases, to design and synthesize water-stable MOFs that are promising for real-world efficient pipeline natural gas (NG) upgrading by the recovery of individual C3H8 and C2H6 gases is still a great challenge. Here, a N/O/F heteroatom-rich and rooflike [Cu(II)4Cu(I)2(COO)4(tetrazolyl)6] cluster-based ultra-microporous tsi-MOF (SNNU-Bai68) was afforded as a multiple heteroatom-rich and curved-surface-shaped cluster-based ultra-microporous MOF and the first porous MOF based upon such rooflike [Cu(II)xCu(I)y(tetrazolyl)z](2x+y-z)+ cluster. In SNNU-Bai68, the rooflike cluster was further assembled into a 1D chain secondary building block (SBB), which led to a high density of accessible potential adsorptive sites. Very interestingly, it exhibited the most promising balance of high gas adsorption uptakes at 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 bar, high C3H8/CH4, C3H8/C2H6, and C2H6/CH4 adsorption selectivities, moderate adsorption enthalpies, and high water and chemical stability for pipeline natural gas upgrading by the recovery of individual C3H8 and C2H6 gases, which was further confirmed by the breakthrough experiments of the gas mixtures with/without 74% RH. Furthermore, the SC-XRD and GCMC studies revealed that the successful separation of C3H8, C2H6, and CH4 gases in SNNU-Bai68 is due to different synergistic effects of H-bonds between the frameworks at three adsorptive sites around each rooflike cluster and those different gas molecules, which were initially described systematically by the number of H atoms from the gas molecules, the total number of H-bonds within the synergistic H-bonds, and the binding energy of the framework at an adsorption site toward the gas molecules. In addition, this work may provide a method for the construction of a multiple heteroatom-rich and curved-surface-shaped cluster-based ultra-microporous MOF as a novel approach to build MOFs with polar pore surfaces, suitable pore sizes, and unique pore shapes to maximize the synergistic H-bonds between the framework and guests.