Industrial Piping Research Articles

State Drainage Laws Muddy the Goals of the US Clean Water Act (1972)

The US Congress passed the Clean Water Act in 1972 to protect and restore America's waterbodies by regulating pollutant discharges from point sources such as industrial plants and sewer pipes. Over the years, Congress expanded the law to include non-point sources like polluted runoff from roads and agricultural areas. However, routine agriculture drainage maintenance activities, like continuously farmed wetlands and drainage ditch dredging, are exempted under the Clean Water Act. These exemptions allow sediment pollution to continue to be a major issue in agricultural streams and waterbodies managed by drainage districts. We examine the shortcomings of the Clean Water Act to address sediment pollution from the perspective of routine agricultural activities like drainage ditch maintenance and offer policy recommendations to mitigate its impacts. We discuss the exclusion of agricultural sediment originating from these activities as a major non-point pollution source under the Clean Water Act, the consequences of sediment pollution on aquatic ecosystems and stream water quality in agricultural streams, and the need for monitoring and regulation of sediment discharge from farming practices. In our analysis, we also consider the interaction between the state drainage laws and federal regulations. Finally, we seek to address gaps in the current regulatory structure and offer suggestions regarding better protection of water quality and ecosystem health in drainage districts.

Experimental investigation and numerical simulation of swaging process of tubes for oil country tubular goods

AbstractPremium integrated seamless pipes made from high strength low alloy steels are used to produce oil country tubular goods. Operational requirements of these pipes in petroleum industry lead to an adequate tube end connection with better mechanical strength and sealing properties. Therefore a cold swaging process or calibration of pipe end is necessary for the mechanical threading process of the tube. Applications of typical calibration mandrels result in heavy wear due to higher swaging loads and the optimal necessary geometry of end tube could not be achieved. In this study, a new mandrel geometry with a finished surface was developed to modify the pipe end profile and reduce the wear tool. The investigated pipe made from P110- pipe steel was plastically preformed using a cold swaging process. Experimental measurements of the pipe end geometry after swaging process resulted an increase of the inner tube diameter of approximately 4.9% and an outer tube diameter of 3.7% respectively. Furthermore, a rather constant tube wall thickness was also observed. An Abaqus plug-in was developed to characterize the swaging process of pipe ends. The influence of friction between tool and pipe surfaces on the final geometry of pipe ends and residual stresses in pipe ends due to preforming were numerically predicted. The new designed swaging process resulted a better final pipe end geometry and low tool wear during the preforming of pipe end. The presented plug-in in this work could be used for tool optimization and characterization of swaging process of pipes in oil and gas industries.

Prediction of Financial Distress by Zmijewski’s X-Score Model in Selected Indian Iron and Steel Companies

The study delves into the intricate realm of financial distress prediction within the Indian Iron and Steel sector, employing Zmijewski's X-Score Model. The analysis encompasses five prominent companies – Jayaswal Neco Industries Ltd., Incredible Industries Ltd., Sarda Energy & Minerals Ltd., Kritika Wires Ltd., and Hariom Pipe Industries Ltd. – over five years from 2018 to 2022. The research uncovers nuanced insights into the financial health of these companies. Jayaswal Neco Industries Ltd., Incredible Industries Ltd., and Kritika Wires Ltd. showcase stability or improvement, indicating lower risks of financial distress. Conversely, Sarda Energy & Minerals Ltd. faces heightened risk, notably in 2022, while Hariom Pipe Industries Ltd. consistently exhibits financial vulnerability, worsening in the same year. The study employs robust statistical analyses, including multivariate tests and between-model effects analysis, revealing that specific financial ratios significantly impact Kritika Wires Ltd.'s stability. However, the complexity of financial distress becomes evident as other companies do not show significant impacts, underscoring the necessity for a nuanced understanding of diverse business dynamics. This research provides in-depth insights into financial distress prediction in the Indian Iron and Steel sector, offering valuable implications for industry practitioners and policymakers. By comprehending the complexities and adopting effective predictive models, companies can proactively manage risks, ensuring stability and contributing to overall economic growth.

Assessment of material consumption planning methods in part of waste and losses at pipe industry enterprises

This article focuses on the subsystem of economic planning, specifically the standardization of material consumption in industrial production within the pipe industry, particularly in terms of calculating planned waste and loss indicators. Waste and losses are key components of the material consumption norm that currently require thorough analysis. The objective of the study is to evaluate the methodologies used in economic planning within pipe industry enterprises for standardizing waste and losses through comparison with the results of a control calculation. The main hypothesis posits that methodologies not fully adhering to the principles of the computational-analytical method of economic planning may not accurately calculate the amount of waste and losses as part of the material consumption norms. The study employs a method of comparative analysis, ensuring its reliability by developing a two-stage approach to comparing methodologies based on objective waste quantity indicators. Real data from pipe manufacturing companies is utilized to validate the author's approach, with calculations conducted using two methodologies and a control model, leading to an assessment and justification of the preferred methodology for standardization practice, highlighting its advantages. The research provides a scientific rationale for selecting the most objective standardization methodology based on two key criteria – the accuracy of economic calculations and their alignment with the production process. The conclusions and recommendations of the authors can be foundational in developing industry-specific guidelines for standardizing material consumption in the pipe industry. The adoption of a more effective methodology will result in the establishment of objective material consumption norms and enhance the quality of economic planning in pipe industry enterprises.

Enhancing PEHD pipes reliability prediction: Integrating ANN and FEM for tensile strength analysis

In the pipe industry, pressure pipes have long made use of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which is used extensively. Currently, HDPE pipes are installed in higher numbers in comparison with other plastic pipes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the predictive capabilities of two methods, including the finite element method (FEM) and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques, for predicting the tensile strength of HDPE pipes used in water distribution systems. Attempts have been made to improve prediction models to better predict the mechanical behavior of these pipes by improving our understanding of the structure and surface characteristics as well as the interactions between the interface and the operating environment. The results show that experimental trial results are in perfect agreement with machine learning techniques. The findings of this study highlight the benefits of using ANN to predict the behavior of HDPE pipes, which may have significant ramifications for the plastics and water distribution industries.

Introducing a Novel Innovative Technique for the Recording and Interpretation of Dynamic Coronary Angiography.

In the study of coronary artery disease (CAD), the mechanism of plaque formation and development is still an important subject for investigation. A limitation of current coronary angiography (CAG) is that it can only show static images of the narrowing of arterial channels without identifying the mechanism of the disease or predicting its progression or regression. To address this limitation, the CAG technique has been modified. The new approach emphasizes identifying and analyzing blood flow patterns, employing methodologies akin to those used by hydraulic engineers for fluid or gas movement through domestic or industrial pipes and pumps. With the new technique, various flow patterns and arterial phenomena-such as laminar, turbulent, antegrade, retrograde, and recirculating flow and potentially water hammer shock and vortex formation-are identified, recorded, and classified. These phenomena are then correlated with the presence of lesions at different locations within the coronary vasculature. The formation and growth of these lesions are explained from the perspective of fluid mechanics. As the pathophysiology of CAD and other cardiovascular conditions becomes clearer, new medical, surgical, and interventional treatments could be developed to reverse abnormal coronary flow dynamics and restore laminar flow, leading to improved clinical outcomes.

Stress relaxation experimental research and prediction of GFRP pipes under ring deflection condition

Abstract Glass fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) pipes are widely used as buried pipes in petrochemical and other industries. At present, in-depth studies have been conducted on GFRP pipes in terms of internal hydrostatic pressure, axial compression, and cyclic internal pressure, especially limited research has been carried out on transverse load, especially stress relaxation behavior. In this study, GFRP pipes with three different component contents were subjected to different initial deflections at different temperatures and subjected to stress relaxation tests for 1000 h. The findings demonstrate that the stress relaxation behavior of GFRP pipes is not affected by the initial deflection. Rather, it is primarily influenced by temperature and sand entrapment content, which are identified as the key factors determining the stress relaxation behavior of GFRP pipes. In addition, the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) was used to pass the test results to obtain a smooth master curve and verify the applicability of TTSP on GFRP pipes. Subsequently, the relaxation performance of GFRP pipes was predicted after 50 years. This research result contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the stress relaxation behavior of GFRP through accelerated testing and offers crucial insights into the application of GFRP pipes.

Effect of carbon black incorporation methods on the initial creep/slow crack growth resistance and properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes

The increasing utilization of polyethylene (PE) pipes in diverse industries has driven a focused exploration into the properties and behaviors of PE materials. In response to this heightened interest, this study aims to investigate the impact of different carbon black (CB) incorporation methods on the properties of PE100 polyethylene, particularly its resistance to slow crack growth (SCG). Two distinct methods, direct incorporation and utilization of a commercial masterbatch, were employed to introduce CB into the PE100 matrix. Results revealed that direct incorporation led to superior dispersion of CB, thereby enhancing the mechanical properties of the resultant compound. Furthermore, SCG resistance exhibited improvement when CB was directly incorporated, contrasting with a degradation in SCG resistance observed when a CB masterbatch was used compared to neat PE. Comprehensive rheological and thermal analyses were conducted to elucidate these findings. The study concludes that the presence of low molecular weight substances and inadequate CB dispersion within the CB masterbatch significantly contributed to the deteriorated SCG resistance observed in PE100 material.

Comparative Study on Selected Insulating Materials for Industrial Piping.

This paper describes the results of an experimental assessment of the thermal conductivity of pipe insulation. The need for reducing energy loss in industrial piping systems makes the availability of relevant and reliable insulation materials of special importance. Several specimens of pipe laggings, made of different materials, including mineral wool, polyethylene foam (PEF), expanded polystyrene (EPS), flexible elastomeric foam (FEF) and polyurethane foam (PUR), were tested in accordance with the European standard ISO 8497. The thermal conductivity of the materials was measured for a wide range of temperatures. The results were compared with the values reported in the technical specifications as well as with the literature data. The assessment of measurement uncertainty was also described. The results showed that, in a few cases, thermal conductivity turned out to be greater than that declared by the manufacturer by as much as over 10%.

Industrial chimneys – as a potential art object

Industrial chimneys – as a potential art object

Investigation of Polyurethane Primer Coating Paint Based on Local Palm Oil with Antimicrobial and Anticorrotion Agent Formula Bentonite-Chitosan

Paint is a product that is really needed to coat iron or steel materials such as industrial pipes, medical equipment, and so on. The sample formulation used was the addition of chitosan bentonite filler 2, 4, 6, 8% w/w. In TGA testing, the sample underwent single decomposition and showed the best results in the Polyurethane/Bentonite/Chitosan 8:8% w/w sample where the sample began to degrade at a temperature of 416.85 (℃). The bacterial test results showed the best results in the Polyurethane/Bentonite/Chitosan 8:8% w/w sample which had the widest inhibition zone with a value of 6.9 mm for E.Coli bacteria. The sample with the composition Polyurethane/Bentonite/Chitosan 8:8% w/w was the best sample where the sample experienced the smallest corrosion rate, namely 5.08 mpy. The application of this paint is to strengthen the durability of the building so that corrosion does not occur in the Hagu Barat Laut of Lhokseumawe because it is close to sea waters which have air levels that are quite susceptible to corrosion.

Toward Extending Concentric Tube Robot Kinematics for Large Clearance and Impulse Curvature.

Concentric Tube Robots (CTRs) have been proposed to operate within the unstructured environment for minimally invasive surgeries. In this letter, we consider the operation scenario where the tubes travel inside the channels with a large clearance or large curvature, such as aortas or industrial pipes. Accurate kinematic modeling of CTRs is required for the development of motion planning and control within these operation scenarios. To this end, we extended the conventional CTR kinematics model to a more general case with large tube-to-tube clearance and large centerline curvature. Numerical simulations and experimental validations are conducted to compare our model with respect to the conventional CTR kinematic model. In the physical experiments, our proposed model achieved a tip position error of 1.53 mm in the 2D planer case and 3.86 mm in 3D case, outperforming the state-of-the-art model by 71% and 61%, respectively.

Research on using resistant sensor to predict corrosion under insulation of carbon steel

Corrosion under insulation (CUI) is very common and severely occurs in chemical/oil and gas industries, however, it is difficult to detect this corrosion by non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques. Carbon steel resistant sensors were used to determine CUI in this research. The output voltage values of the sensor were measured over time and from which the corrosion loss in sensor’s thickness was calculated. Carbon steel samples were exposed to the sensors under the same conditions for the same periods, and the corrosion loss of the samples was determined by weight loss. The results show that when the sensors were corroded within 10-20 % the corrosion loss of carbon steel samples is equivalent to that calculated from the output data of the sensors with a standard deviation of 6-24 %. These results demonstrate the high potential of resistance sensors in determining CUI and predicting damage of industrial components and pipes.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Corporate Sector of the Russian Pipe Industry

The relevance of this study is determined by the significance of mergers and acquisitions as modern tools for expanded diversified growth, direct investment, production synergy, and overcoming the increasing risks of companies’ external environment. The work clarifies the content of mergers and acquisitions from the perspective of reorganization and business development, dominant and partial shareholder control. The high concentration of the Russian pipe industry is emphasized, which is due to the historical territorial concentration of key enterprises in the industry and modern trends of consolidation and movement towards a large-scale oligopoly in the domestic market. The mergers are based on signs of both vertical and horizontal integration, with a focus on creating a model of business units, each of which represents an enlarged production complex. The key driving force is recognized as the growing domestic demand for pipe products from enterprises in the oil and gas sector and municipal infrastructure in the context of the priorities of the national development strategy and the active state policy of project financing. A consistent combination of tight integration tools with technological cooperation programs with strategic counterparties has been proven. Signs of a merger were noted at the level of consolidation of internal assets of infrastructure divisions of large companies in the metallurgical industry.

Stress Points and Potential of Development of the Pipe Industry in the Russian Federation

Stress Points and Potential of Development of the Pipe Industry in the Russian Federation

Design of Unplasticized Polyamide 12 Oilfield Line Pipe Based on Published Regression Curves and ASTM F3524

The long-term strength of unplasticized polyamide 12 (PA-U12) has been characterized using standard methods for plastic pressure pipe during the qualification process for use in buried piping systems for natural gas delivery operating at low ambient temperatures, usually less than 20 to 30°C at pressures previously served only by steel pipe. The high strength characteristics of the material also made it interesting as a steel substitute for buried and above-ground industrial pressure pipe applications. So far, typical geometries are diameters up to 6 inch (162 mm) with wall thicknesses up to DR9. Assuming a design factor of 0.63 applied to the PPI TR-4 listed HDB, DR9 PA-U12 pipes have a maximum pressure at 23°C of 496 psig (3.4 MPa), although design pressures will typically be lower. These industrial systems can operate at much higher temperatures, up to ~ 50°C for above-ground installations in pipe supports or up to ~ 65°C for surface-laid oilfield pipes. Design engineers need the temperature dependent strength curves to properly design a thermoplastic pressure piping system. Therefore, the regression curves have been extended by LTHS tests up to 120°C. Corresponding test durations enabled to define the location of knees with determination of second branches. These branches are caused by hydrolytic degradation of the polymer resulting in brittleness of the polyamide after long times at elevated temperature in sufficiently wet environments or services. The first appearance of a knee is at 60° C and approximately 44 years. This paper describes various standards to which PA-U line pipe and materials must conform, and the development of standardized, temperature dependent, long-term strength reference curves for PA-U12 pressure pipe, including the transition from ductile to brittle behavior at long times and high temperatures. These curves have been standardized first in DVS and followed by ISO based on the combined LTHS data of pipes made from two different PA-U12 180 compounds and one PA-U11 180 compound. An example of a typical PA-U12 180 pipe design is presented, applying chemical resistance derating factors for oil and gas applications in the design process. Short Summary: Oilfield pipeline design engineers need temperature dependent strength curves to properly design a thermoplastic pressure piping system for use at temperatures often far above the typical range for natural gas distribution. Therefore, LTHS regression curves have been experimentally developed at temperatures up to 120°C to define the location of knees and characterization of second branches. In this paper we describe various standards to which PA-U line pipe and materials must conform, and the development of standardized, temperature dependent, long-term strength reference curves for PA-U12 pressure pipe, including the transition from ductile to brittle behavior at long times and high temperatures. These curves have been standardized in ISO and DVS and apply to both PA-U12 and PA-U11 [1,2]. For PA-U12 line pipe we also present an example for a typical pipe design, where chemical resistance derating factors are applied for oil and gas applications in the design process.

Measurements of thickness of a steel operation pipe occurring in a salt cavern and its geometry: simulations and experiments

In this paper, the attempts of measuring the thickness of a steel operation pipe occurring in the salt cavern and its geometry using an ultrasonic probe in the stage of computer simulation and laboratory are presented. The pipe makes as an obstacle for ultrasonic waves. In order to resolve this task, we need to determine the thickness of the pipe and choose the appropriate resonant ultrasonic wave. Determination of the thickness of the industrial steel pipes was carried out using the resonant frequency of reflected ultrasound waves and the relationship coefficients. The thicknesses of the industrial pipes measured by the resonant ultrasound wave method are in good agreement with those measured using an electronic caliper. Measurements of the cavern geometry with presence of the operation pipe using the resonant frequency of ultrasonic wave were well verified in a physical model and will be able in application to determine the real salt caverns.

The role of natural sorbents and piping production waste in the treatment of acid iron-containing waste water

In this article, we consider the sorption purification of production wastewater from pipe industry enterprises. We have presented and studied the potential sorbents from among natural materials and from piping production waste. The authors of this paper have studied the sorption capacity of the materials under consideration with regard to heavy metals from highly acidic iron-containing wastewater both in static and dynamic modes. The static-mode research has been conducted for various temperatures: 10°С, 20°С and 30°С. In the dynamic conditions, the filtrate flow rate equaled 0.3, 0.6 and 1.2 l/h. The authors have proven that a number of the examined materials can be used as sorbents or constituting elements of composite sorbents for the technology of wastewater treatment at pipe industry enterprises.

A flexible precontact CNT-Al2O3 fiber sensor resistant to extreme temperatures.

As a new soft electronic product, a flexible precontact sensor provides spatial position sensing ability. However, the properties of traditional polymer materials change in industrial environments with extreme temperatures, which can cause the sensor function to decline or even fail. In this study, we propose a flexible fiber sensor based on the capacitor principle, which achieves a stable spatial positioning function and is not affected by a wide range of temperature changes. The fiber element of the sensor is obtained through the deposition of a flexible Al2O3 ceramic coating onto the surface of a carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) via atomic layer deposition (ALD) technology. Coatings of different thicknesses (100 nm, 200 nm, and 300 nm) show different colors. The temperature resistance and flame retardancy of Al2O3 keep the morphology of the composite fiber unaffected by flame or high temperatures. Even at extreme temperatures (-78 °C to 500 °C), the sensor's sensing ability exhibits excellent stability. In addition, the spatial perception of the fibers remained viable after repeated bending (10 000 times). We demonstrate the potential of the sensor to acquire position information during high-temperature industrial pipe docking.

Graph-Frequency Domain Kalman Filtering for Industrial Pipe Networks Subject to Measurement Outliers

Graph-Frequency Domain Kalman Filtering for Industrial Pipe Networks Subject to Measurement Outliers