Pipe Bridge Research Articles

Study of the Dynamic Reaction Mechanism of the Cable-Stayed Tube Bridge under Earthquake Action

In order to explore the failure mode of the cable-stayed pipe bridge under earthquake action, taking the structural system of an oil and gas pipeline–cable-stayed pipe bridge as the research object, the full-scale finite element calculation model of the cable-stayed pipe bridge–oil and gas pipeline structural system as well as the finite element calculation model considering the additional mass of the oil and gas medium and the fluid–structure interaction effect were established by using ANSYS Workbench finite element software. The stress and displacement of the cable under the earthquake action were analyzed in the time history, as were the response characteristics of the cable when subjected to both methods. The calculation results show that the overall failure of the pipeline is basically the same under the two methods. Compared with the additional mass method, the solution for the fluid–structure coupling method can be derived through a comprehensive analysis of the flow field and structure, respectively, avoiding the sudden change caused by model simplification or calculation error so that the analysis results can better simulate the actual situation. In summary, the fluid–structure interaction method enables a more precise prediction of the dynamic response of the structure, and the findings of this research can provide a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for optimizing the seismic performance of cable-stayed pipe bridges.

Comparison of anomalous displacement detectability of bridges between X and C band InSAR data: Case study on a collapse of water pipe bridge

This paper presents a feasibility of detecting anomalous displacements on bridges where collapses have occurred using C-band satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Recently, the number of aging bridges due to damage and corrosion has been increased in many countries. Although there are various maintenance and management systems, the authors have focused on satellite SAR, one of the remote sensing technologies, to establish a wide-area multiple bridge monitoring technology. In a previous study, the authors analyzed high-resolution X-band interferometric SAR (InSAR) data acquired by the Italian satellite COSMO-SkyMed during the two years before the accident for the MUSOTA water pipe bridge in Japan, which collapsed on October 2021. As a result, it was shown that there was an anomalous displacement about one year before the accident, which seemed to be a sign of the collapse. On the other hand, the utilization of Sentinel-1 (C-band) data, which has lower resolution than X-band data, but is freely available, covers a wide area, and has dense time-series SAR images, would be beneficial for the practical application of this technology. In this study, InSAR data acquired by Sentinel-1 for the MUSOTA water pipe bridge from 2016 to 2022 are analyzed. Then, we compare the line-of-sight (LOS) displacement anomaly before the collapse with the results analyzed by the X-band satellite. As a result of statistical analysis of the displacement between the collapsed span and the adjacent spans with similar structural type assumed to be intact, it is shown that Sentinel-1 also captured differences which seemed to be the signs of the collapse about one year before the accident. This result supports the analysis of the X-band satellite data and shows potential for utilization in bridge anomaly detection systems, even for low-resolution C-band data.

Detailed analysis based on vertical and longitudinal deformations estimated from InSAR displacement by data assimilation

Application of a SAR satellite to Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency. SHM using a SAR satellite doesn’t require installation of sensors and has the capability of monitoring wide area. However, the displacement obtained by a single SAR satellite is line-of-sight displacement which is not either vertical or longitudinal displacement. Thus, it is not easy to interpret line-of-sight displacement. This paper aims to solve this problem. The objective of this paper is to estimate longitudinal and vertical displacement from line-of-sight displacement and to analyze in detail a fallen water pipe bridge. For estimation of longitudinal and vertical displacement, data assimilation is employed. As a result of data assimilation, successfully observed line-of-sight displacement is reproduced. Negative correlations between displacements at piers and temperature are observed. A year prior to the bridge collapse, anomalous displacement pattern is observed at the centre of the span. In addition, deformation caused by damage is observed.

Evaluation of the Primary Pipe Network at Banua Anyar Booster Pump as an Effort to Reduce Water Loss in the Service area of Northern Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan

Recorded as the best PDAM in South Kalimantan in Banjarmasin City. PT. Bandarmasih Perseroda Drinking Water (PAM Bandarmasih) is still facing the problem of high water loss rates of 29.07% in 2022, which is still far above the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) target with a minimum water loss value of 20%. One of the ways PDAM can reduce water loss is by evaluating the pipe network in a District Meter Area (DMA). This research focuses on evaluating the primary pipe network in the area served by the Banua Anyar booster which serves 18 DMAs. Network evaluation using EPANET 2.0 software. The evaluation results show that the diameter of the primary pipe from the booster pump to the Banua Anyar pipe bridge has quite high unit-head loss and flow velocity values due to flow friction with the pipe surface. It is necessary to change the diameter of the primary pipe used in the Banua Anyar booster network from a diameter of 400 mm to 600 mm which can reduce the rate of water loss by 6.3%. In the future, it is hoped that the value of water loss at PDAM Banjarmasin City can be reduced and the affordability of drinking water services for the people of Banjarmasin City can increase.

Outlier Analysis of Bridge Deflections Using Satellite SAR and Structural Simulation: A Case Study on a Collapse Accident in a Water Pipe Bridge in Japan

This paper proposes a method for outlier analysis of bridge deflections using satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and structural simulation based on the finite element (FE) analysis. The proposed method is unique in combining the following two points: (1) detecting anomalous displacement of bridges before a severe accident occurs using satellite SAR displacement analysis, and (2) attempting to estimate the factors anomalous responses on the bridge, such as damages on structural members, using FE analysis. This paper describes the results of the practical application of the proposed method to MUSOTA water pipe bridge in Japan, which collapsed on October 3, 2021.

Study on Earthquake Failure Mechanism and Failure Mode of Cable-Stayed Pipeline Bridge Considering Fluid–Structure Coupling

To investigate the failure mode of the cable-stayed pipeline bridge under seismic loading, this study focuses on an oil and gas cable-stayed pipeline bridge as the research subject. A full-scale finite element calculation model of the structural system is established using ANSYS Workbench 14.0 software, considering the stress characteristics and structural properties of the oil and gas pipeline. Additionally, a fluid–structure coupling effect finite element model is developed to account for the influence of medium within the pipeline. The analysis includes evaluating deformation, stress, strain, and other responses of the oil and gas pipeline subjected to seismic waves from different directions. The results indicate that the overall damage in the pipeline is consistent with maximum deformation, stress, and strain, concentrated at both the inlet/outlet ends and side spans; however, variations exist in terms of seismic damage depending on wave directionality. Furthermore, by considering interactions between various components within the oil and gas cable-stayed pipeline bridge’s structural system during strong earthquakes, this study analyzes failure mechanisms caused by the support–pipeline interaction as well as excessive displacement-induced failure patterns in bridge towers. Finally, a proposed failure mode for pipe bridge systems resulting from longitudinal slip between supports and pipelines, along with excessive displacement of bridge towers, is presented.

Seismic response characteristics and optimization analysis of large-span pipe bridge

The large-span pipe bridge is widely applied to long-distance water diversion projects because of its large crossing capacity, strong integrity, and adaptability to complex terrain. However, under the action of an earthquake, the pipe bridge will often produce large displacement, which can lead to large deformation of the whole system and damage to the pipe bridge structure. At present, there are relatively few studies on the seismic response of such pipe bridges for water diversion, and even there is also a lack of special design specifications for pipe bridges. Combined with the construction practice of the KLH long-span pipe bridge, based on the finite element analysis, the seismic response characteristics and dynamic stabilization of the long-span pipe bridge are analyzed, so the structure optimization scheme is proposed for the key parts of the bridge. The research results can provide new ideas for the seismic design of the long-span pipe bridge.

Field-Scale Experiment on Deformation Characteristics and Bearing Capacity of Tunnel-Type Anchorage of Suspension Bridge

The suspension pipe bridge has become the main span type due to its large span, light structure, and other characteristics, playing an important role in the construction of the oil and gas backbone network and energy layout. Tunnel-type anchorage (TTA) is a special underground structure that provides anchorage tension for the suspension bridge. Since its form and bearing mechanism are complex, there is no general design method for tunnel-type anchorage so far, and the theoretical and normative research is not mature. In this paper, a field-scale experiment was carried out to study the north side tunnel of Wujiagang Bridge in Yichang, China. According to the similarity principle, the 1:12 tunnel anchor scale model was established. The tunnel anchor scale model is selected in the area adjacent to the actual project site to ensure the similarity of stratigraphic conditions. Through the use of a displacement meter, inclinometer hole, strain gauge, micrometers, and other comprehensive monitoring methods, the design load test, overload test, overload rheological test, and ultimate bearing capacity failure test were carried out. Through the structural deformation observation and stress observation of the anchorage body and surrounding rock, the stress deformation characteristics and rheological characteristics of the anchorage body and surrounding rock in the field-scale experiment were analyzed. The deformation failure mechanism, deformation failure process, potential failure mode, and overload capacity of solid tunnel anchor were studied. The control indexes such as deformation and stress values of key parts of the solid tunnel anchor at different stages are predicted. Based on the limit equilibrium analysis results of the model, the safety and rationality of the tunnel anchorage structure design of the actual suspension bridge were evaluated.

Analysis Of The Installation Of Subsea Pipelines To Support The Need For Clean Water In Supporting Tourism Development On Kayangan Island

Inclusive access to water is very important for the tourism sector to maintain a good reputation among tourists and the social license of the local community to operate. While all stakeholders or stakeholders expect the success of tourism which contributes to economic improvement, community welfare, human resource development, and improvement of public health and the environment, tourism activities on Kayangan Island need clean water for their development. Considering that the island is one of the favourite tourist destinations and is growing quite rapidly at this time, there is no effective source of clean water available on the island. Therefore, it can be attempted to provide clean water by using subsea pipes sourced from PDAM Makassar. According to observations from various aspects, the pipe will cross the ocean with a span of ±1500 meters by flowing water with a discharge of 10 lt/s using HDPE pipes with a diameter of 140mm PE100, PN 16 according to SNI standards. For a fairly good security system, the jet pump and the pipe will be tied to a 110 mm diameter stainless steel sling bridge. In addition, at every 6 meters distance, the pipe bridge slings are fitted with ballast loads with hanging slings. In this study, the installation of subsea pipelines requires a variety of supporting equipment and also a complicated implementation, but it is can be carried out considering this needs to be done to support the need for clean water on Kayangan Island to support tourism development.

Analysis Of The Installation Of Subsea Pipelines To Support The Need For Clean Water In Supporting Tourism Development On Kayangan Island

Inclusive access to water is very important for the tourism sector to maintain a good reputation among tourists and the social license of the local community to operate. While all stakeholders or stakeholders expect the success of tourism which contributes to economic improvement, community welfare, human resource development, and improvement of public health and the environment, tourism activities on Kayangan Island need clean water for their development. Considering that the island is one of the favourite tourist destinations and is growing quite rapidly at this time, there is no effective source of clean water available on the island. Therefore, it can be attempted to provide clean water by using subsea pipes sourced from PDAM Makassar. According to observations from various aspects, the pipe will cross the ocean with a span of ±1500 meters by flowing water with a discharge of 10 lt/s using HDPE pipes with a diameter of 140mm PE100, PN 16 according to SNI standards. For a fairly good security system, the jet pump and the pipe will be tied to a 110 mm diameter stainless steel sling bridge. In addition, at every 6 meters distance, the pipe bridge slings are fitted with ballast loads with hanging slings. In this study, the installation of subsea pipelines requires a variety of supporting equipment and also a complicated implementation, but it is can be carried out considering this needs to be done to support the need for clean water on Kayangan Island to support tourism development.

Pipe bridge design optimisation through a comparative study of truss and girder arrangements

Pipe bridges are structures that play an indispensable role in chemical and oil plants. They support cable trays or pipe-carrying material. This study aims to identify the ideal configuration of a pipe bridge through the comparative study of girders with drop hanger and truss arrangements for three different spans. The most efficient arrangement for each span was suitably identified. Through the analysis carried out, it was then identified that the Girder arrangement is suitable for smaller spans such as 15 meters; while the truss arrangement was preferable for longer spans.

The Plecnik´s Reconstructed Footbridge at Prague Castle, Eleven Years after

An example of a successful reconstruction of the small but important and culturally significant structures Plecnik’s footbridge located on the premises of Prague Castle is discussed in this paper. The building was severely disrupted for 10 years after a previous reconstruction. This damage and degradation was caused mainly as a result of faults incorrectly designed new waterproofing and water freezing in the new drainage pipe bridge. Technically properly designed and in 2006, well made reparations, resulting problems removed and for 10 years after completion fulfils its function perfectly and reliably protects valuable object

Application of the Simple Linear Regression Model in the Experiment

The paper presents the results of experiments and measurements of the stress of a pipeline located on a pipe bridge. The experiment was carried out by means of resistance strain gages for two modes, which were the stress changes upon pressure changes in the pipes and at the driving in of sheet pilings in the immediate vicinity of the pipeline. On the basis of measurements, the impact of these changes on the operational safety of the pipeline in the renovation process of old above ground and the realization of new underground pipeline solutions. Polynomial regression models were applied for the prediction and a statistical analysis of residuals was applied for the quality assessment of selected models.

Analysis and Research about the Influences of the Foundation Pit on the Nearby Water Pipe Bridge

There is a foundation pit of box culverts adjacent to the water pipe bridge of the Dam River in Shenzhen. This text uses large finite element software MIDAS/GTS to do the three-dimensional numerical simulation of pile-earth-supporting anchor, and analyzes the influences on the pipe bridge during the evacuation of the foundation pit with box culverts. This text is on the purpose of providing suggestion for the design and construction of the foundation pit.

Vibration Analysis for Pigging of Suspension Pipe Bridge

Suspension pipe bridge is the key part of oil and gas pipeline system. Liquid loading during the pigging process will cause strong dynamic load of impact, thus the stability of structure will be destroyed. Paper establishes the pipeline pigging model suffered by the stress, analyzes the stress and vibration equation of the pigging pipeline. With the dynamic finite element simulation by the method of variable load, paper analyzes the vibration numeric of the pigging pipeline when the pig goes through the pipeline. The analysis of this paper provides the technical support and theoretical basis for pigging work.

Study on the Method of Setting M-φ Models for Steel Pipe Bridge Piers Based on Cyclic Loading Experimental Data

Study on the Method of Setting M-φ Models for Steel Pipe Bridge Piers Based on Cyclic Loading Experimental Data

Study of the Structure Importance in Pipe Bridge Failure Fuzzy Assessment

The safety status of pipe bridge is often studied by fuzzy assessment. In fuzzy assessment, the structure importance must be calculated first. In this article, structure importance is calculated by Fault tree analysis(FTA) and Analytic hierarchy process(AHP). The result shows that the structure importance calculated by both methods is less than 30% different from each other. That means two methods are of high consistency and both is suitable for pipe bridge.

An Elasto- Plastic Simulation of Cyclic Loading Tests of Steel - Pipe Bridge Piers using F.E.M.

An Elasto- Plastic Simulation of Cyclic Loading Tests of Steel - Pipe Bridge Piers using F.E.M.

Flixborough: A final footnote

The Flixborough explosion was the largest-ever peacetime explosion in the UK. There were 28 fatalities as well as near-complete destruction on the 24 ha plant. An official Court of Inquiry was immediately established and charged with the responsibility of determining the cause(s) of the disaster and the lessons to be learnt. Reviews are made here of the evidence and arguments behind an alleged 8 in initiation to the event and briefly that of the Court's determination of failure—the simultaneous failure of two 28 in bellows attached to a temporary 20 in dog-leg pipe bridge. Both cases are seen as flawed. The only credible hypothesis appears to be one that involved the failure, most probably by fatigue, of only one of the two bellows attached to the dog-leg—this then buckled, sealing the lower reactor. The dog-leg later collapsed by the blast. This process resulted in a much smaller explosive release than either alternate hypothesis and thus may have consequences for reportable inventories and process safety. The investigation employs NIST FDS CFD analyses of the potential releases, fires and their influence.

Case history: A steam line rupture at Tennessee Eastman division

AbstractAt approximately 1:07 PM on November 3, 1998, a 12'' branch 600 psig steam line on a pipe bridge near the center of the Tennessee Eastman Division (TED) plant ruptured catastrophically. A 36'' long section of the line upstream of a decommissioned venturi flow meter failed, resulting in a major steam leak. The leak led to the loss of 600 psig header pressure throughout the plant, resulting in the shutdown of all steam generation equipment, and the loss of production throughout most of the TED facility for a period of 5‐7 days.Because this incident occurred in a section of steam piping over 30 years old, immediate concerns focused around the vulnerability of the entire network to similar failures. This paper discusses the resulting root cause analysis (RCA), and the surprising results obtained from the analysis of the ruptured pipeline, which uncovered a root cause completely different from that assumed by the team at the start of the investigation.