Pinus Pseudostrobus Research Articles

Riqueza, diversidad, endemismo y determinantes ambientales de <i>Pinus</i> L. en Oaxaca, México

Background: Oaxaca is a Mexican region with a high richness of pine trees. However, the specific location where it occurs and the influence of the environment on it is deficient. Questions: Where the greatest richness, diversity and endemism of Pinus species is located in Oaxaca? How does the environment influence the richness, diversity, and endemism of Pinus species in Oaxaca? Studied species: Pinus ayacahuite, Pinus chiapensis, Pinus devoniana, Pinus douglasiana, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus herrerae, Pinus lawsonii, Pinus leiophylla, Pinus maximinoi, Pinus montezumae, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus patula, Pinus pringlei, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus tecunumanii and Pinus teocote. Study site: Oaxaca Methods: Occurrences of pine species were collected. From these, spatial cells were delimited, and species and environmental matrices were constructed, with which canonical correspondence analysis was carried out. The richness, diversity, and endemism of pines per cell was calculated, correlating them with physical-environmental parameters. Results: 15 cells with high richness and 17 with high endemism were identified, located in the Sierra Sur, Sierra Norte and La Mixteca regions. Richness, diversity, and endemism were negatively influenced by temperature and compaction soil (r = -0.48, P < 0.01) and positively by topographic (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) and soil parameters (r = 0.45, P < 0.01). Conclusions: The Sierra Norte, Sierra Sur and La Mixteca contain the greatest richness and endemism of pine species in Oaxaca. Richness is positively and negatively related to topographic and temperature variables, respectively.

Effects of organic acid application and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on growth and morphological parameters of <em>Pinus pseudostrobus</em>

Background: Many landscapes, both natural and anthropogenic, are dominated by degraded soils that have low phosphorus availability due to low overall phosphorus concentration or to phosphorus sequestration by iron-rich minerals. Questions and / or Hypotheses: Does the application of low molecular weight organic acids improve phosphorus availability and plant growth in phosphorus-poor soils, and is this effect modulated by ectomycorrhizal fungi? Studied species / data description /Mathematical model: Pinus pseudostrobus and its ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus, in addition to six sodium salts of organic acids. Study site and dates: The experiment was carried out in a shade house (35 % shade) in Morelia, Michoacán in 2015. Methods: We conducted experiments with Pinus pseudostrobus and its ectomycorrhiza Pisolithus arhizus in addition to six sodium salts of organic acids. Sodium salts of citrate, oxalate, acetate, tartrate, succinate and malate were added to the soil at 0, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 micromolar concentrations. Results: The salts of the organic acids—particularly tartrate and malate-solubilized phosphorus and improved plant growth after 12 months in the absence of P. arhizus. When plants were inoculated with P. arhizus, the effect of most organic acids was either detrimental or non-significant. However, citrate, tartrate and succinate improved biomass and morphological parameters. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding appropriate organic acids to heavily degraded soils can aid P. pseudostrobus establishment and its benefits are higher than the association with mycorrhiza for young plants during the initial stages of fungal colonization.

Potential for carbon sequestration in severely degraded temperate climate sites: Acrisol and Andosol gullies in Mexico

Aim of study: We assessed potential carbon (C) sequestration in gullies formed in Acrisols and Andosols, on the basis of long-term field restoration trials and GIS analysis. Area of study: Two field trials in Michocán, Mexico, restored with Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus greggii and Pinus devoniana in 2005 and 2009. Material and methods: Soil C content was analyzed from field samples, and C content of aerial tree biomass of the three Pinus species was estimated by means of allometric equations. The potential restoration area was calculated with a GIS using available layers from the INEGI (Mexican National Institute for Geography and Statistics). Main results: The spatial analysis showed that 1.83% of the Mexican territory are Acrisols and 1.18% are Andosols. From which, 40.87% of Acrisols and 42% of Andosols are eroded. The area with gullies was 2810 km² for both groups of soils within the elevational range of conifer forests in Mexico. C content at the two restored sites was on average of 1.27 t/ha. Soil C content in a 30-cm depth profile was 4.25 t/ha. The potential C sequestration for an average period of 13 years for an area of 2810 km² was 3.947 megatons of C (MtC). A total of four states ‒ Michoacán, Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Puebla ‒ concentrate 89% of the possible capture. Research highlights: Severely degraded sites where gullying is dominant have a high potential for C sequestration once erosion has been controlled and plant cover has been restored.

Study of the Spatial Distribution of the Bark Beetle in the Ejido Tixtlancingo

The spatial distribution of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, 1868, and Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins, 1905, was determined from 2020 to 2021 in the Tixtlancingo ejido. The information came from two surveys because, despite the abundant forested areas in this geographical area of the state of Guerrero, Mexico, economic resources for pest biomonitoring are limited. However, it was possible to identify the presence of 76 outbreaks affecting 1117.697 hectares and 95,078 trees, totaling 14,223.8 m3 of standing timber volume. In 2020, 28 outbreaks were reported, with the eastern spatial distribution showing the most damage from bark beetles, particularly in outbreaks 7 and 14 of the surveyed area. The most affected conifers were Pinus maximinoi H. E. Moore (44.71%), Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl. (39.93%), and Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. (15.36%). The affected timber volume was observed in diameter categories of 30 cm for the three pine species, with infestation of 90,549 trees (13,497.6 m3 t.t.v. (total tree volume)) across 1057.64 hectares. In 2021, 48 outbreaks were recorded, with the northeastern and southern parts of the surveyed area showing the most damage from the bark beetle. The trees most affected by the bark beetle were P. oocarpa (59.17%), P. maximinoi (33.94%), and P. pseudostrobus (6.89%). It was observed that the affected volume occurred in trees with diameter categories of 50 cm for the three pine species, affecting 4529 trees (726.214 m3 t.t.v.) distributed over 60.06 hectares. The contribution of this work lies in establishing a baseline for monitoring damage caused by this beetle, which affects forest resources and diminishes the possibility of maintaining carbon capture areas in the medium and long term, thus impacting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 agenda, specifically Goals 11, 13, and 15.

Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the seasonal shoot growth pattern of Pinus pseudostrobus

Genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity in the seasonal shoot growth pattern of Pinus pseudostrobus

A sample of Pinus pseudostrobus tells its growth story through dendrochronology

A dendrochronological study was carried out with information obtained from the forest plantation of the TecnológicoNacional de México Campus Zitácuaro, where a sample of five trees of the species Pinus pseudostrubus was taken on June 3,2021 and the samples were transferred to the Laboratory of the Faculty of Forest and Environmental Sciences (FCFyA)from the Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango (UJED) in October 2023. The tree samples were sanded to facilitateobservation of the growth rings, and a stereoscope was used to examine them in detail and precision, in addition, the Velmex"TA" system was used to take measurements of the growth rings, calculating the Annual Current Increase (ICA) and theAverage Annual Increase (IMA). This process included identifying false rings or fluctuations through cuts in the woodslices. The data collected allowed us to understand the growth history of the trees and their response to environmentalconditions.

Fungal and bacterial communities in a forest relict of Pinus pseudostrobus var. coatepecensis

Fungal and bacterial communities in a forest relict of Pinus pseudostrobus var. coatepecensis

Synergistic effects of Amanita stranella and Suillus decipiens inoculation on morphological features and phenolic compounds of Pinus pseudostrobus var. coatepecensis, a narrow endemic Mexican variety

Synergistic effects of Amanita stranella and Suillus decipiens inoculation on morphological features and phenolic compounds of Pinus pseudostrobus var. coatepecensis, a narrow endemic Mexican variety

Modulus of rigidityof commercially important wood species for Mexico: Pinus pseudostrobus, Tabebuia rosea and Quercus scytophylla

Wood is a biological material with applications in engineering and architecture. Its modulus of rigidity is useful for the calculation of beams that work in bending and torsion. The objective of the research was to determine the rigidity moduli and material indices of Pinus pseudostrobus, Tabebuia rosea and Quercus scytophylla. Dynamic torsion tests were performed on 35 small specimens of each species. Linear correlations and their coefficients for determining the modulus of rigidityas a function of density and frequency were calculated. The main results are: The magnitudes of the wood densities of P. pseudostrobus, T. roseaand Q. scytophyllaare located within the interval:587 kg m-3, 735 kg m-3. The coefficient of variation of the frequencies for Q. scytophyllais 50% lower compared to the coefficients of P. pseudostrobusand T. rosea. The coefficient of variation for P. pseudostrobusis 23% greater than that of T. roseaand 146% greater than that of Q. scytophylla. It is concluded that the values reported in this research may be useful if these wood species are used for structural purposes.

Pine Bark as a Potential Source of Condensed Tannin: Analysis through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)

This study aimed to evaluate the tannin content in the bark of five pine species from a forest harvesting area of the Ixtlán de Juárez community, Oaxaca, México. The species studied were Pinus patula, Pinus ayacahuite, Pinus rudis, Pinus douglasiana, Pinus pseudostrobus. The bark samples were subjected to a drying, grinding, and sieving process. These compounds were extracted using two methods: by constant reflux with ethanol for three hours or in a water bath with distilled water for two hours. The percentage of total extract, Stiasny number, and condensed tannins were quantified. The quantitative number of condensed tannins present in the bark for each of the five species studied ranged from 0.65% to 5.14% for the ethanolic extracts and 0.14% to 1.46% for the aqueous extracts. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) identified polyphenolic compounds and functional groups characteristic of tannins. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) provided the elemental analysis and chemical composition of the tannin extracts, respectively, finding trace elements of silver, cadmium, phosphorus, iodine, and sulfur, which are minerals present in the soil, meaning that through processes of micronutrient absorption, these can interact with the tannins or polyphenols in the barks of the tree species being studied. The results indicate that the bark of P. patula and P. ayacahuite have a higher concentration of condensed tannins, 5.14% and 4.71%, respectively, in the ethanol extraction, and may be susceptible to exploitation due to the amount of bark generated in forestry activities.

Phytopathogenic fungi in seeds of the genus Pinus, stored in a gene bank

Phytopathogenic and saprophytic fungi present in seed with more than one year of storage were identified in the gene bank of the CONAFOR Jalisco delegation of the pine species: Pinus douglasiana, P. devoniana, Pinus hartwegii, Pinus oocarpa and Pinus pseudostrobus. The mycoflora present, its level of infestation and phytopathogenicity were identified. Physiological and sanitary quality was determined. The 5 species analyzed presented at least 4 genera of fungi: Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Rhyzopus have been reported as storage fungi that cause seed deterioration. It is advisable to take measures to ensure sanitary quality, considering that the seed stored in the GDBs are the safeguard of forest genetic resources.

Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fossils: 16

SummaryThe following five generic names are recommended for conservation: Tetraphyllum Griff. ex C.B. Clarke against Tetraphyllum Hosius & Marck, Steinhauera C. Presl against Steinhauera Göpp., Podozamites against Preissleria, Klukia Racib. against Klukia Andrz. ex Besser, Ficoxylon against Ungerites. The following two species names are recommended for conservation: Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. against P. pseudostrobus Brongn., Magnolia oblonga (Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson) Figlar against M. oblonga M. Chandler. The committee judged the names Notothylacites Němejc & Pacltová and Notothylites Chitaley & Yawale are not sufficiently alike to be confused and should not be treated as homonyms.

Two new species of Chroogomphus (Gomphidiaceae, Boletales) with biocultural importance in the Tlahuica-Pjiekakjoo culture from Central Mexico

The genus Chroogomphus has scarcely been studied in Mexico, with only one species reported in the country despite its great biocultural importance in native cultures. In this study, two new species of Chroogomphus are presented based on genetic and morphological characterization. The phylogenetic analysis with DNA sequences from nrITS region confirmed that C. conacytiensis sp. nov. and C. flavovinaceus sp. nov. are included in independent clades separated from other species within the subgenus Chroogomphus. Both species have great biocultural importance in the Tlahuica-Pjiekakjoo native culture from Central Mexico as edible taxa, and are associated with Pinus pseudostrobus in Quercus-Pinus and in Pinus hartwegii forests. Descriptions and photographs of the newly described species are presented.

Resistividad eléctrica de la madera de Pinus pseudostrobus, Tabebuia rosea y Quercus scytophylla

The objective of the research was to determine the electrical resistivity of the wood of Pinus pseudostrobus, Tabebuia rosea and Quercus scytophylla in the directions of anisotropy. For this, 20 solid wood specimens of each of the species with dimensions of 20 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm in the radial, tangential and longitudinal directions, respectively, were prepared, and the density and moisture content of the wood were determined. wood. To carry out the electrical resistivity tests, the electrical resistance was measured using direct current with a test voltage of 1000 volts. Moisture content was for P. pseudostrobus 12,6 %, for T. rosea 10,6 % and for Q. scytophylla 15,6 %. The average transverse electrical resistivity was for P. pseudostrobus 45,5 MΩ m, for T. rosea 10,3 MΩ m and for Q. scytophylla 61,4 MΩ m. The longitudinal electrical resistivity was for P. pseudostrobus 24,7 MΩ m, for T. rosea 2,.2 MΩ m and for Q. scytophylla 19,6 MΩ m. The magnitudes of the longitudinal resistances measured in the three woods are similar to those of the woods reported in the literature. Another finding was that the resistivity values show differences between the anisotropy directions of the wood and between the species studied.

Energy Properties of 22 Timber Species from Oaxaca, Mexico

The potential use of forest species as fuels depends on their energy quality. However, in rural communities in developing countries, fuelwood is still an energy source without any technical study evaluating its energetic characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the energetic characteristics of 22 forest species from four communities in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. The basic wood density, proximal analysis, and high heating value were evaluated. As a result of the analysis, the fuel number (FN) is proposed as a measure of the energy quality of biomass fuels in the form of firewood. FN considers the basic wood density, the fixed carbon, and the high heating value of each species. Wood basic density ranged from 0.472 g·cm-1 for Pinus pseudostrobus to 0.814 g·cm-3 for Dodonaea viscosa, fixed carbon ranged from 4.74% to 21.27% for Liquidambar styraciflua and Quercus rugosa, respectively, and high heating value from 18.33 MJ·kg-1 to 22.07 MJ·kg-1 for Liquidambar styraciflua and Pinus leiophylla, respectively. Classifying wood according to FN, in decreasing order, Quercus rugosa stands out as the best wood (66.97%), followed by Liquidambar styraciflua (39.52%). Regarding the fuel value index, the nine pine species showed the highest values (27.32 to 77.76). The FN provides a measure of the quality of biomass fuels in the form of firewood, and can be evaluated by easily measured variables.

Effect of LED lights on the in vitro growth of Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., plants

Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. is a species endemic to Mexico and is widely used in reforestation programmes, as it is highly adapted to poor, shallow, limestone soils and has high commercial importance. However, it is necessary to preserve this genetic material since it is in trouble due to high rates of deforestation, land use change, and forest fires, so it is necessary to have effective strategies to obtain good quality seedlings. Due to the properties of LED (light emitting diode) lamps used for illumination in the production of in vitro plants, the effects of two different lighting systems (LED and fluorescent) on an in vitro culture were analysed for the morphological characteristics of the growth and photosynthetic pigment content in P. pseudostrobus seedlings. The length and root size of the seedlings were affected by the type of illumination, where a red LED light was the most effective at 30 days of evaluation. However, a blue LED light was equally effective as a red LED light at 60 days of seedling development. On the other hand, the fluorescent light was better in terms of the number of needles in the first stage, but we found the blue LED light to be better in the second stage. For the photosynthetic pigment content, the highest values were found with the blue LED light. The results showed that the LED lighting system favours the growth, development, and photosynthetic pigment content of the species under study.

Climate sensitivity of seasonal radial growth in young stands of Mexican conifers

Alteration of forest by climate change and human activities modify the growth response of trees to temperature and moisture. Growth trends of young forests with even-aged stands recruited recently when the climate became warmer and drier are not well known. We analyze the radial growth response of young conifer trees (37–63 years old) to climatic parameters and drought stress employing Pearson correlations and the Vaganov-Shashkin Lite (VS-Lite) model. This study uses tree rings of six species of conifer trees (Pinus teocote, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus pinceana, Pinus montezumae, Pinus ayacahuite, and Taxodium mucronatum) collected from young forests with diverse growth conditions in northern and central Mexico. Seasonal ring growth and earlywood width (EW) were modeled as a function of temperature and soil moisture using the VS-Lite model. Wet and cool conditions in the previous winter and current spring enhance ring growth and EW production, mainly in sensitive species from dry sites (P. teocote, P. pseudostrobus, P. pinceana, and P. montezumae), whereas the growth of species from mesic sites (P. ayacahuite and T. mucronatum) shows little responsiveness to soil moisture. In P. ayacahuite and T. mucronatum, latewood growth is enhanced by warm summer conditions. The VS-Lite model shows that low soil moisture during April and May constrains growth in the four sensitive species, particularly in P. pinceana, the species dominant in the most xeric sites. Assessing seasonal ring growth and combining its response to climate with process-based growth models could complement xylogenesis data. Such framework should be widely applied, given the predicted warming and its impact on young forests.

Age Contributes to Volume Estimation and Form Factor of Pinus Pseudostrobus Lindley in Commercial Forest Plantations from Western Mexico

ABSTRACT Sectional equations and mathematical volume models are a reliable way to estimate carbon sequestration and storage, which is a key foundation for forest management and conservation. The objective of this study was to assess stem volume and form factor through the classical sectional method to then, using five regression models commonly used for forest management, identify the most suitable mathematical model to estimate the stem volume in a commercial forest plantation (CFP) of Pinus pseudostrobus Lindley in the Comunidad Indígena de Nuevo San Juan Parangaricutiro, Michoacán, in Western Mexico. By using 10, 15 and 20 yr.-old sampling points and two sampling methods (destructive and nondestructive), we found a form factor 0.42, 0.48 and 0.51 and stem volume of 0.098 m3, 0.400 m3 and 0.804 m3 for the three ages assessed, which presented diameter classes (DC), from 10 to 45 cm. The mathematical models identified that age of plantation determines stem volume and form factor, and the models that best fit volume estimation were the Schumacher-Hall model and the Australian model with an R2 adj range between 0.89 and 0.99. Estimation of stem volume is of vital importance to assess the income generated by the timber industry, and relevant for forest conservation, management, and carbon sequestration studies.

CpSSR and High-Resolution Melting Analysis (HRM) for Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. Variety Genotyping and Discrimination

The unambiguous identification of varieties within the Pseudostrobus complex is a key step to facilitate tree selection and monitoring in the wild as well as in plantations. Molecular tools provide a powerful approach for species delimitation; however, the use of DNA barcodes in this group has met limited success due to widespread haplotype sharing from lineage sorting, hybridization and introgression. Here, we evaluate the utility of real-time PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (HRM) to discriminate among Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. var. pseudostrobus, apulcensis and oaxacana, from wild populations in central and southern Mexico, using chloroplast DNA sequence variants located within the clpP, ycf2, trnL(UAA)–trnT(UGU) and trnI(CAU)–trnF(GAA) loci. The markers ycf2/trnL(UAA)–trnT(UGU) produced clear melting patterns that separated the varieties pseudostrobus and oaxacana from type var. apulcensis, whereas clpP discriminated over 60% of var. oaxacana individuals. This assay underlines the usefulness of these less-used DNA regions as potential biological markers and exhibits the effect of geography on allele distribution and the likely presence of hybrids among the species and varieties.

Habitat of the Long-Tailed Wood-Partridge in Central Mexico

The long-tailed wood-partridge (Dendrortyx macroura; hereafter, wood-partridge) is a forest quail endemic to the temperate forests of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt of central Mexico and is considered threatened according to the Secretariat of the Environment of Mexico. We studied 34 sites within the Natural Resources Protection Area River Basins of the Valle de Bravo, Malacatepec, Tilostoc and Temascaltepec in central Mexico to evaluate wood-partridge habitat during September–December 2019. We evaluated attributes of tree, shrub, and herbaceous vegetation, canopy cover, humidity, slope, and altitude. We also identified vegetation used for nesting, food, and shelter. The scant information published for other geographical areas indicates habitat consists of pine (Pinus spp.), pine-oak (Quercus spp.), and cloud forest. We found that the preferred habitat in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt was forest dominated by Alnus firmifolia, Pinus patula, Pinus pseudostrobus, Pinus teocote, and Quercus castanea. Wood-partridge preferred sites with an average of 90% canopy coverage, 100% shrub cover, high percent humidity, slopes >30%, and altitudes that ranged 2,700–3,000 meters above sea level. Additionally, we located an inactive nest in an area with 100% shrub cover and 80% tree cover in forest dominated by Pinus patula, relative humidity of 55%, and a temperature of 19° C. This is the first investigation of this bird within this important biogeographic transition zone between the Nearctic region and the Neotropics. We report the basic characteristics of the habitat used by this species along with the first description of a nest in an area with high rates of deforestation, overgrazing, and forest fires. The “gallinita de monte” represents an important element of the biocultural heritage for the Mazahua and Otomí peoples, who are Indigenous inhabitants of this area. We recommend additional research on wood-partridge to determine the extent of poaching and collection of eggs for food; determine effects of forest management; determine its basic ecology including survival, reproduction, and population density; verify habitat relationship; and corroborate information that describes the traditional knowledge of the species by the native Mazahua and Otomí peoples. We suggest it is most important to learn more about and disseminate traditional knowledge of the species and to preserve its biocultural value and heritage, particularly for Indigenous communities.