Pinnata Oil Research Articles

Nanoparticle enhanced biolubricants: a study on thermophysical properties

This paper addresses the effect of CuO nanoparticle suspension on the physical and thermal properties of Pongamia pinnata oil and 20W50 motor oil. The obtained nanolubricants with CuO nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.05% w/v were comprehensively tested for stability, viscosity, density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity. The detailed studies on zeta potential reported that the nanolubricants of 20W50 motor oil were stable at 0.02%, whereas Pongamia pinnata oil established maximum stability at 0.01%. Viscosity studies at different temperatures revealed that viscosity decreases with an increase in temperature for both oils. However, it was noted that 20W50 motor oil was more viscous compared to Pongamia pinnata oil at all temperatures. From the results, it was witnessed that the incorporation of CuO nanoparticles showed an enhancement in thermal conductivity that was marked for Pongamia oil at higher temperatures but reduced specific heat capacity in both oils. The comparative study of the thermal and physical properties of a bio-based oil, Pongamia pinnata, with that of 20W50 commercial motor oil, infused with CuO nanoparticles, has not been reported so far. The detailed properties of nanolubricants regarding the different nanoparticle concentrations studied, along with the examination of Pongamia pinnata oil as an eco-friendly alternative to conventionally used motor oil, open new possibilities for bio-based nanolubricants. Besides, the performance for specific industrial applications, especially high-load machinery and systems under moderate temperatures, brings this work under a highly relevant framework for green lubrication technologies.

An experimental and spectroscopic investigation on pongamia pinata as liquid dielectrics for rural micro grid under various load conditions

The transformer mineral oil is generally hydrocarbon-based and is not environmentally friendly, so it holds a significant share in environmental pollution. As an alternative to conventional transformer oil, plant-based insulation oil has been investigated globally in the past few decades. Even though vegetable oils are considered an environmentally viable alternative to mineral oil, the extensive utilization of vegetable oils could create a threat to Indian food security. The present work focuses on using Pongamia Pinnata oil (PPO) as a significant alternative to conventional transformer oil (CTO) in distribution transformers. The effectiveness of the proposed PPO is experimentally verified using thermal studies and electrical studies through a low-level distribution transformer of 1 kVA. A comparative analysis was carried out between the proposed and conventional oil regarding physical, chemical, and thermal properties. Also, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis have been carried out for fibreglass cloth insulation material with PPO and CTO to ensure the intrinsic structural strength of the insulation material. The structural strength ensures the bonding and life span of the insulation in the transformer. The cost–benefit analysis is also favourable for the proposed oil as a better green liquid dielectric for transformers.

Photocatalytic and eco-emission applications of green synthesized ZnO-CB nanoparticles

Herein, we report the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-CB NPs) by employing the solution combustion method using an aqueous extract of brinjal calyxes as fuel. Characterization techniques, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV–visible spectroscopy, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were used to investigate the structural, optical, and morphological properties of synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Highly porous hexagonal crystalline ZnO-CB NPs with less than 7 nm particle size were obtained. The photocatalytic performance of synthesized material is measured with Malachite green (MG), Basic brown 1 (BB1), and Acid orange 36 (AO36) as benchmark dyes. It showed that the synthesized material worked effectively under pH 10 with UV light irradiation. The synthesized ZnO-CB NP shows good removal effectiveness of the MG, BB1, and AO36 dyes with 99.3 %, 99.6 %, and 99.5 %, respectively, which can be promising photocatalysts for ecological applications such as wastewater remediation. Further, the synthesized ZnO-CB NP was used as blends in the methyl ester of Millettia pinnata oil (MPME), which is blended 20 % with commercial diesel (MPME20). The synthesized ZnO-CB NP was added to the MPME20 in varying amounts to ascertain its effects on the quality of emissions of various greenhouse gases such as hydrocarbons, COx, and NOx. Moreover, brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were studied for the blends. The blend MPME20 with 25 mg of ZnO-CB NP, i.e., MPME20-25 mg, ZnO-CB, displays the best performance and reduced emissions.

Statistical Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Pongamia Pinnata Oil

Statistical Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Pongamia Pinnata Oil

Pilot scale production of biodiesel from Azolla oil via heterogeneous catalysis and diesel engine analysis: kinetic and techno-economic analysis considerations

ABSTRACT The use of Azolla pinnata oil for the production of biodiesel, coupled with the use of industrial waste dolomite as a catalyst, represents a novel approach with significant potential. This innovative process offers several key advantages, such as utilizing a non-edible feedstock, reducing waste generation, and providing an alternative to fossil fuels. This research aims to investigate the viability of creating biodiesel using Azolla pinnata oil and evaluate its technical and economic appropriateness for large-scale manufacturing. A pilot plant reactor with a 10 L biodiesel capacity carries out the transesterification reaction, using dolomite from industrial waste as a heterogeneous catalyst. The reaction was conducted for 4 h at a temperature of 70°C, and biodiesel yielded approximately 99.14%. Aspen Plus is employed to simulate and design a biodiesel plant, with the reaction kinetics derived from the pilot plant reaction and inputted into Aspen Plus. Plant optimization and economic analysis are performed using the Aspen Economic Analyzer. The biodiesel blends (Azolla 20, Azolla 40, and Azolla 60) were tested in a CI engine and compared with diesel results. Based on the engine test results, the Azolla 20 blend provides less HC (12.9%), CO (13.07%), and smoke (10%) emissions; therefore, it can serve as a better alternative to neat diesel. The primary units of the proposed plant have been designed, and the process’s economic viability was determined. It was discovered that the total capital investment needed is approximately 5.054 million USD, which will be repaid within 1.97 years of operation. This research encompasses pilot plant experiments, process simulation, engine testing, and economic analysis, demonstrating the novelty, technical feasibility, and potential socio-economic impact of this biodiesel production process.

Case Report: Management of Dadru Kushtha (Tinea Corporis) by Shamana Chikits

Background Skin disorders are often seen as a result of a change in lifestyle, a lack of physical activity, and inadequate nutrition. Hygiene, emotional stress, and poor eating habits are also factors to consider. Kushta is the term used in Ayurveda to describe all skin disorders which is classified as Mahakushtha (major skin disorders) and Kshudrakushtha (minor skin disorders). Dadrukushta is a type of kshudrakushta that is commonly seen in clinical practice. In Ayurveda, the signs of dadrukushta are same as those of Tinea corporis, which is explained in modern science. Tinea corporis has a wide range of clinical symptoms that are mostly dependent on the infective organisms. By treating the condition with Ayurveda’s treatment therapy produces long term Outcomes. Aim & Objectives Aim of this contemporary study was to assess how Ayurvedic modality shamana chikitsa works on Dadrukushta. Case A 27 year old male patient approached to Kayachikitsa OPD with complaints of blackish lesions with raised borders and itching over the chest and back (upper) region for 15 days having disturbed sleep which undergone treatment of shamanachikitsa (palliative care). Dadrukushta (Tinea corporis) can be dealt with shamana karma (palliative care) using internally Gandhakrasayan (Moringa ovalifolia prepared from sulphur), Panchtiktaghrita (Pancha means five, Tikta means bitter in taste. Tikta Rasapradhan Dravyas are collectively called as Panchatikta Dravyas. The five Dravyas are Azadirachta indica (Neem), Trichosanthes dioica (Patola), Solanum xanthocarpum (Kantakari), Tinofpora cordifolia (Guduchi) and Adhatoda vasica (Adulsa), fungiwin cream, Karanjataila (Pongamia pinnata oil tree), S-kin powder for local application for 45 days. Results The Gradation Score was 8 before treatment, after 45 days it was 0. The patient in this case study experienced relief in the symptoms. Conclusions The patient obtained better results by Shamanachikitsa.

Green extraction of Milletia pinnata oil for the development, and characterization of pectin crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose/guar gum herbal nano hydrogel.

Milletia pinnata oil and Nardostachys jatamansi are rich sources of bioactive compounds and have been utilized to formulate various herbal formulations, however, due to certain environmental conditions, pure extract form is prone to degradation. Therefore, in this, study, a green hydrodistillation technology was used to extract M. pinnata oil and N. jatamansi root for the further application in development of pectin crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose/guar-gum nano hydrogel. Both oil and extract revealed the presence of spirojatamol and hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. Varied concentrations (w/w) of cross-linker and gelling agent were used to formulate oil emulsion extract gel (OEEG1, OEG1, OEEG2, OEG2, OEEG3, OEG3, OEEG4, OEG4, OEEG5, OEG5), in which OEEG2 and OEG2 were found to be stable. The hydrogel displayed an average droplet size of 186.7nm and a zeta potential of -20.5mV. Endo and exothermic peaks and the key functional groups including hydroxyl, amide II, and amide III groups confirmed thermal stability and molecular structure. The smooth surface confirmed structural uniformity. Bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive (25.41 ± 0.09mm) and Gram-negative (27.25 ± 0.01mm) bacteria and anti-inflammatory activity (49.25%-83.47%) makes nanohydrogel a potential option for treating various infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. In conclusion, the use of green hydrodistillation technology can be used to extract the bioactive compounds that can be used in formulation of biocompatible and hydrophobic nanohydrogels. Their ability to absorb target-specific drugs makes them a potential option for treating various infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms.

Biofuel upgrading via catalytic deoxygenation in trickle bed reactor: Crucial issue in selection of pressure regulator type

Trickle bed reactors (TBRs) are commonly used in various chemical and associated processes. The selection of a proper back pressure regulator (BPR) is crucial for maintaining the system's upstream pressure. In this study, we investigate the impact of BPR selection on deoxygenation reaction in a TBR with two typical types of BPR, including gas-phase type back pressure regulator (Gas-BPR) and multiphase type back pressure regulator (Multi-BPR). Notably, Gas-BPR introduces interruptions and pressure drops during the sampling step, impacting the hydrogen flow rate, while Multi-BPR ensures more consistent hydrogen flow. To examine the performance of BPR systems, hydrotreating experiments were conducted at 330 °C, 50 bar of hydrogen over Ni/γ-Al2O3 catalyst using crude Pongamia pinnata oil as a feedstock and refined palm olein as a benchmark. Insignificant difference in the reaction performance between Multi-BPR and Gas-BPR systems was observed when using refined palm olein. Interestingly, there was a significant difference between the two systems when feeding with crude Pongamia pinnata oil. The multi-BPR system demonstrated superior performance, achieving 100% conversion of the feedstock over a prolonged period compared to the interrupted hydrogen flow in the Gas-BPR system. Further characterization of fresh and spent catalysts using N2 sorption, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA-DTG-DSC techniques revealed that a gum and coke formation was a reason for the rapid catalyst deactivation. Furthermore, the interrupted flow in the Gas-BPR system led to substantial gum production, ultimately causing a blockage in the reactor bed. Consequently, for feedstocks with high impurities, a robust continuous flow of hydrogen is essential. Thus, the study strongly recommends selecting Multi-BPR for continuous operation in TBRs to enhance efficiency and avoid catalyst deactivation.

Utilizing an ultra-sonication process to optimize a two-step biodiesel production from Karanja oil.

Currently, biodiesel is produced from non-edible oils, which have various poisonous and un-saponifiable components; therefore, it is harmful and unfit for humans. Biodiesel replaces petro-diesel fuel, which can be used as additives or substitutes for diesel engines. The novelty of the present study is to optimize the process parameters of a two-step (esterification and transesterification) process for biodiesel production using high free fatty acid (FFA) containing Karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata oil), with the ultrasound (US) process intensification (PI) technique, which is carried out for the first time. In the first step, a reduction in the initial FFA concentration of 11.06% was achieved through optimization of the esterification process using response surface methodology (RSM)-supported central composite design (CCD) method in which methanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1 and 60°C reaction temperature kept as fixed parameter, whereas H2SO4 catalyst loading (0.5-1.5w/w%) and reaction time (15-45min.) were varied. The FFA value is reduced to 1.56% under the optimal condition (32.8min reaction time and 1.14 w/w% of catalyst loading). The second step of optimization of the transesterification of esterified oil was performed by applying RSM supported Box-Behnken design (BBD) method with varying independent parameter ranges such as the molar ratio (A), CH3OK catalyst loading (B), and reaction time (C) with the range of 6:1-9:1 (methanol: oil), 0.5-1.5 w/w%, and 10-30min., respectively. A biodiesel yield of 98.16% was obtained under optimal conditions of a molar ratio of 7.6:1, catalyst loading of 0.98 w/w%, a reaction time of 20.6min., and a reaction temperature of 60°C (constant). Superior optimization results were observed than the conventional stirring method. The biodiesel's estimated characteristics were discovered to be within ASTM criteria and suitable for blending with diesel fuel.

Experimental investigation of engine characteristics of CI engine fueled with fatty acid Millettia Pinnata oil with non‐fatty acid Pinus oil blended fuel

AbstractThis article studied the effect of blending low‐viscous Pinus oil with high‐viscous Millettia Pinnata oil on CI engine characteristics. The three blends of a combination of Pinus oil and Millettia Pinnata oil (P70K30, P50K50, and P30K70) were tested in a single‐cylinder water‐cooled computerized diesel engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer by varying the load from 0% to 100%. The performance result establishes a positive correlation between BTE and the amount of Pinus oil in the blended fuel. Among the tested biofuel samples, P70K30 has the highest brake thermal efficiency of 29.73% but is 4.8% lower than diesel. At full load, the BSFC and BSEC of P70K30 show a 7.4% and 8.6% drop compared to diesel fuel but are higher than P50K50 and P30K70. Among the tested biofuel samples, a maximum in‐cylinder pressure of 70.96 bar was observed for P70K30, which is higher than P50K50 and P30K70 but lower than diesel. The net heat release rate and rate of pressure rise were found to be 48.26 J/oCA and 5.57 bar/oCA for P70K30, the highest among all tested conditions. Cycle‐to‐cycle variations were studied by calculating the standard deviation, range, and coefficient of variation for the in‐cylinder peak pressure of 100 cycles. The P70K30 has a coefficient of variation of 1.24%, which is higher than the P50K50 and P30K70 but lower than diesel. The P‐v diagram concludes that the three tested biofuels have strong thermodynamic properties since they have a good expansion rate and a pattern similar to diesel fuel. The emissions results show that increasing the amount of Pinus oil in blended fuel increases the NOx to 1410 ppm emissions and decreases the CO to 0.18%, HC to 44 ppm, and smoke to 76.6%.

Cost-Effective Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Marble Powder as A Green Heterogeneous Catalyst Using Pongamia Pinnata Oil

Waste marble powder (WMP) is Investigated for developing heterogeneous catalysts by calcination method and used in biodiesel synthesis by esterification-transesterification process from Pongamia Pinnata oil. Hammet indicators, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) techniques were also studied for the characterization of developed catalyst from waste marble powder (WMP). The conversion of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide in marble powder was found at 800°C after calcination. The maximum biodiesel yield reached about 94% using a 3.5 wt% catalyst, 9:1 methanol to Pongamia pinnata oil molar ratio, and 2.5 hour process time at 65°C. The biodiesel purity was tested by gas chromatography analysis. The catalyst stability was tested by recyclability test and found a small decrease in biodiesel yield up to 5 recyclability runs. The solid heterogeneous catalyst from WMP proves that the harmful waste could be converted and used as an economically efficient solid heterogeneous catalyst for sustainable biodiesel production from Pongamia Pinnata oil.

Sulphonic-acid functionalized novel Limonia acidissima carbonaceous catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from Millettia pinnata oil: Optimization, kinetics, thermodynamics and cost analysis

In order to overcome the current fuel crisis affecting transportation, expanding environmental pollution challenges, and depletion of natural oil resources, a sustainable alternative to petroleum fuels must be developed. Biodiesel has been accepted as a promising substitute for petro-fuels in many countries because it can fulfill the requirements of the transportation industry. The present research introduces biodiesel production from Millettia pinnata (Karanja) oil utilizing waste wood apple (Limonia acidissima) shell in deriving carbonaceous catalysts in view of waste valorization for green energy generation towards alleviation of its ever-growing demand. The feedstock had a high free fatty acid (FFA) concentration based on proximate analysis, which indicated that an acid catalyst was required for fuel production. Analysis of the prepared catalyst was done by SEM, EDAX, FTIR, XRD, and BET. The optimization of esterification was performed with the RSM central composite design (CCD) experimental matrix, while the reaction time was 1.5 h at 55°C with 4 wt. % catalyst under 650 rpm and 50% w/w alcohol concentration. The actual yield was reported to be 98.95% under ideal conditions. The fuel characterization revealed that KOME (Karanja oil methyl ester) possesses physico-chemical characteristics suitable for biodiesel as per ASTM standards. Kinetic studies showed that the esterification follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with an activation energy of 62.61 kJ mol −1. The thermodynamic study confirmed that the acid-catalyzed esterification reaction is endothermic and non-spontaneous. The production cost of catalyst per kg of biodiesel was estimated to be $0.1649.

Synergism of Neem and Karanja Oils against Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae in Field Conditions

The increasing scarcity of active substances approved for use in plant protection is reflected in the growing effort to find suitable plant protection alternatives. Products based on plant oils could provide a promising environmentally friendly solution. In previous research in laboratory conditions, the synergistic effect of neem and karanja oils on Leptinotarsa decemlineata (CPB) larvae was observed. The aim of this current study was to verify whether the synergistic effect would also be observed in field conditions. The active substances used included azadirachtin A (NeemAzal® T/S); in both a reduced dose of 10.6 g/ha and a normal dose of 26.5 g/ha (Neem1, Neem2), Pongamia pinnata oil (Rock Effect New–REN); in a reduced dose of 1987.6 g/ha, and a mixture of both reduced doses (MIX). The protective effect was expressed by a visual estimation of the damaged leaf area on the potato plant. The MIX variant was always among the least damaged variants throughout the experiments, while the control was always the most damaged variant. A synergistic effect was observed at site I in 2021 when the MIX variant was more than 10 times less damaged than the control; in other cases, it was around 3 times less damaged. Treatment with MIX provided a protective effect comparable to NeemAzal® T/S in the full dose. This mixture can therefore be used to expand the portfolio of suitable preparations against CPB larvae in potato production.

Analysis of methyl compounds variation in the crude Pongamia pinnata oil from Banten, West Java and North Java populations

Identification of methyl compounds from crude oil is an important baseline provenance to support the development of renewable bioenergy resources in Indonesia. Pongamia pinnata, known as Malapari, has great potential to be an alternative to renewable bioenergy resources and an environmentally friendly substitute for fossil fuels. Our analysis of four provenances of crude Pongamia oil has identified eight (8) methyl compounds with a relative value of >1%, i.e. palmitoleate, lenoleate, eicostrienoic, erucate, docosadienoic, nervonate, eicosapentaenoate and arachidate. The value of the individual methyl compounds varied in each provenance. The unsaturated fatty acid content of Pongamia crude was higher and needs to be balanced to maintain the physical properties of Pongamia biodiesel. In addition, the quality of the tested Pongamia crude oil from all provenances that show high acidity and water content in the crude oil but exceed the standard for biodiesel (SNI 04-7182-2006) shows a need for improvement advanced process. The variations of the methyl compounds found in each provenance can be used as a selection basis for the development of products in the pharmaceutical and agricultural sectors.

Environmentally Safe Magnetic Nanocatalyst for the Production of Biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata Oil

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel in many developing and developed countries worldwide. Biodiesel has significant and numerous economic, environmental, and social benefits. However, the problem with conventional biodiesel production is the high industrial production cost, mainly contributed by the raw materials. Therefore, catalysts and feedstock are essential in increasing total biodiesel production rates and minimizing production costs. Magnetic nano-catalysts play a crucial role in heterogeneous catalysis due to their easy recovery, recyclability, excellent selectivity, and fast reaction rates, owing to their larger surface area. This research activity used heterogeneous magnetic nano-catalysts of ICdO, ISnO, and their modified form, to produce biodiesel. The synthesized nano-catalysts were made through co-precipitation and found quite efficient for transesterifying Pongamia pinnata oil. The effect of various parameters on biodiesel yield in the presence of prepared magnetic nano-catalysts has been studied. In the transesterification supported by ISnO, high yield, i.e., 99%, was achieved after 2 h of reaction time at 60 °C. The nano-catalysts were magnetically recovered and reused 4–5 times without any change in their activity. All the synthesized magnetic nano-catalysts performed SEM analysis. Each fraction of the produced biodiesel was assessed for different quality parameters, and the results were per ASTM standards. The components present in biodiesel produced from Pongamia pinnata oil were determined by GCMS.

Optimization of Dielectric Properties of Pongamia Pinnata Methyl Ester for Power Transformers Using Response Surface Methodology

In this present work, effort was taken to develop a response surface model based on response surface methodology (RSM) paired with Box–Behnken design (BBD). Investigations were carried out to optimize the transesterification of Pongamia Pinnata oil (PPO) under various process conditions such as time (60–180 min), temperature (60 °C–100 °C), and catalyst (1%–3%). The production of PPO methyl ester (PPOME) by the esterification process is carried out using the PPO and methanol (CH3OH) in a 1:6 molar ratio that is fixed as a constant. Here, the input variables are the process variables (independent) and the output variables are the response variables (dependent). The response variables are the breakdown voltage (BDV), kinematic viscosity (KV), and fire point (FRP). The effect of the process variables on the response variables is modeled using RSM paired BBD. The experimental sequence was designed to find the optimum composition of input parameters and output parameters. The associative effects of the input and output variables were designed as a 2-D contour plot and 3-D response surface plots, and the interactive effects were studied using the plots. After optimization, the optimum conditions of the input variables over the BDV, KV, and FRP were found to be the time of 142.07 min, the temperature of 81.52 °C, and the catalyst of 2.41%. The dielectric properties of PPOME were found to be 61.54 kV, 20.50 cSt, and 281.43 °C, which are in the vicinity of the laboratory experimental results. Those indicate that the treatment of PPO with the optimum quantity of the process variables gives an excellent dielectric response.

The Novel Approach of Catalytic Interesterification, Hydrolysis and Transesterification of Pongamia pinnata Oil

The properties of biodiesel are completely dependent on the fatty acid profile of feedstock oils. Several feedstocks are not in use for biodiesel production because of the presence of unsuitable fatty acids in their oils. The present study was conducted to overcome this problem by the utilization of interesterification and hydrolysis processes. The present study reports biodiesel with much better cold flow properties than previous studies. Fatty acids present in Pongamia pinnata oil were optimized via interesterification and hydrolysis treatment of feedstock prior to alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The physiochemical properties of fuel were evaluated by standard test methods and the results were compared with EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. Biodiesel composition was analyzed by a gas chromatographic analysis. The density, saponification and iodine values of the biodiesel derived from treated and non-treated oil were found to be within the range recommended by the international fuel standards. The acid values of biodiesel produced from non-treated and treated fractions were high (0.7–0.8 mg of KOH/g of oil), as compared to the biodiesel produced from non-treated and treated pure oil. The cloud points and pour points of biodiesel produced from hydrolyzed and interesterified oil were in the range of (8.1 to −9.6 °C) and (2.03 to −12.5 °C), respectively, while those of non-treated oil were in the range of (13.37 to −1.53 °C). These results indicate that treatments of oil specifically improved the low-temperature properties of biodiesel.

Machining studies on Monel K − 500 using TiAlN coated tungsten carbide inserts under Ag nanoparticles incorporated modified pongamia pinnata oil lubrication

Research investigations conducted in the past has shown that conventional petroleum based lubricants can be replaced with vegetable lubricants. Vegetable oil lubricants do not pollute the environment, as they are biodegradable. In this investigation, pongamia pinnata oil was used as lubricant, to during turning experiments. The physico chemical properties of modified pongamia pinnata oil were evaluated. Ag Nanoparticles were incorporated into the modified pongamia pinnata oil and it was subjected to tribological investigations. In this investigation, the effect of Ag nanoparticles in improving the lubricating aspects of the modified pongamia pinnata oil was studied. The aim of this investigation is to identify the effect of the nanoparticle incorporated bio- lubricant coolant on Monel K 500. In this study, using TiAlN coated triangular tungsten carbide inserts, Monel K 500 was subjected to turning under three conditions such as dry, minimum quantity lubrication and Ag nanoparticles incorporated vegetable oil lubrication. It was observed that the properties of the bio lubricant affected the turning output responses to such as cutting force, machining temperature, tool wear and surface roughness of the workpiece (Monel K 500). Machined surface was evaluated using scanning electron microscope, electron back scatter diffraction analysis and x-ray diffraction analysis. Turning operation conducted with 2% Ag nanoparticles incorporated modified pongamia pinnata oil lubrication was better than turning conducted under dry and lubricated conditions. Industrial wastes and toxic effluents can be minimised by switching over to bio lubricants and coolants.

Efficacy of Bio-rational insecticides against Perilla leaf moth on sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum)

The present study was carried out during kharif 2016–18 at Agronomy Farm, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, MPUAT, Udaipur. The Perilla leaf moth, Pyrausta panopealis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is an important and major insect pest of sweet basil, therefore, ecofriendly bio-rational insecticides were evaluated against perilla leaf moth in the present experiment. The experiment was laid out in uniformly sized plots measuring 12 m2 (4 m × 3 m) in Randomized Block Design containing six treatments and four replications. The treatment schedule comprised two sprayings, the first 15 days after transplanting and the second 45 days after transplanting. The different treatments, viz. Azadirachta indica oil (3%) followed by Bacillus thuringiensis (1.5 kg/ha); NSKE (5%) followed by Spinosad 45SC (150 ml/ha); Azadirachtin 1500 ppm (1%) followed by Lambda Cyhalothrin 4.9 CS (1 L/ha); Pongamia pinnata oil (3%) followed by Cypermethrin 10 EC (0.005%); Nicotine Sulfate 40 S (0.02%) followed by Deltamethrin 2.8 EC (0.015%) and Untreated control. Among the treatments, the Azadirachtin 1500 ppm (1%) was most effective against perilla leaf moth at 3, 5 and 7 days after first spray. After second spray the Spinosad 45 SC (150 ml/ha) was superior treatment against perilla leaf moth at 3, 5 and 7 days; whereas, the Azadirachta indica oil (3%) followed by Bacillus thuringiensis (1.5 kg/ha) was least effective against perilla leaf moth at 3, 5 and 7 days after second spray during both the subsequent years.

Biodiesel production from non-edible crops using waste tyre heterogeneous acid catalyst

ABSTRACT The present study aims at the ways and means of decreasing environmental pollution using spent tyre waste as an acid-based catalyst intended for the synthesis of biodiesel from Pongamia pinnata, a year-round crop that costs roughly 1300 $/tonne, whereas coal costs around 50 $/tonne. Heterogeneous catalysts were developed as a successful replacement for homogeneous catalysts because they have unique benefits over homogeneous catalysts, especially the ability to separate and reuse the solid catalyst used. The characteristics of the produced waste tyre acid-catalyst were studied using instrumental analysis such as EDX, scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Operating parameters studied for the catalyst were methanol-to-oil molar ratio (12:1 to 24:1), catalyst loading (1–5 weight %), reaction temperature (30–70°C), and reaction duration (1–4 h) were tuned upon the steady stirring rate of 400 rpm. At optimal conditions, the spent tyre waste activated by pyrolysis gives maximum conversion of biodiesel (82.1%). The pseudo-first-order model with a rate constant of 0.0269 min−1 (at 60°C) and activation energy of 21.53 kJ/mol was found to be the best match for demonstrating the methanolysis kinetics of Pongamia pinnata oil. When compared to other solid base catalysts reported in the literature, the catalytic activity of the waste tyre acid-catalyst provided a high yield of biodiesel under relatively mild reaction conditions.