Pineapple Varieties Research Articles

Efficient and rapid in vitro micropropagation of MD2 and H4 pineapple varieties

Pineapple plays an important role in international trade and supports of more than a million households in Côte d’Ivoire. However, its yield is subject to pedoclimatic problems and erosion of genetic potential of plant material. This study aims to establish an effective in vitro yield protocol for MD2 and H4 pineapple varieties. Therefore, the effects of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) combined with different concentrations of 2-isopentenyladenine (2-iP), with variable light intensity and activated charcoal on leaf shoot proliferation and elongation were tested. Analysis of variance revealed that Murashige and Skoog medium (MSB5) supplemented with 2 mg/L BAP combined with 0.25 mg/L 2-iP recorded the highest average number of microshoots (13.50 microshoots) in MD2 variety, while 2 mg/L of BAP combined with 0.5 mg/L of 2-iP recorded the best average number of shoots (15.20 microshoots) in H4 variety. Maximum microshoot elongation (7.81 cm and 7.03 cm for MD2 and H4, respectively) was obtained with 2 mg/L BAP combined with 0.25 mg/L of 2-iP. Light intensity of 1500 lux produced 14.06 and 14.86 microshoots in MD2 and H4, respectively. In contrast, maximum microshoot elongation (4.40 cm and 4.13 cm in MD2 and H4, respectively) was recorded at 2000 lux light intensity. A 2 g/L of activated charcoal inhibited microshoot proliferation. However, it induced an elongation of 7.50 cm in MD2 and 7.07 cm in H4. Microshoots were rooted on MS medium supplemented with 100 mg/L myo-inositol, 30 g/L sucrose, 200 mg/L glutamine, 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2 g/L activated charcoal, all solidified with 6g/L agar. In conclusion, the combination of 2 mg/L BAP and 2-iP (0.25 - 0.5 mg/L) is recommended for better in vitro shoot proliferation in MD2 and H4 varieties. Light intensities of 1500 - 2000 lux are ideal for better shoot proliferation and elongation. Finally, the addition of 2 g/L activated charcoal to the medium improves shoot elongation and rooting in MD2 and H4 varieties.

Performance of pineapple varieties cultivated with plastic mulch in organic production system

Performance of pineapple varieties cultivated with plastic mulch in organic production system

Unraveling the Valorization Potential of Pineapple Waste to Obtain Value-Added Products towards a Sustainable Circular Bioeconomy

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is one of the most commercialized tropical fruits worldwide. Its high processing and consumption generate huge quantities of organic waste and severe economic and environmental issues. Embracing the circular bioeconomy concept, this fruit waste can be applied as a bioresource (raw material) for the obtention of a wide range of high-valued biocompounds by applying innovative and ecofriendly technologies. In this paper, we critically describe pineapple-derived waste, from their chemical composition to their functional and biological properties, as well as the latest advances on valorization technologies, particular solid and submerged fermentations. Notably, this article highlights the possibility of using pineapple waste to obtain bioactive compounds such as bromelain, phenolic compounds, and dietary fiber, which have important biological properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and prebiotic capacities. Indeed, pineapple wastes can become valued materials by using green and biotechnological technologies that allow us to maximize their potential and might avoid wastage and environmental issues. Nevertheless, it is necessary to further investigate the biomolecules present in the waste derived from different pineapple varieties and their health beneficial effects as well as emerging technologies in order to obtain a full spectrum of natural value-added compounds that industries and society demand today.

Weed phytosociology survey in a Brazilian native pineapple, variety Turiaçu

The native pineapple variety Turiaçu holds significant market value and substantial export potential in comparison to other traditional pineapple varieties. Despite its economic importance, there is limited research on weed management for pineapple Turiaçu. Weed interference poses a threat to various crops at different phenological stages. This study had two primary objectives: (1) to assess the dynamics of weeds in a Turiaçu pineapple orchard across different climatic seasons and (2) to determine the critical control phase for weed management. We conducted weed phytosociological surveys during the dry, transition, and rainy seasons. Conventional methods were employed in 20 samples per season, evaluating relative density, relative frequency, relative abundance, importance value index, and Soresen's similarity index. Our findings revealed the presence of 32 weed species, spanning 24 genera and 12 botanical families, predominantly eudicotyledonous (78%), with an annual life cycle (50%) and sexual reproduction (78%). Seasonal variations significantly influenced the weed community, with a 500% increase in the number of species during the rainy season compared to the dry season. Based on our observations, we recommend implementing soil cover methods for controlling the weed seed bank. This approach is crucial in all seasons, with particular emphasis on the transition season, characterized by a relatively short and latent weed community that is more easily manageable.

The pineapple reference genome: Telomere-to-telomere assembly, manually curated annotation, and comparative analysis.

Pineapple is the third most crucial tropical fruit worldwide and available in five varieties. Genomes of different pineapple varieties have been released to date; however, none of them are complete, with all exhibiting substantial gaps and representing only two of the five pineapple varieties. This significantly hinders the advancement of pineapple breeding efforts. In this study, we sequenced the genomes of three varieties: a wild pineapple variety, a fiber pineapple variety, and a globally cultivated edible pineapple variety. We constructed the first gap-free reference genome (Ref) for pineapple. By consolidating multiple sources of evidence and manually revising each gene structure annotation, we identified 26,656 protein-coding genes. The BUSCO evaluation indicated a completeness of 99.2%, demonstrating the high quality of the gene structure annotations in this genome. Utilizing these resources, we identified 7,209 structural variations across the three varieties. Approximately 30.8% of pineapple genes were located within ±5 kb of structural variations, including 30 genes associated with anthocyanin synthesis. Further analysis and functional experiments demonstrated that the high expression of AcMYB528 aligns with the accumulation of anthocyanins in the leaves, both of which may be affected by a 1.9-kb insertion fragment. In addition, we developed the Ananas Genome Database, which offers data browsing, retrieval, analysis, and download functions. The construction of this database addresses the lack of pineapple genome resource databases. In summary, we acquired a seamless pineapple reference genome with high-quality gene structure annotations, providing a solid foundation for pineapple genomics and a valuable reference for pineapple breeding.

AcMYB266, a key regulator of the red coloration in pineapple peel: a case of subfunctionalization in tandem duplicated genes.

Red fruit peel is an attractive target for pineapple breeding. Various pineapple accessions with distinct red coloration patterns exist; however, the precise molecular mechanism accounting for these differences remains unknown, which hinders the pineapple breeding process from combining high fruit quality with red peel. In this study, we characterized a transcription factor, AcMYB266, which is preferentially expressed in pineapple peel and positively regulates anthocyanin accumulation. Transgenic pineapple, Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants overexpressing AcMYB266 exhibited significant anthocyanin accumulation. Conversely, transient silencing of this gene led to decreased anthocyanin accumulation in pineapple red bracts. In-depth analysis indicated that variations of AcMYB266 sequences in the promoter instead of the protein-coding region seem to contribute to different red coloration patterns in peels of three representative pineapple varieties. In addition, we found that AcMYB266 was located in a cluster of four MYB genes exclusive to and conserved in Ananas species. Of this cluster, each was proved to regulate anthocyanin synthesis in different pineapple tissues, illustrating an interesting case of gene subfunctionalization after tandem duplication. In summary, we have characterized AcMYB266 as a key regulator of pineapple red fruit peel and identified an MYB cluster whose members were subfunctionalized to specifically regulate the red coloration of different pineapple tissues. The present study will assist in establishing a theoretical mechanism for pineapple breeding for red fruit peel and provide an interesting case for the investigation of gene subfunctionalization in plants.

Proteogenomic Gene Structure Validation in the Pineapple Genome.

MD2 pineapple (Ananas comosus) is the second most important tropical crop that preserves crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), which has high water-use efficiency and is fast becoming the most consumed fresh fruit worldwide. Despite the significance of environmental efficiency and popularity, until very recently, its genome sequence has not been determined and a high-quality annotated proteome has not been available. Here, we have undertaken a pilot proteogenomic study, analyzing the proteome of MD2 pineapple leaves using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which validates 1781 predicted proteins in the annotated F153 (V3) genome. In addition, a further 603 peptide identifications are found that map exclusively to an independent MD2 transcriptome-derived database but are not found in the standard F153 (V3) annotated proteome. Peptide identifications derived from these MD2 transcripts are also cross-referenced to a more recent and complete MD2 genome annotation, resulting in 402 nonoverlapping peptides, which in turn support 30 high-quality gene candidates novel to both pineapple genomes. Many of the validated F153 (V3) genes are also supported by an independent proteomics data set collected for an ornamental pineapple variety. The contigs and peptides have been mapped to the current F153 genome build and are available as bed files to display a custom gene track on the Ensembl Plants region viewer. These analyses add to the knowledge of experimentally validated pineapple genes and demonstrate the utility of transcript-derived proteomics to discover both novel genes and genetic structure in a plant genome, adding value to its annotation.

Economically Imperative Ananas comosus Diseases, Status, and Its Control Measures Documented in Producing Countries

Ananas comosus, commonly known as pineapple, is a fruit with a large potential market as a commodity and commercial fruit. Numerous pests and diseases affect pineapple, directly or indirectly, by lowering the quality and quantity. The fungal causative agents, namely Fusarium ananatum and Thalaromyces stolii (previously named Penicillium funiculosum), cause fruitlet core rot (FCR) and fusariosis by Fusarium guttiforme. Bacteria heart rot (BHR) is an infection by Erwinia chrysanthemi, newly known as Dickeya zeae. Nevertheless, the mealybug wilt of pineapple (MWP) is another pineapple treat to susceptible pineapple varieties caused by pineapple mealybug wilt-associated viruses (PMWaVs). Other diseases include destruction caused by pathogenic nematodes. This review discusses the status of these diseases and the control measures that greatly affect the economy of pineapple-producing countries due to the economic significance of these crops. Growers need up-to-date information on the identity of the diseases that affect pineapple crops in the various countries that produce them to effectively manage the diseases in the field.

Effect of pineapple waste biochar and compost application on the growth and yield of pineapple varieties in Ghana

IntroductionBiochar is one of the commonly used soil amendments for sustainable agriculture. The effect of biochar on crop yields depends on the quality of the biochar, which is influenced by feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions. Sole application of pineapple waste biochar and compost, and their combination has not been rigorously investigated. In this study, we investigated the effects of pineapple waste biochar and compost applied solely or in combination on growth and yield of pineapple on a coastal savanna Acrisol in Ghana.MethodsThe split-plot design with three replications was used, with pineapple varieties as the main plot and fertilizer application rates as the sub-plots.Results and discussionThe results showed that sole application of biochar and compost or their combination as a soil amendment increased pineapple growth and yield as compared to the unamended soil. Biochar applied in combination with compost/or inorganic NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) fertilizer significantly increased plant height and the number of leaves of pineapple plant, which resulted in improved fruits yield of the three (sugar loaf, MD2 and smooth cayenne) pineapple varieties at maturity over control, sole application of biochar, compost and inorganic NPK fertilizer. The Smooth cayenne variety outperformed MD2 and Sugar loaf variety.ConclusionIn conclusion, the results revealed that biochar applied solely or in addition to compost or inorganic NPK fertilizer has the capability to enhance soil quality and improve pineapple yield. Application of biochar in combination with compost/or inorganic NPK improves pineapple growth and yield.

PEMBUATAN BIOETANOL DARI MAHKOTA BUAH NANAS VARIETAS CAYANE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE

The scarcity of petroleum resources or other fuel sources encourages efforts to find alternative energy, namely Bioethanol. Alternative raw materials that can be utilised in the manufacture of bioethanol from biomass are pineapple crowns. Making Bioethanol from Pineapple Fruit Crown Cayane Variety by Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae Microbes is by varying the weight of yeast and the optimum fermentation time on the level of bioethanol produced. In this study using NaOH 1.5%w to degrade the lignin content in the crown of pineapple varieties cayane and H2SO4 2%v to convert cellulose into glucose. The research used variations in yeast weight of 7.5%; 10%; 12.5%w and variations in fermentation time of 2; 3; 4; 5 days in the fermentation process. While the purification process uses simple distillation with operating conditions 78oC-80oC for 2.5 -4 hours. Bioethanol obtained was tested for refractive index and gask romatography (GC). The test results obtained the optimum weight of yeast is 12.5 grams at 3 days fermentation time with bioethanol content of 6.154%.

Determination of Mealybug Population Density for Transmission of Pineapple Mealybug Wilt Disease in Central Uganda

Pineapple mealybug wilt disease (PMWD) is a complex and most destructive viral disease constraining pineapple production world over. Pineapple mealybug wilt disease is transmitted by mealybugs (Dysmicoccus species). Currently, in Uganda, the population of Dysmicoccus brevipes that can transmit PMWD is not known. Yet, closing this knowledge gap would provide a better understanding of PMWD etiology and development of sound management strategies. Experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications in the screenhouse at the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyambogo University during the period 2017 and 2018. Pineapple variety Smooth Cayenne was inoculated with five levels of viruliferous mealybugs including one (1), five (5), ten (10), fifteen (15), and a control (uninoculated). Data collection commenced on symptoms appearance and continued on a 15-day interval for a period of two months. Data were collected on the incidence and severity of PMWD. All the data collected were analysed using Genstat computer programme. Results showed that the number of mealybugs significantly (p<0.05) affected the incidence and severity of PMWD during both trials. Although one viruliferous mealybug was able to transmit PMWD virus, the efficacy of transmission was recorded with the highest number of mealybugs per plant. It was, therefore, concluded that the higher the number of viruliferous mealybugs colonising a pineapple plant, the higher the incidence and severity of PMWD. The result of this study, therefore, adds to the pool of knowledge on the understanding the population density of mealybugs transmitting PMWD as well as provide insights to improvement of mealybug vector monitoring as a key component of integrated PMWD management.

Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Provides Insights into the Mechanism of Flower Induction in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) by Ethephon.

Exogenous ethylene is commonly utilized to initiate flower induction in pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.). However, the molecular mechanisms and metabolic changes involved are not well understood. In this study, we explored the genetic network and metabolic shifts in the 'Comte de Paris' pineapple variety during ethylene-induced flowering. This was achieved through an integrative analysis of metabolome and transcriptome profiles at vegetative shoot apexes (0 d after ethephon treatment named BL_0d), the stage of bract primordia (8 d after ethephon treatment named BL_8d), stage of flower primordia (18 d after ethephon treatment named BL_18d), and the stage of stopped floret differentiation (34 d after ethephon treatment named BL_34d). We isolated and identified 804 metabolites in the pineapple shoot apex and inflorescence, categorized into 24 classes. Notably, 29, 31, and 46 metabolites showed significant changes from BL_0d to BL_8d, BL_8d to BL_18d, and BL_18d to BL_34d, respectively. A marked decrease in indole was observed, suggesting its role as a characteristic metabolite during flower induction. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 956, 1768, and 4483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for BL_0d vs. BL_8d, BL_8d vs. BL_18d, and BL_18d vs. BL_34d, respectively. These DEGs were significantly enriched in carbohydrate metabolism and hormone signaling pathways, indicating their potential involvement in flower induction. Integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic data, we identified several candidate genes, such as Agamous-Like9 (AGL9), Ethylene Insensitive 3-like (ETIL3), Apetala2 (AP2), AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor ANT (ANT), and Sucrose synthase 2 (SS2), that play potentially crucial roles in ethylene-induced flower induction in pineapple. We also established a regulatory network for pineapple flower induction, correlating metabolites and DEGs, based on the Arabidopsis thaliana pathway as a reference. Overall, our findings offer a deeper understanding of the metabolomic and molecular mechanisms driving pineapple flowering.

Effects of fruit baggings as preharvest treatments on the fruit quality of pineapple ‘MD-2’

The demand for fresh pineapple fruit is currently highest for the MD2 pineapple variety. Continuous efforts are made to enhance the quality of MD2 pineapples, including the fruit skin colour, flesh colour, sweetness, and minimizing sunburn damage. Bagging is one of the pre-harvest methods that can be employed for this purpose. This research aims to find suitable bagging materials that meet the industry's criteria and assess the severity of sunburn in each bagging treatment. A completely randomized design was used in this study, with six different bagging materials and pineapples aged 80 Days After Forcing (DAF). The bagging materials used were the control, blue Polyethylene (PE) bag, white PE bag, black patent bag, paper bag, and the existing cap-shaped bagging technique using recycled paper from banana bagging, as utilized by PT. Great Giant Pineapple. Each treatment involved 120 pineapple samples harvested at 140 DAF. MD2 pineapples without bagging were found to provide the best results according to PT. Great Giant Pineapple's criteria, with green skin colour (1.35%) and uniform yellow flesh (85.62%).

Pineapple Peel Flours: Drying Kinetics, Thermodynamic Properties, and Physicochemical Characterization

Pineapple is a widely cultivated, consumed, and processed fruit by the industry. However, only 22.5% of the whole fruit is used, which constitutes economic waste and environmental impact. The objective was to determine the drying kinetics and characterize the residual peel flours of two pineapple varieties at four drying temperatures. Jupi and Pérola pineapple peels were dried at temperatures of 50, 60, 70, and 80 °C in a thin layer. Ten mathematical models were adjusted to the experimental data to characterize the drying process. Fresh samples and flours were characterized according to their physicochemical properties (water content, ash, water activity, total sugars, reducers, pH, acidity, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and total energy value—TEV). The Midilli model was chosen because it best represents the drying process with high values of determination coefficients (R2) and low mean squared deviations (MSD), Chi-square (χ2), and estimated mean error (EME). The increase in temperature led to an increase in the effective diffusivity coefficient and consequent reduction in drying time. The activation energy obtained from the Arrhenius equation was 24.59 and 26.25 kJ/mol for Jupi and Pérola, respectively. Differences were reported in the enthalpy and entropy decrease with the increasing temperature, contrary to the Gibbs free energy. The flours produced had good characteristics for conservation, being acidic with low water content and low water activity. High levels of total and reducing sugars, carbohydrates, and total energy value were observed, in addition to good protein content.

The Chemical Characteristics and In Vitro Degradability of Pineapple By-Products as Potential Feed for Ruminants.

Pineapple fruit, which is cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas, is processed by the food industry, generating a large amount of waste. Using pineapple by-products in animal nutrition could reduce feeding costs and contribute to the containment of pollution. The chemical composition and the in vitro fermentation of five pineapple by-products (crown, bud end, peel, core, and pomace) from two West African pineapple varieties (Smooth Cayenne-SC and Sugarloaf-SL) were evaluated. Significant differences were observed between the varieties and by-products. The dry matter (DM) content was low and superimposable between varieties, averaging 17.7%. On a DM basis, pomace showed the highest protein content (SC 8.10% and SL 8.81%, p < 0.001), whereas the crown showed the highest (p < 0.001) NDF content (47.62% and 39.01% for SC and SL, respectively). Due the high sugar content, the core and pomace showed high in vitro organic matter degradability (SC: 85.09% and SL: 83.98%), estimated metabolizable energy (SC: 7.91 KJ/kg and SL: 7.66 KJ/kg), and volatile fatty acid production (96.86 mmol/g and 90.62 mmol/g). Based on chemical composition and in vitro digestibility results, this study suggests that pineapple by-products have the potential to be used in ruminants' diets, considering the crown, bud end, and peel as fiber sources and the core and pomace as substitutes or supplements to concentrate feedstuffs. Further research should be conducted on the storability of these by-products through in vivo trials evaluating animals' performances and the quality of their products.

Present Status of Pineapple Cultivation in Bangladesh: Case of Madhupur Tract

The main focus of this research was to explore the present status of pineapple cultivation in Madhupur tract of Bangladesh. Primary data were collected using a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire by face-to-face interviews from a sample of 300 pineapple growers and two focus group discussions were also carried out from March to May 2022. According to the study findings majority (51%) of the respondents cultivate pineapple in their own land having medium experience (53.3%), followed mixed cropping pattern (89%) where 25.33 percent respondent cultivate banana as companion crop. ‘Calendar’ is the top most cultivated variety of pineapple in Madhupur tract. Majority of the respondent use balanced pesticide and ripening agent due to increasing demand of chemical free farm fresh pineapple among consumers. Higher profit compared to other crops (82.00 %) was the main reason for producing pineapple in the study area. Majority (26.67%) of the respondent followed (Grower- Faria- Bepari- Aratdar- Wholesaler- Retailer- Consumers) channel among the six dominant marketing channels to market their produced pineapple. The results of SWOT analysis revealed that weakness of pineapple cultivation in Madhupur tract have the potential to improve. If the government and other policy making organizations come forward to solve the problems arising in pineapple cultivation, then the position of pineapple as fruit will be consolidated soon in home and abroad.

Antioxidant Potential of Different Parts of Three Pineapple Varieties N36, Madu and MD2

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is widely consumed and appreciated not only due to its taste and aroma and to its nutritional and antioxidant properties, including its vitamin C and phenolic contents. In an attempt to explore new antioxidant leads, pineapple waste is often neglected in the pineapple industry. Fruit processing has considerably higher ratios of by-products and pineapple by-products are not exceptions as they consist basically of the residual pulp, peels, stem, and leaves. Pineapple waste is a by-product resulting from canning processing of pineapple that produces about 35% of fruit waste and leads to serious environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to determine whether different varieties and parts of pineapple waste (peel, core, crown, and stalk) can affect and give the highest amount of natural antioxidant activity. In this study, the antioxidant activities of different parts of three pineapples (N36, Madu, and MD2 were measured using the DPPH method. Methanol solvent has been used for extraction and various parts of pineapple were used to determine the effect of different plants on antioxidants. The samples were determined by using an ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer. The result for scavenging activity (DPPH) indicates Madu variety displayed high scavenging activity compared to MD2 and N36 varieties. Madu varieties demonstrated a significant free radical scavenging ability where their crown has IC50 and cores are merely IC50 at 175 ppm and 500ppm. The MD2 crown also demonstrates IC50 at 275 ppm. The results suggest that Madu varieties comprised of the crown of pineapple studied may be useful as potential sources of natural antioxidants.

Identification Of Quantitative Characters of Two Pineapple Varieties (Ananas comosus L. Merr) Resulted By Propagation Of Stem Cutting In Okinawa Prefecture

Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) is one of the significant yields and the fundamental product created in Okinawa since it is appropriate climatic condition for pineapple improvement. seeds. This study intends to decide the quantitative characters of seedlings from stem engendering of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) stem cutting on two assortments in Okinawa, Japan. The review was led in December 2022 at Yagaji Island Nursery, Okinawa, Japan. A quantitative descriptive approach was used in the research, and random sampling was used to select 15 seedlings from each variety based on their age, starting at 60 HST, 90 HST, and 120 HST, for a total of 90 samples. Each seed test was noticed in view of boundaries set each month, in particular seedlding level, stem width number of leaves and. Research information were dissected utilizing basic measurement examination. The mean of each character was tried utilizing the T-test at the 5% level and the connection between's qualities was broke down utilizing the r-test at the 5% level. The outcomes showed that there were contrasts in quantitative characters of the two assortments, specifically the N67-10 assortment showing taller seedlings, more number of leaves and bigger stem at the three periods of perception, with the exception of 60 days for stem distance across and 120 days for seedling level. With a range of 0.44-0.77, the phenotypic correlation between characters is real.

Enzymatic Analysis and Characterization of Bromelain from Two Varieties of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Fruit and Stem Extracts

This study was designed to examine the presence of enzymatic activity of fruit and stem bromelain extracted from two varieties of pineapple (Ananas comosus): Morris and Sarawak. The bromelain crude extract obtained from fruits and stems were tested for their protein content via Bradford’s assay, and both crude extract from Morris variety showed the highest value. Further analysis was done to investigate the proteolytic activity of the crude fruit and stem bromelain, resulting in Morris variety having the highest activity for fruit bromelain, while Sarawak variety having the highest activity for stem bromelain. The Gelatin Digestion Unit (GDU) analysis performed revealed both fruit and stem bromelain from Morris variety exhibited the highest activity. Furthermore, the temperature optimization showed that both fruit bromelain of Morris and Sarawak varieties were optimum at 35 ℃, while stem bromelain from both pineapple varieties were optimum at 45 ℃. Meanwhile, the optimum value of the pH for Sarawak variety extract of fruit and stem bromelain were found at pH 5.6, while Morris variety were optimum at pH 6.6. These results indicated both varieties of pineapple extracts of fruits and stems were having bromelain enzyme that can be further developed for application at industrial level.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПЕРСПЕКТИВ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ОТХОДОВ СЫРЬЯ АНАНАСА

The problem of expanding the range of herbal medicines can be solved through the use of plant objects traditionally used in the food industry, characterized by the presence of a wide range of pharmacological activity, and the most promising raw materials are processing waste, in terms of the content of biologically active substances (BAS), not inferior to the pharmacopoeial vegetable raw materials, which allows you to create waste-free processing technologies, covering both the food and pharmaceutical industries. A promising crop from this point of view is pineapple fruit, the production and consumption of which in the world is increasing every year. To date, the global pineapple market has grown to $14.9 billion, approximately 26.4 million tons. Purchases of pineapple seeds to Russia are constantly increasing. According to the Agrobusiness expert and analytical center, pineapple supplies in Russia increased by 23.7% by 2022 and amounted to more than 11 thousand tons. In recent years, the study of the chemical composition of infructescences and the features of their pharmacological action, including in systemic metabolic disorders and oncology, has attracted significant interest from researchers. At the same time, pineapple seedlings in the Russian Federation are not pharmacopoeial raw materials. Significant waste from the processing of seedlings in the food industry is disposed of. The aim of the work is to study the yield of products remaining after processing pineapple fruits of different varieties, followed by a preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaves and pulp of pineapple fruits and an assessment of the prospects for their further study. The authors, using gravimetric analysis, revealed the amount of waste represented by leaves, peel and pulp of peeled fruits after mechanical squeezing of juice for pineapple varieties mainly purchased in the Russian Federation. To determine the preliminary qualitative composition of pineapple processing products, a set of qualitative phytochemical reactions, most often used in pharmacopoeial analysis, was carried out with aqueous extracts from pulp and leaves of processed raw materials. The analysis confirmed the presence of substances of polyphenolic nature, amino acids and vitamins in the raw material. According to the authors, further study of pineapple fruit processing waste is an urgent and promising area of pharmaceutical research.