Pin Type Research Articles

Nitrogen plasma treatment of fluorine-doped tin oxide for enhancement of photo-carrier collection in amorphous Si solar cells

Nitrogen plasma treatment was performed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) front electrodes, and its impact on the performance of pin type amorphous Si (a-Si) solar cells was investigated. Nitrogen plasma treatment reverses the surface band bending of SnO2:F from accumulation to depletion, thus in turn reversing the band bending of the p type amorphous silicon carbide (p-a-SiC) window layer. The reversal of band bending leads to the collection of carriers generated in p-a-SiC, and quantum efficiency in the short wavelength regime is thereby enhanced. On the other hand, surface depletion of SnO2:F causes a reduction of the diode built-in voltage and increased series resistance, which could degrade the open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor (FF), the degradation of which is strongly affected by the deposition time of p-a-SiC.

반도체 중성자 탐지소자 개발 및 응용

In this paper, we developed the semiconductor neutron radiation detector and the multi-purpose radiation detection technologies for the next generation military personal surveymeter. The PIN type semiconductor neutron detector and the prototype measure the neutron radiation dose upto 1,000cGy with ±20% error. It also have a good performance about the Gamma, Alpha and Beta radiation and MIL-STD-810F.Keywords : Neutron Radiation(중성자 방사선), Neutron Dose(중성자 선량), Surveymeter(방사선측정기), Dose Rate(방사선 선율)

Radiocarbon dating of the bronze age bone pins from Eurasian steppe

Abstract Bone catapult and hammer-headed pins played one of very specific roles in funerary offerings in the Bronze Age graves uncovered in the Eurasian Steppes and the North Caucasus. Scholars used different types of pins as key grave offerings for numerous chronological models. For the first time eight pins have been radiocarbon dated. 14C dating of bone pins identified the catapult type pin as the earliest one. They marked the period of the Yamnaya culture formation. Then Yamnaya population produced hammer-headed pins which became very popular in other cultural environments and spread very quickly across the Steppe and the Caucasus during 2900–2650 cal BC. But according to radiocarbon dating bone pins almost disappeared after 2600 cal BC.

On the influence of a pin type on the friction losses in pin bearings

The aim of this paper is to analyze lubricated revolute joints from the viewpoint of friction losses. The paper deals with the lubricated revolute joints composed of a pin and two more elements connected by means of the pin. It is considered here how different pin types affect friction losses in pin bearings. Three existing pin types are investigated: a pin press-fitted either in the first or in the second element or the one free to rotate in both elements. As a measure of friction losses, a dissipation function is determined in all three cases. Using the results obtained, the advantages of using the full-floating pin with respect to two other types are demonstrated by means of a numerical example.

Studies on several key problems of water hydraulic vane pump

PurposeThe balanced vane pump is a common transmission component in hydraulic systems. Since the physicochemical properties of water and seawater are different from that of mineral oil, some problems can occur, for instance, poor lubrication, more leakage, and more corrosion. The paper aims to demonstrate the technical feasibility for the water hydraulic vane pump.Design/methodology/approachThe material combinations were selected based on related research in literature. The volumetric efficiency and suction performance were measured in the current experiment. The relations between gap clearances and leakage flow, the contact and the friction forces between a vane tip and a cam contour were simulated based on mathematic models.FindingsThe soft‐hard material combinations in the prototype pump show preferable friction characteristics during tests. The axial clearances are the main channels of leakage flow. Pin type vane pump can reduce the contact force of the vane tip.Originality/valueThis paper outlines some key problems of the water hydraulic vane pump, such as the friction pair material,the structure, and the contact force of the vane tip by means of testing the basic performance of pump and mathematic model.

BLOSSOM BIOLOGY OF POMEGRANATE CULTIVAR 'BHAGWA' UNDER SEMI-ARID TROPICS OF WESTERN INDIA

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), ‘the multi-seeded apple’ is an important fruit crop of arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Knowledge on blossom biology provides a pre-hand idea on the breeding mechanism. Pomegranate is a versatile crop with a high degree of amenability for flower regulation. The basic particulars pertaining to various aspects of blossom biology, viz., flower bud initiation, commencement, cessation and duration of flowering, period of anthesis, its peak time, etc. were studied in cultivar ‘Bhagwa’ under semi-arid conditions of Solapur during 2008-09. The cultivar ‘Bhagwa’ flowers thrice a year i.e., during ambe bahar (January-February), mrig bahar (June-July) and hasth bahar (September-October). The weight of the mature, ready-to-crack flower bud ranged from 2.0-2.6 g. The time taken for flower bud differentiation ranged from 18.4 to 22.0 days. The weight of hermaph¬rodite, intermediate and male flower was found to be 3.75, 2.61 and 1.48 g respectively. The hermaphrodite flowers were categorized into two groups viz., pin type and thrum type. The pistil length of hermaphrodite, intermediate and male flowers was measured to be 1.96, 1.45 and 0.25 cm respectively. The pollen viability with acetocarmine stain ranged from 85-94%. The fruit set under selfing was found to be in the range of 16.0 to 20.0%. The attributes of calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium were also studied in this investigation.

Comparison of Pumped Air Characteristics From a Rotary Atomizer With Three Types of Wheels

Characteristics of pumped air of spray dryer rotary atomizers depend on their design and operating variables. By measuring the wheel vacuum pressure and required power pump air together, the air-pumping characteristic of a spray dryer rotary atomizer was studied. The experiments were conducted using three types of atomizer wheels: vaned, pin type, and multihole. Parameters of pumped air contain shear power, air-pumping power, and differential pressure, which were measured for three wheels in different air gap and atomizer speed. The rotary atomizer speed range was from 7000 to 27,000 rpm and the air gap varied from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. Results indicated that by increasing the wheel speed, shear power, air-pumping power, and differential pressure increased for all wheels. In addition, by increasing the air gap, shear and air-pumping power increased and differential pressure decreased for all wheels.

Mechanical evaluation of a tapered thread-run-out half-pin designed for external skeletal fixation in small animals

An in vitro mechanical study was performed to compare the stiffness, maximum load, and cyclic load-to-failure of a new external fixation half-pin design utilizing a tapered thread-run-out (TRO) feature with currently available positive profile thread (PP) half-pins. Five different sizes of each of the two pin types were evaluated. Under static loading, TRO pins were significantly stiffer and had a higher maximum load compared to the similar sized PP pins (p <0.0001 for all comparisons). In cyclic fatigue testing, TRO pins lasted 2.3- to 4.9-fold more cycles than PP pins of similar size (p <0.0001 for all comparisons). The increased pin stiffness and improved cyclic lifespan provided by TRO pins may be especially valuable in the stabilization of biologically and mechanically challenging fracture cases where healing is prolonged.

Analysis of Surface Flashover of 33kV Pin Type Insulators due to Saline Pollution

Contamination-driven insulator failure is a problem that incessantly plagues distribution systems. Contamination levels can continue to grow unless abated by natural cleaning or if not taken measures to wash insulators at the distribution level in a preventative maintenance mode. In order to assess the pollution behavior, 33kV pin type insulator was selected as a sample insulator and been subjected for natural pollution at three selected localities (zone 1, 2 and 3) for considerable period. The naturally polluted insulators have been subjected for conductivity test and by which the equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) is calculated. Subsequently, artificially contaminated insulators of different pollution severities were tested for power frequency and impulse test in the High Voltage Laboratory of University of Moratuwa. Finally, it is recommended that insulators in Zone 1 have to be treated after 8 months from the date of last treatment and those in Zone 2 & 3 to be treated after 18 months under preventive maintenance to get away from flashover. It is also recommended to review the required specific creepage distance (SCD) of insulators installed in non-polluted areas due to the fact that the current practice of insulators placement in most of the places are with SCD of 25mm/kV which is recommended for high polluted zones as per IEC regulation.

Onset condition of pulsating cone-jet mode of electrohydrodynamic jetting for plane, hole, and pin type electrodes

In this work, electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jetting phenomena were observed for three different types of bottom electrode (plane, hole, pin) at constant back pressure condition of the reservoir. Especially, we have focused on the measurement and numerical prediction of the onset voltage for pulsating Taylor cone jetting, changing glass capillary nozzle diameter (outer diameter: 16–47 μm), hydrostatic back pressure head in the reservoir, and the distance between the nozzle and the bottom electrode to provide design information on the EHD multinozzle head.

Inheritance of flower homostyly of autogamous species Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn. in interspecific crosses with heterostylous cross-pollinator F. cymosum Meisn.

Inheritance of flower homostyly of self-fertile buckwheat species Fagopyrum tataricum have been studied in interspecific crosses. This species is homozygous for recessive allele s, an analogue of which determines long-styled (pin) type of flowers of heterostylous species F. cymosum. Interspecific differences are determined by a system of modifier genes with a polymeric effect.

Friction and Wear Studies on the Aramid Fibre Based Non-Asbestos Brake Pads for Wind-Mill Application

The increasing demands for indigenous non-toxic friction material for wind mill application with better braking properties is ever expanding and this has motivated the development of non-asbestos brake pads. As an alternative to asbestos friction materials, aramid fibre reinforced phenolic matrix friction composite was developed with fibre content varying from 0 to 7 wt %. Using pin type specimens, their friction and wear behaviour was evaluated against cast iron disc in a pin on disc testing apparatus. The test results at a constant load of 70 N and at two speeds of 1.5 m/s and 5 m/s showed that the coefficient of friction decreased with fibre content and sliding velocity, almost linearly. The wear rate also decreased with increase in fibre content but was following a polynomial relation of third order. A composition which gives frictional coefficient of 0.45 to 0.40 and a minimum wear rate is desirable for the application. The formulation containing 5 wt % aramid fibre exhibited friction in this range and its wear rate was almost closer to the minimal value. Hence, from friction and wear considerations an aramid fibre content of 5 wt % is ideal for this application.

Classification of joints

Any machine part consists of components con� nected together, and the assembly of joints is funda� mental to its construction. There are many types of joints, including threaded, helical, tapered, conical, pin, key, slotted, and flanged configurations. Analysis of machine parts shows a wide range of joint structures, with little standardization. The exist� ing ESDP unified tolerance and fit system covers only a narrow range of joints. The lack of joint standardiza� tion prevents standardization of assembly procedures. This helps account for the unacceptable diversity of such procedures. Accordingly, the classification of joint designs is of great importance, in order to improve the efficiency of assembly procedures.

The Design of Mechanical System for Harbor Basin Wave Maker

The design of mechanical system for harbor basin wave maker is introduced in this article. The installation form of wave maker is ground to pin type. The push-wave plate is driven by the AC servo motor and ball screw. The parameters of ball screw and the selection of servo motor are determined by calculating, and then check the bearing capacity of servo motor. The performance test has verified that the design of wave-maker system can meet the requirements.

Influence of Grit Blasting on the Roughness and the Bond Strength of Detonation Sprayed Coating

The process of roughening the surfaces by grit blasting prior to coating them using thermal spray techniques is very important to obtain consistently high tensile bond strength between the coating and the substrate. The available literature on the influence of grit-blasting parameters in the case of detonation spray or HVOF coatings is quite limited. The present study aims to study the influence of grit-blasting pressure and alumina grit size on the roughening of the mild steel substrate, the resulting effect on the roughness of Cu, Al2O3, and WC-12Co coatings deposited by detonation spray coating and also on the tensile bond strengths of these coatings. Toward the above purpose, the velocity of the alumina grits have been experimentally measured using a high-speed imaging system and the tensile bond strength of the coatings have been experimentally obtained using the pin type test. The results from the above experiments point to the importance of not only the roughness of the grit-blasted mild steel substrate but also the roughness of the coatings subsequently deposited in determining the magnitude of the bond strength.

522 MR流体を用いた鉄道懸垂ガイシ用制振ダンパ(各種ダンパの設計,OS-3 ダンピング,総合テーマ「伝統を,未来へ!」)

Overhead lines are used to transmit electrical energy to trains. There are various kinds of systems in overhead lines. Authors paid attention to the suspension insulator in the overhead lines, and examined vibration property by using magneto-rheological fluid for improving vibration suppressing effects. Overhead lines such as messenger wire and contact wire are oscillated by not only traffic passing, but also wind and earthquake. The damping effect of the suspension insulators will help the vibration properties of the overhead lines. In this paper, the authors propose two types of rotary damping device using magneto-rheological fluid in the suspension insulator. Vibration tests of harmonic excitation and free vibration with a triangle shaped steel bracket are carried out, and the acceleration responses are measured. From the experimental results, the damping coefficient is increasing to about 30-70% larger than the conventional pin type suspension insulator and the effect of vibration suppression is confirmed experimentally.

Cancelable fingerprint templates using minutiae-based bit-strings

It has become critical to protect biometric templates in the current biometric community. One way for doing this is using a cancelable biometric method, which transforms original biometric templates in a non-invertible way and uses those transformed templates to verify a person's identity. In this paper, we propose a new method to generate cancelable bit-strings (templates) from fingerprint minutiae. Our method is to provide a simple mean to generate cancelable templates without requiring for pre-alignment of fingerprints. The main idea is to map the minutiae into a predefined 3 dimensional array which consist of small cells and find out which cells include minutiae. To do this, we choose one of minutiae as a reference minutia and other minutiae are translated and rotated in order to map the minutiae into the cells based on the position and orientation of the reference minutia. After mapping, we set the cells in the 3D array to 1 if they include more than one minutia otherwise the cells are set to 0. A 1D bit-string is generated by sequentially visiting the cells in the 3D array. The order of the 1D bit-string is permuted according to the type of reference minutiae and user's PIN so that we can regenerate new templates when we need them. Finally, cancelable bit-strings are generated by changing the reference minutia into another minutia in turn. In the experiments, we evaluate our method using the FVC2004 database and show that the performance is better than that of a previous method.

A Simulation Study of Laboratory Scale Ball and Vertical Stirred Mills

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the grindability of solid fossil fuels from a thermal power plant by using a vertical stirred mill and conventional ball mill. The solid fossil fuel sample was obtained from the Zonguldak Catalagzi thermal power plant in Turkey. The sample below 3350 μm (d80 = 2100 μm) was ground in the laboratory scale stirred mill and ball mill. The d80 sizes of the products at the end of grinding periods of 0.25, 0.50, 1 and 4 min in the stirred mill were determined as 190, 102, 78 and 28 μm, respectively. For this purpose, the stirred mill was used at a stirring speed of 360 rpm and with a 6 mm diameter ball. In the ball mill, the d80 sizes of product after 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 min of grinding were determined as 1802, 1130, 324, 167 and 81 μm, respectively. The results indicated that grinding by means of a stirred mill was much more efficient than grinding with a ball mill in terms of size distribution of the products. The energy consumption of the product with d80 = 78 μm was obtained as 10.53 kWh/t after 1 min of grinding time in the laboratory scale stirred mill. In the same manner, the energy consumption of product with d80 = 81 μm by using the laboratory scale ball mill was 72.73 kWh/t after 24 min of grinding. It can be clearly seen that the d80 size of the fossil fuel reduced from 2100 μm to 1130 μm after a 4 min grinding period in the ball mill grinding tests. However, the d80 size of the solid fossil fuel reduced to 28 μm after the same grinding time in the stirred mill and it was also possible to efficiently obtain size reduction below 100 μm. However, the ball mill grinding process cannot provide this efficient size reduction for longer grinding times. The ball mill grinding experimental results and simulation results showed that they were fairly consistent with each other. The simulation of higher speed mills such as pin type stirrers has been extensively investigated for relatively small‐scale applications by JKSimMet. In this study, the JKSimMet software package was adapted for a stirred mill with the help of the base model of ball milling.

Study on Quantitative Analysis of Wear Debris for Surface Modification Layers Ti(C,N) with Piston Ring on Diesel Engine Oil

During contact between surfaces, there is wear and the generation of wear. The particles contained in the lubricating oil carry detailed and important monitoring information about the condition of the machine. Therefore, this paper was undertaken for the Ferrography system of wear debris generated from a lubricated moving machine surface. The lubricating wear test was performed under different experimental conditions using the Falex wear test of the Pin and V-Block types by Ti(C,N) coated. It was shown from the test results that wear particle concentration(WPC), wear severity index(Is) and size distribution have come out all higher with increases in sliding friction time. With the Ferrogram thin leaf wear debris as well as ball and plate type wear particles were observed.

Performance analysis of an orthopaedic biomaterial 100-station wear test system

Until recently, wear studies of orthopaedic biomaterials have suffered from inadequate testing capacity and high standard deviation (SD) of results. In the present article, the previously validated 100-station hip wear simulator, the SuperCTPOD, is evaluated with regard to its capability of producing statistically significant differences in mean wear rates. SuperCTPOD wear tests were done for 38 different types of polyethylene pins against polished CoCr discs with diluted calf serum lubrication. A total of 200 pins were worn in two consecutive tests of 6 weeks, duration each. The sample size varied from four to six. The mean wear rates of the samples ranged from 0.52 to 77.1 mg per one million cycles. On the average, the SD of the wear rate was 4.2 per cent of the mean value (range 1–8.5 per cent). A difference in the mean wear rates below 5 per cent was large enough to be statistically significant ( p &lt;0.05) in 21 comparisons between two samples, the lowest statistically significant mean difference being 3.2 per cent. In conclusion, the high capacity and the low SD of the wear rate make the SuperCTPOD wear test system unparalleled in efficiency. The observations regarding the effect of crosslinking and molecular weight on polyethylene wear resistance were in agreement with studies published earlier.