Pin Insulators Research Articles

Performance Evaluation of cap and pin insulator under pollution conditions using Finite element method (FEM).

Performance Evaluation of cap and pin insulator under pollution conditions using Finite element method (FEM).

Measurement and evaluation of the flashover voltage on polluted cap and pin insulator: An experimental and theoretical study

This study investigates the flashover voltage on high voltage insulators in polluted environments, employing a combination of experimental and theoretical approaches. Utilizing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Finite Element Method (FEM), the research aims to offer a thorough comprehension of the phenomenon. The experimental aspect of the study involves subjecting insulators to polluted environments, replicating real-world scenarios, and measuring the resulting flashover voltages. This experimental study focuses on investigating flashover pollution, where artificial pollution is introduced into an experimental model. An observational approach is employed to assess the impact of conductivity and pollution distribution on the 1512 L cap and pin insulator, as well as its proposed experimental model. Complementing the experimental approach, the theoretical aspect of the study employs the FEM method to simulate and model the insulator's behaviour under pollution. This computational technique enables a detailed analysis of the electrical field distribution, surface potential, and stress repartition across the surface of the insulator. Simulations further explore the impact of pollution on flashover voltage and leakage current. The FEM results are then compared with experimental findings to validate the model's accuracy and reliability. By analyzing the collected data, the ANOVA technique is applied to identify significant differences in flashover voltage under diverse pollution levels. This statistical approach allows for the determination of the most influential factors affecting insulator performance. This research offers valuable insights into the influence of flashover voltage on high-voltage insulators in polluted environments, contributing to the development of more robust and efficient insulation systems. The combination of ANOVA and FEM methods provides a robust framework for understanding and predicting insulator performance, ultimately benefiting the power industry and promoting energy sustainability.

Finite element modeling for electric field and voltage distribution along the cap and pin insulators under pollution

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«Птицы и ЛЭП» в России: наследие СССР, современные достижения и вопросы

«Птицы и ЛЭП» в России: наследие СССР, современные достижения и вопросы

Некоторые аспекты проблемы защиты птиц от поражения электрическим током на воздушных линиях электропередачи в Казахстане

Некоторые аспекты проблемы защиты птиц от поражения электрическим током на воздушных линиях электропередачи в Казахстане

РАЗРАБОТКА КОНСТРУКТИВА РЕЗИСТИВНОГО ДАТЧИКА

Insulators play an important role in power systems and are used to prevent the flow of electrical current. Live insulator diagnostics can detect problems in the insulation, such as increased levels of leakage or damage, which can potentially lead to insulator failure or accidents. The authors in the article present a constructive resistive sensor, which is a high-resistance resistance for diagnosing insulators under voltage. A formula is derived for calculating the required resistance for given geometrical parameters of the structure. By using a high-resistance resistance, leakage currents can be measured more accurately and the condition of the insulation can be determined. This work may be useful for engineers and specialists involved in the development of sensors for diagnosing insulators and other measuring instruments in various fields of energy. Reducing the dimensions, increasing the reliability of the technological design of the sensor to detect damage to the support, pin insulators and prevent possible short circuits in the power system, and, consequently, to its timely replacement

Птицезащитные устройства для воздушных ЛЭП и подстанций – проблемы мониторинга и оценки эффективности птицезащитных мероприятий

Птицезащитные устройства для воздушных ЛЭП и подстанций – проблемы мониторинга и оценки эффективности птицезащитных мероприятий

Particle swarm optimization of a neural network model for predicting the flashover voltage on polluted cap and pin insulator

Particle swarm optimization of a neural network model for predicting the flashover voltage on polluted cap and pin insulator

A Study of the Cleansing Effect of Precipitation and Wind on Polluted Outdoor High Voltage Glass Cap and Pin Insulator

In this work, the extent of natural cleansing effect of rainfall, wind and fog or a combination of these on an insulator string were investigated. Results showed that pollution losses progress with time, with a considerable fraction of losses occurring within 15 minutes of testing. While wind alone played little or no role in surface cleansing, it increases the extent of cleansing by rainfall. The topsides of insulators were found to be more affected by natural cleansing compared to the underside. Equivalent Salt Deposit Density (ESDD) and Non-Soluble Deposit Density (NSDD) measurements were carried out. ESDD was found to be higher in the lower disc irrespective of the weather condition the insulator string has been subjected to. NSDD measurements established no pattern on how natural cleansing was impacted by disc position on a string, demonstrating the random nature of pollution-cleansing cycle of outdoor insulators. Insulator performance was assessed by high voltage AC tests and monitoring of partial discharge events using Radio Frequency antennas and a High Frequency Current Transformer (HFCT). Measured output by the HFCT showed that leakage current decreases uniformly with time, and the speed at which this occurs is an indication of the intensity of natural cleansing activity.

Performance Evaluation of Outdoor High Voltage Glass Insulators in High Pollution Industrial Areas Using Simulated Acid Rain Contamination

A suitable, non-standard method for artificial pollution testing using simulated acid rain pollution in a laboratory was developed in this work. The method is applicable to a wide range of climatic conditions and rain acidities. The established method adopts the solid layer principle in the preparation and application of acid rain of various pollution severities to test insulators. Glass cap and pin insulators were contaminated, assembled into strings of two discs and flashover tests carried out on the strings at different orientation angles. The frequency of flashover occurrence, maximum withstand degree of pollution, effect of pollution severity, and effect of orientation angle were investigated. Test results showed that the orientation angle plays little or no role in the flashover of the insulators under dry conditions. Under wet conditions, the insulators performed better when inclined. Flashover voltage was observed to be inversely proportional to time while the time to flashover was inversely proportional to the pollution severity. The probability of flashover increases with an increase in voltage for a fixed pollution severity or increase in pollution severity for a fixed voltage level. This indicates that the probability of flashover is a function of the product of pollution severity and voltage.

Study on Fast Contamination Characteristics of Cap and Pin Insulators in Straight Flow Wind Tunnel Simulation

Artificial simulation of rapid insulator contamination can obtain the contamination characteristics of suspension insulators in a short time, providing important reference for the electrical design, operation and maintenance of external insulation. To obtain the contamination characteristics of insulators closer to those under the natural environment, this paper proposed a test method for artificial simulation of rapid natural contamination of insulators using the characteristic parameters of straight-flow wind tunnel, and carried out the artificial rapid natural contamination test of cap and pin insulators under different wind speeds, wind directions, contamination duration and contaminant concentrations. The test results showed that with the wind speed increasing from 2.2 m/s to 7.5 m/s, the contamination degree of insulator surface gradually increased firstly and then decreased, and reached the maximum near 4.5 m/s. With the increase in contaminant concentration, the contamination degree of insulator surface increased, and tended to be saturated when the dust spreading speed was 54 g/min. With the extension of contamination duration, the contaminant accumulation on insulator surface was slow in the initial stage, accelerated in the middle stage, and then slowed down and gradually saturated in the later stage. Under the same contamination conditions, standard, double-shed and triple-shed insulators presented high-to-low equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) successively on their top and bottom surfaces, and the ratios of ESDD on the top and bottom surfaces were 1:1.20:0.9 and 1:0.63:0.53, respectively.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HIGH VOLTAGE INSULATOR UNDER DISCONTINUOUS POLLUTION AND IMPULSE VOLTAGE

In this paper, we study the behavior of high voltage insulator model, which is submitted to the same critical surface state as 1512L cap and pin insulator, under impulse voltage and various electro-geometrical parameters. These latter consist of discontinuous pollution layer made of aluminum paper deposited on the insulator surface, the pollution width, the active electrode polarity and the time between two successive impulses. The experimental results concern the U50% flashover voltage and the leakage current (LC) are evaluated and discussed. Overall, these results indicate that the behavior of the insulators can be influenced by The HV electrode polarity and pollution layers width deposed on their surface.

Automatic Fault Detection and Identification of Exact Location of the Pin Insulator in Power Distribution Lines

One of the recent problems which is encountered and detected in the Electrical Distribution Lines is in the Pin Insulator such as Breaking of Conductor placed on the Pin Insulator, cracks & damage in the pin insulator due to its exposure to the atmospheric conditions such as humidity, moisture & bird excretion etc. Detection and Identification of this problem is very difficult for the operators and linemen working because there are so many distribution lines run across consumer localities and a number of pin insulators placed on each pole and there are so many poles in each distribution lines. In Modern day of human life electricity has a vital importance. Consumers of the electricity always demand a power without interruption and fluctuations in it, And it is also the responsibility of the electricity supplying companies and electricity boards across the globe to provide electrical power more efficiently and take care of all the electrical equipments installed on the system and the proper maintenance of the process and equipments so that the efficiency of the equipments and their work life will be maintained. The proposed system will automatically detect the fault in the distribution lines due to conductor breaking on the pin insulator and its exact location with the help of Current Transformer, Analog to Digital Converter and Raspberry-Pi processor then through the cloud all the collected data is sent at a time to the operator directly in the control room and also to the linemen operating into that area.

Puncture phenomena and mechanism analysis of RTV coated cap and pin insulators in steep-front impulse voltage test

In recent years, more than 6 million room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber coated cap and pin insulators with high mechanical ratings were used in ultrahigh voltage transmission lines in China to improve pollution performance. However, the unexpected puncture phenomena of RTV coated insulators were exposed during steep-front impulse voltage tests; for instance, the steep-front impulse voltage test pass rate decreased to less than 50% for 550 kN glass insulators with RTV coatings. The steep-front impulse voltage test is the most effective method used to check the insulation quality of cap and pin insulators. This unexpected phenomenon once caused serious concerns to power utilities. In this paper, several possible factors that affect the puncture of insulators were analyzed. Then, the extent of the decline in the breakdown of the 550 kN glass cap and pin insulators with and without RTV coatings were studied. The initial puncture location was then found, and the developmental process of the arc on the insulator surface in steep-front impulse voltage tests was observed with an ultra-high-speed intensified charge coupled device camera. Lastly, a breakdown mechanism is proposed. The puncture phenomena of a RTV coated insulator in a steep-front impulse voltage test is essentially an electrical breakdown of the internal insulation. The RTV coating induces the close adherence of the arc to the surface of the insulator. Such closeness changes the arc development path on the insulator surface and facilitates easy breakdown in the shed weak part. All these factors result in a significant increase in the breakdown probability of RTV coated insulators in steep-front impulse voltage tests.

Manufacture of porcelain insulators from locally available materials

This study discusses the local production, electrical characteristics and performance in service of porcelain insulators for outdoor low-voltage apparatus. Concern was given to the identification, beneficiation, characterization and utilization of locally available raw materials in Nigeria for the production of electrical porcelain insulators, taking benefits of the availability of these raw materials. The process control presents figures, tables, simulations. The basic raw materials were separately prepared using a 200-µm sieve. The composition of the triaxial constituents was varied to produce samples for testing. Altering the percentage content of silica and the alumina recorded a change in the mechanical strength and the sintering temperature; this was handled by adding fluxes suitable for improving tensile strength without increasing sintering temperature of the paste. Porcelain slab samples of different triaxial composition were formed. Tests on mechanical resistance, porosity and water absorption were carried out. Sample A, with specific percentage composition of 38% feldspar, 18% quartz, 32% kaolin and 12% ball clay, was used to produce porcelain suitable for the 480 V pin insulators. The produced sample possess an electrical dielectric constant of 9.80, a dissipating factor of 0.060, flashover voltage of above 5 kV all at 50 Hz of supply voltage frequency and a mechanical load support of 13.85 kN.

Correction of flashover voltage of catenary insulators based on analysis of soluble salt compositions in saline‐alkali region

AbstractCalcium sulfate and other slightly soluble salts in the natural pollution of catenary insulators could result in differences in flashover voltages between artificially and naturally polluted insulators at the same salt deposition density. Based on the insulator pollution characteristics in saline‐alkali areas and the saturated water absorption of polluted insulators, the equivalent salt deposit density and nonsoluble deposit density of insulators are corrected according to the influence of other coexisting soluble salts on the solubility of calcium sulfate. The correction formula of the insulator flashover voltage is proposed, which considers the equivalent salt deposit density, nonsoluble deposit density and pollution components. The results from the correction formula are compared with the experimental data from the artificial pollution test of the ceramic cap and pin insulator. The results show that salt‐alkali areas are more easy to flashover than other areas. The remaining pollutants can change the conductivity of the pollutant layer by inhibiting or promoting the dissolution of calcium sulfate. Moreover, its effect on the flashover voltage cannot be ignored. The error between the calculated value based on the correction formula and the experimental data is below 6%. A pollution flashover warning mechanism based on relevant meteorological data is proposed. The results can be used as an important reference for the operation and maintenance of catenary insulators in saline‐alkali areas. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

An alternative approaches to predict flashover voltage on polluted outdoor insulators using artificial intelligence techniques

This paper presents an alternative approach for predicting critical voltage of pollution flashover by using Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique. Data from experimental works combined with the theoretical results from well-known theoretical modelling are used to derive algorithm for Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for determining critical voltage of flashover. Series of laboratory testing and measurement are carried for 1:1, 1:5 and 1:10 ratios of top to bottom surface salt deposit density on cup and pin insulators. Insulators variables such as height H, diameter D, form factor F, creepage distance L, equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) and flashover voltage correction are identified and used to train the AI network. Comparative studies have evidently shown that the proposed (AI) technique gives the satisfactory results compared to the analytical model and test data with the Coefficient of determination R-Square value of more than 97%.

Effect of RTV coating on the electrical performance of porcelain insulator string under dry condition

Pollution flashover is one of the primary reasons cause to power system failure in Malaysia. The presence of accumulation on the porcelain insulator surface reduces the electrical performance and also causes the failure of insulation in transmission and distribution lines. This research presents a study on the effect of Room Temperature Vulcanize (RTV) coating on the performances of a string porcelain insulator and their impact on environmental contamination. An attempt has been made to simulate the electric field distribution of 33 kV insulators using the finite element method (FEM). From the simulation results, the maximum electric field distribution is obtained at the pin insulator of a clean insulator, while the cap insulator indicated the minimum electric field. With the existence of the contamination layer, the electric field distribution of the porcelain surface results in a reduction trend.

Гибель птиц на ЛЭП в Хакасии (Россия) в 2020 году

The article represents results of inspection of power lines for bird casualty in the Minusinsk Hollow, Khakassia, Russia in 2020. Previous inspection was done in the region in 2011 thus our work reveals changes in bird casualty over the last 10 years. The bird mortality on power lines of medium voltage remains remarkably high – mean value for the breeding season is 8.21 ind. per 1 km of line. The most dangerous lines are the ones on concrete poles with pin insulators located in open habitats away from human settlements. Lines of this type attract vast abundance of birds with high species diversity including high percentage of birds of prey and owls. Short lines protruding in the open terrain and parts of lines running through hilly landscapes are of extreme danger. Electrocuted birds are mostly represented by Corvids (66%). Raptors made 28% from the total, represented mostly by the common species such as Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) – 17.7% and Black Kite (Milvus migrans) – 6.5%, that is character for the forest-steppe zone of Russia. Total damage done to nature by 111.5 km of surveyed power lines was accounted for 18 100 000 Rub (about €204 000 or $243 770). The overall damage which could be caused by the power network of Khakassia was estimated as 64 171 440 Rub per year (that is equal to €723 310 or $864 246). This involves death of more than 3 252 birds per year in one small republic. The damage caused by one electricity pole calculated by the actual results of inspection was 10 485.6 Rub, that is at least 10 time higher that the cost of a set of bird-protection devices for a pole. At the end of the article, we gave our recommendations for minimizing the damage.

Development and Application of R pin insulator insulating rod with pincer

In the field of live working of transmission lines, the R pin insulator has been put into application as an emerging type of insulator connection in recent years. In view of the difficulty in eliminating the prior art and tools, and affected by the working environment, this scheme has designed a kind of R pin insulator insulating rod with pincer. The design scheme consists of a hook body and connecting members, an insulating operating rod, etc., and does not change the operation method of the original insulating rod for the pincer, and the hook head is horizontally moved by the rotation of the nut to achieve the loading and taking of the R type limiting pin. The deductor has a simple structure, is simple and flexible to operate, and is convenient to carry. The process of taking off the sales is less difficult, greatly shortening the time, improving the efficiency of the work, and achieving the purpose of optimizing the operation process. And it has a broad market prospects.