Pilsbryoconcha Exilis Research Articles

Declines in Freshwater Mussels and Loss of Mussel–Invertebrate Interactions in the Subtropical Waterbodies of Dhaka, Bangladesh

ABSTRACT Freshwater mussels are a globally threatened taxon, but little is known about population trajectories for species outside Europe and North America. To contribute to understanding of mussel conservation status outside these regions, we surveyed mussel and other invertebrate populations in waterbodies across Dhaka, Bangladesh, to assess population trends and the role of mussels in structuring benthic communities. We found that mussel populations in Dhanmondi Lake, our focal waterbody, have declined in density by approximately 90% between 2010 and 2023. Lamellidens marginalis declined by 90.8% from an average density of 47.9 ± SE 7.1 mussels 0.25 m−2 in 2010 to 4.4 ± SE 0.7 mussels 0.25 m−2 in 2023, while Indonaia caerulea declined by 89.4% from an average density of 6.6 ± SE 1.0 mussels 0.25 m−2 in 2010 to 0.7 ± SE 0.1 mussels 0.25 m−2 in 2023. Previously detected associations between mussels and other invertebrate taxa, and between mussels and community composition, have been lost. Non‐mussel invertebrates have also declined significantly, with an average decrease in abundance of 27%, alongside decreases in family richness and Shannon‐Wiener diversity. These declines occurred despite apparent improvements in water quality. Findings from other waterbodies across Dhaka also suggest the loss of mussel species including L. marginalis, I. caerulea and Parreysia corrugata from some locations, as well as the presence of the non‐native mussel Pilsbryoconcha exilis at river sites. Our results reflect a wider, global pattern of enigmatic declines in freshwater mussels and the possible loss of associated ecosystem functioning, which may be going unnoticed in less‐studied areas including the subtropics.

A new invasive freshwater mussel: Discovery of a non-native population of Pilsbryoconcha exilis (Lea, 1838) in Myanmar (Bivalvia: Unionidae)

The present study reports on the first record of a non-native population of the freshwater mussel Pilsbryoconcha exilis (Lea, 1838) (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in Myanmar. It was discovered from irrigation canals that are situated in the Delta Region of the Ayeyarwady River. Based on approximate age estimates and information from local villagers, this population was probably established in 2019-2020. The DNA sequence data reveals that the Ayeyarwady population shares a single COI haplotype and that this haplotype was previously recorded from the Udon Thani Province of Thailand (Mekong River drainage). Based on this evidence, we could assume that P. exilis was introduced to Myanmar from Thailand. Our new findings expand the global checklist of invasive freshwater mussels that currently contains 17 species.

Paving the Way for Sustainability: A Study on Porous Asphalt Mixtures Reinforced with LDPE Plastic Waste and Freshwater Mussel (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) Shell Filler

This study aimed to explore the impact of different fillers, namely conventional (stone ash) and alternative (mussel shell powder), along with varying percentages of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) additives, on the performance of porous asphalt mixtures. Asphalt mixtures' Marshall Stability and Flow were examined with LDPE percentages of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. Results highlighted that the choice of filler and LDPE content significantly influences the mixture's stability and flow. A shift from 100% stone ash to 50% mussel shell powder resulted in a slight decrease in stability for 0% and 2% LDPE. In contrast, the stability was notably higher for 4% and 6% LDPE, including the alternative filler. Mixtures with 100% stone ash exhibited increased flow values with rising LDPE concentrations, while mixtures with 100% mussel shell powder showed an opposite trend. Furthermore, mixtures containing mussel powder generally had higher flow values than those with stone ash at similar LDPE percentages. The study underscores the intricate relationship between filler types and LDPE additives in influencing the properties of asphalt mixtures. These findings pave the way for the potential use of alternative fillers in asphalt mixtures, emphasizing the importance of understanding material interactions for optimal pavement design.

Identification of Mineral Absorption in the Meat of Freshwater Kijing (Pilsbryoconcha exilis Lea) Using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

The filtration ability of freshwater mussels is used as an indicator of biofiltration and has the potential to accumulate various minerals and heavy metals. This study aims to identify minerals resulting from absorption in the meat of freshwater kijing (Pilsbryoconcha exilis Lea) using the X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) technique. Meat freshwater kijing sliced thinly and carried out the drying process below ray sun direct in 3 days with objective lower water content. Samples already dry smoothed with method pounded using mortar until smooth and filtered for get sample form flour meat tombstone. Method of quantitative identification of absorbed minerals in samples was carried out using the X-Ray Fluorescence method (ED-XRF type) Rigaku NexCG type. The XRF testing procedure is carried out in several steps. The results of the research show that qualitatively, in the XRF test, freshwater kijing meat contains 29 metal elements with the top 10 elements consisting of calcium oxide (CaO), calcium (Ca), phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5), phosphorus (P), manganese oxide. (MnO), sulfur trioxide (SO3), manganese (Mn), silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (AlO), magnesium oxide (MgO). Meanwhile, quantitative analysis shows that the five most abundant metal elements are CaO 48.70%, Ca 34.80%, P2O5 30.90%, P 13.50%, and MnO 4.9%. These results show that the main mineral compiler meat freshwater kijing is calcium and phosphorus. Element calcium and phosphorus lots utilized freshwater kijing for preparation shell.

Jenis-jenis Makrozoobentos yang Ditemukan di Batang Kuantan Kawasan Wisata Geopark Silokek Kabupaten Sijunjung

The Kuantan River in the Silokek Geopark Tourism Area, Sijunjung Regency, shows that the condition of the Kuantan River in the Silokek Geopark Tourism Area is a natural and potential tourism area, because the Kuantan River in the Silokek Geopark Tourism Area has become a tourist attraction due to its abundant natural wealth. However, gold mining has caused the Kuantan River water to be categorized as polluted, indicated by its turbidity. This study aims to determine the types of macrozoobenthos found in the Kuantan River within the Silokek Geopark Tourism Area, Sijunjung Regency. This research was conducted from August to December 2023. The research used a descriptive survey method, which included direct observation and sampling at the research site. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, selecting three research stations. Sample identification was conducted at the Biology Education Laboratory, Universitas PGRI Sumatera Barat. Physicochemical water measurements were carried out at the Laboratory of Standardization and Industrial Services in Gadut, Padang, West Sumatra. The results of the research on the types of macrozoobenthos found in the Kuantan River within the Silokek Geopark Tourism Area, Sijunjung Regency, identified 10 species belonging to 2 classes: Gastropoda and Pelecypoda. Eight species of Gastropoda were found: Tarebia granifera, Thiara scabra, Brotia costula, Tryonia clathrata, Pleurocera acuta, Thiara scabra, Goniobasis livescens, Brotia sp., and 2 species of Pelecypoda: Corbicula manilensis and Pilsbryoconcha exilis.

Biodiversity in Swamp Ecosystem in Sukamaju Village, Malind District, Merauke Regency, South Papua Province, Indonesia

Background: The level of diversity has a crucial role in the stability of the ecosystem. The higher the variety, the more stable an ecosystem, including agricultural land cultivated by farmers. Increasing of population affected the higher demanding of community towards their consumption activities. Especially, the natural resources that comes from local area such as Sukamaju District. Biodiversity of resources urgently needed to preserve the ecosystems meanwhile being the potential source to fulfilled nourishment of the people. This study aims to determine the diversity of peatland ecosystems by using a purposive sampling method in every selection of subject groups based on the characteristics or characteristics of a specific population. Methods: Field and Laboratory activities are needed in this research. Sample collection using several methods according to the targeted sample. Most of the sample using purposive sampling but also line intercept transect method. Fish sampling used a fishing gear called a gill net with a mesh size of 2-7 inches. The fish caught is placed in a labeled coolbox. Insect collection was running in the morning at 07.00-11.00 and in the afternoon at 3-5 pm (UTC+09:00). Sampling is held once a month for three months at predetermined coordinate points. Diversity was analyzed using Shannon-Wienner diversity, evenness index, dominance index and intensity on peatlands. Result: The results found seven orders and 30 families, with a total population of 1,231 individuals. The most dominant types of insects are the orders Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. High diversity index (H'=3.021), high evenness index (E= 0.86243) and low dominance index (D=0.3101). Fish community structure obtained diversity index (H¢) included in the medium category, for uniformity values in the high class and dominance index values in the low sort. The dominant fish species found were Channa striata, Anabas testudineus, Lates calcalifer, Mugil cephalus, Plotosus papuensis and Toxotes chataerus, while Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Hexanematichthys sagor and Megalops cyprinoides. While the types of molluscs found to have the highest abundance were Pila ampullacea, Pomacea canaliculata and Pilsbryoconcha exilis.

The Effect of seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) extract and duration of soaking on reduction of Copper (Cu) level in Freshwater Mussel (Pilsbryoconcha exilis)

Freshwater Mussels (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) are filter-feeder animals that have eating habits by filtering food in the water, making it possible that heavy metal copper (Cu) will accumulate in the body of the mussel. One type of seaweed that can absorb heavy metals is Eucheuma cottonii because it contains iota carrageenan (65%) which is a sulfated polysaccharide containing hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups capable of retaining and accumulating heavy metals. In addition E. cottoni as a biosorbent in the aquatic environment. This research aims to determine the effect of extract concentration and the best soaking time in reducing copper (Cu) levels. This research was conducted from April to May 2023. In this study, the concentrations used were 6%, 10%, and 14% with a period of 45 minutes, 90 minutes, and 135 minutes. The results showed that the concentration of 14% extract with a soaking time of 135 minutes showed the highest decrease in copper (Cu) levels of 1.298 mg/kg or 87.10% and the lowest decrease in copper (Cu) metal levels at a concentration of 6% with a soaking time of 45 minutes of 0.442 mg/kg or 29.68%.

An alarming tendency towards freshwater mussel misidentification in scientific works may bias endangered and invasive species management

Abstract Freshwater mussels (order Unionida) are a popular group for a wide array of non‐taxonomic research driven by questions related to their functions in ecosystems, to relationships among species, to biogeochemical and morphometric patterns of certain species and others. Valid taxonomy and correct species identification are key requirements for all of these aspects. However, species‐level identification of representatives from this group is a rather complicated task and should be based on an integrative approach, combining DNA sequences, morphological and anatomical investigation and biogeographical estimates. This article reconsiders a selection of non‐taxonomic scientific works (N = 25), containing misidentified occurrences of freshwater mussel species. The dataset contains records of the endangered Margaritifera margaritifera (endemic to eastern North America and Europe) from the Philippines and West Africa, as well as occurrences of the Nearctic Gonidea angulata from West Africa and the Middle East. Several Palearctic and Nearctic unionid species were erroneously reported from the Indus River, Pakistan. Subfossil shells of the native Simpsonella sp. from a prehistoric site in the Philippines were misidentified as the invasive Sinanodonta woodiana that was introduced to the islands in the 20th century. Samples of the tropical lineage of S. woodiana from Indonesia were mistaken for the native Pilsbryoconcha exilis, and vice versa. Salinity tolerance and morphometric characteristics of the estuarine clam Geloina sp. (Cyrenidae) from Sumatra were examined, but these data were published as belonging to the strictly freshwater S. woodiana. It is clear that this information, being reused by researchers, conservationists and stakeholders, will lead to incorrect conclusions on the range, status, biogeochemistry, morphometry and ecological tolerance of certain freshwater mussel taxa, including invasive and endangered species (the so‐called ‘error cascades’ in biological sciences caused by ‘bad taxonomy’). To reduce the growing body of literature containing misidentifications of the Unionida taxa, practical recommendations are proposed for researchers, who include freshwater mussels in non‐taxonomic surveys, as well as for journal editors dealing with articles that focus on these animals.

Reduction of maggot feed nutrients by mussel (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) on the Integrated Multi Thropic Aquaculture (IMTA) system

Increasing the productivity of aquaculture must be supported by feed input; however, in addition to being expensive, this input can produce nutrient waste. Therefore, finding inexpensive alternative forms of feed with environmentally friendly cultivation practices is important to do simultaneously. This study aimed to determine the effect of variations in the form of maggot feed on the Nutrient Reduction Efficiency (NRE) of freshwater clams (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) in an integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) system. This 28 day experiment used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four types of feed treatments (live maggots, dried maggots, supplemented maggots, and commercial feed (control). A total of 10 individuals of freshwater clams combined with 10 tilapia fish and freshwater lobsters respectively, as well as 4 clumps of rice were floated in a rearing tank with a volume of 50 L of fresh water. The results of analysis of variance showed that variation in feed had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the NRE of ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4) by freshwater clams (Pilsbryoconcha exilis). Tukey HSD test results indicated that the highest NRE of ammonia (NH3) in live maggots feed was significantly different (P<0.05) from dried maggot feed and supplemented maggots, but not significantly different (P>0.05) from commercial feed. NRE nitrate (NO3) was significantly different in each treatment. Meanwhile, the highest NRE phosphate (PO4) in live maggots feed was not significantly different (P>0.05) from dried maggots, but was significantly different (P<0.05) from supplemented maggots and commercial feed.

Correlation of Macrozoobenthos Diversity Index with Physico-Chemical Factors in Lake Toba, Toba Samosir Regency

This study aims to determine the macrozoobenthos in Lake Toba, Toba Samosir Regency. This research was conducted from May to July 2018. Determination of research stations based on environmental baseline consisted of 4 stations, namely station 1 in Lumban Binanga Laguboti village, station 2 in Lumban Bul-bul Balige, station 3 in Lumban Binanga Sigumpar, and station 4 in Hutagaol Sigumpar. Samples were taken using Eckman Grab at 3 times at each station. The macrozoobenthos found consisted of two classes, three orders, eight families, 15 species with a total of 565 individuals. The species found were Brotia subgloriosa, Brotia peninsularis, Brotia castulata, Pomacea diffusa, Pomacea paludosa, Filopaludina polygramma, Filopaludina sp., Melanoides tuberculata, Lymnaea sp., Emilia sp., Corbicula sumatrana, Corbicula fluminea, Corbicula japonica, Pilsbryoconcha exilis, and Anodonta sp.. The macrozoobenthic species with the highest number of individuals was Corbicula sumatrana with 141 individuals and the least was Lymnea sp. by 1 individual. The macrozoobenthos ecological analysis included the average density of 2260, the average diversity index of 1.282, the average uniformity index of 0.633, and the average dominance of 0.390. Then correlated with physico-chemical factors using Pearson correlation (r). Correlation of diversity index with physico-chemical factors from the strongest to the weakest starting from depth and phosphate, turbidity, temperature, pH, BOD, and DO.

POTENSI KIJING LOKAL (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) SEBAGAI BIOFILTER TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR SIANIDA (CN)

Local gravestone (Pilsbryconcha exilis) is an animal that lives in fresh waters such as rivers, lakes, and other waters. The survival of local mussels is very high so that in large quantities it can be used as a water purification process due to pollutants and heavy metal pollution. Cyanide is commonly used to extract gold ore, waste that is wasted in waterways contains a lot of CN compounds so that it can pollute the living things in it. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of local gravestone (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) as a biofilter to decrease cyanide (CN) levels. This study consisted of three treatments and one control (without KCN) with one replication. The number of mussels in each treatment amounted to 10 tails with the concentration of cyanide used was 0.04; 0.07; and 0.1 ppm. The results of this study indicate that local gravestone can affect the decrease in cyanide levels in the experimental aquarium media. In the treatment with KCN concentration of 0.07 ppm there was a decrease in cyanide levels of 0.011 mg/L and the treatment with 0.1 ppm KCN concentration decreased cyanide levels of 0.025 mg/L. The survival rate of the mussel during the research process was 100%, because there were no local dead mussels found. The best daily growth rate was in treatment 3 with 0.1 ppm KCN concentration of 2.3%.

Modification of Fresh-Water Clamshells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis compressa) as New Raw Material and its Application in the Biodiesel Production of Lard Oil

In the present work, the catalytic activity and stability of the Fresh-water Clamshells-derived CaO catalyst were investigated by the transesterification reaction of lard oil. The physicochemical properties of lard oil as a raw material for biodiesel production compared with palm oil were also studied. The obtained CaO_FWC was characterized by various analytical techniques to evaluate the physicochemical properties consisting of TGA, SEM, XRD, XRF, BET surface area, FT-IR, Hammett indicator method, and CO2-TPD. The results found that the fresh CaO_FWC showed the specific surface area, percentage of Ca element, total basic site, and basic strength of 8.293 m2g−1, 98.6 wt.%, 8.450 mmol g−1, and 15 < H_< 18.4, respectively which similar to CaO commercial grade. In addition, the fresh CaO_FWC catalyst also presented high catalytic activity that gave %FAME of lard oil more than 96.5 %. However, the CaO_FWC catalyst could only reuse 3 times with the catalytic activity slightly decreased, and %FAME remained higher than 95 %. While the stability of the CaO_FWC catalyst was tested by storage for a long time to 180 days, this experimental data suggested that the CaO_FWC catalyst could preserve for only 30 days, with the catalytic efficiency remaining similar to the fresh CaO_FWC. Furthermore, the preservation and reusability of the catalyst were also studied in terms of the kinetic rate of reaction for use as a database to optimize the reaction conditions. Finally, the fuel properties of biodiesel products derived from lard oil and palm oil as raw materials and catalyzed by CaO_FWC catalyst met the specified standards both of EN-14214 and ASTM-D6751. Therefore, all the results of this work were excellent databases for utilizing and adding value to the Fresh-water Clamshells and lard oil as biomass sources for further development and development as renewable and alternative energy in Thailand. HIGHLIGHTS The CaO catalyst obtained after calcination of the Fresh-water Clamshells has displayed excellent catalytic activity for the transesterification of lard oil with biodiesel conversion and FAME yield obtained under optimal conditions up to 96.86 % The Fresh-water Clamshells could stand promising resource for low-cost catalysts to lead the way for low-cost biodiesel The kinetic data can be used to optimize the biodiesel production process GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Utilization Of Gravestone (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) A Local Food Ingredients Source Of Protein

Food is one of the most important things in human survival and in terms of fulfilling a person's nutrients needed to grow and develop. In accordance with the diversity of resources, culture and local wisdom. Indonesia has a variety of local food sources that produce animal protein in the form of fish, shrimp, shellfish, and others. One source of animal protein that is still rarely known is freshwater clams or Gravestone (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis). People in the North Morowali or Morowali areas usually call the mussel (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis) as meti. One example of the use of this shellfish is making Chips. This Gravestone Chips (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis is made as an alternative to get protein intake. The purpose of this community service is to find out the development of Gravestone chips (Pilsbryoconcha Exilis). The results of community service showed that the results of the assessment before the counseling (pretest) were 27.3% of participants with good knowledge and there was an increase after attending the counseling (posttest) to 91.7%. The conclusion of this community service is that this activity has a good impact on participants in terms of knowledge about protein sources from local food and examples of their processing.

Traditional Ritual of Karue Ase: Local wisdom and cultural conservation in the Labian Ira'ang Society

Karue Ase's traditional rituals to the people in Labian Ira'ang have been performed for generations, but they are delivered orally from generation to generation and have never been documented and published. The purpose of this study is to document and describe the traditional rituals of Karue Ase in the Labian Ira'ang community. This study uses survey methods. Data collection uses in-depth interview sheets and field observations. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the people in Labian Ira'ang used plants, animals, and stones to perform Karue Ase rituals. The plants used are Piper betle L., Areca catechu L., Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb., Nicotiana tabacum L., and Cocos nucifera L. Types of animals used among others Cervus unicolor, Pilsbryoconcha exilis, and Rasbora sp. The types of stones used are Panulung stone, Lanying stone, Kait stone, and Baram stone.

UJI KANDUNGAN PROTEIN FORMULASI KERANG/KOTENG (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) MENJADI MP-ASI DI DESA LAMASI PANTAI

Based on RISKESDAS data on the amount of stunting in children under five in Indonesia, this study conducted a test of the nutritional content of protein in local foodstuffs of the coastal Lamasi village community, namely Koteng mussels (Pilsbryoconcha exilis). This is to support the government of South Sulawesi to reduce the prevalence rate of stunting (very short and short) who experience malnutrition and malnutrition. This study only focuses on testing the protein content as the main substance and nutrition for the growth and development of toddlers, while the method used in this study is the shellfish formulation which is done manually where the raw material is boiled and dried then smashed into powder and then tested for protein content using the Kjeldahl method in the Sucofindo laboratory weighing 500 grams. The results of the protein content test of the formulation of Koteng shellfish (P.exilis) resulted in a protein content of 56.66%. As for the preparation of MP-ASI recipes with a collection of river clams worth 70 g, 4 g skim milk, 6 g rice flour, and 2 g vegetable oil, each containing protein worth 7,9% successively 6,5%; 9,6%; 2%

Use of probiotics in fish feed and clams (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) as biofilter components of aquaponic system in archipelagic dryland

Abstract. Santoso P, Sunadji. 2020. Use of probiotics in fish feed and clams (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) as biofilter components of aquaponics system in archipelagic dryland. Trop Drylands 3: 46-50. Aquaponics is a combination system between aquaculture and hydroponic. It is water-use efficient and suitable to be developed in the archipelagic dryland. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding probiotics in fish feed and the use of clam (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) as additional components in the aquaponic system on feed conversion ratio, productivity of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and aquatic spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and removal efficiency of organic matter suspended in the aquaculture water. This study was an experimental study using a factorial treatment laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments applied were administration of probiotics with concentrations of 2 mL kg-1, 4 mL kg-1, and 6 mL kg-1 in feed to improve feed efficiency in catfish, thus minimizing metabolite discharges, and the use of clam in biofilter systems with a density of 50 clams m-2, 100 clams m-2, and 200 clams m-2 to improve the efficiency of absorption of cultivation effluents in the form of suspended particles. The results of ANOVA showed that the treatment of adding probiotics in the fish feed had a significant effect (P<0.05) on improving feed conversion ratio, increasing the production of catfish, and the removal efficiency, but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on aquatic spinach biomass production. Whereas the use of clams as biofilter significantly (P<0.05) improved feed conversion ratio, increased the production of catfish and aquatic spinach, also efficiently removed organic matter in the aquaponic system. The interaction of these two factors had a significant effect (P<0.05) on feed conversion ratio and aquatic spinach production, however, it had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the production of catfish and the organic matter removal efficiency. Post hoc LSD test showed that the best interaction effect was the treatment of probiotic 6 mL kg-1 and biofilter 200 clams m-2 because it generated a combination of the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.07) and the highest of aquatic spinach production (5.28 kg m-2).

Nutrient content and physical properties of instant baby porridge substituted with freshwater clams flour (Pilsbryoconcha exilis)

Stunting is one of the nutritional problems with high frequency in Indonesia. One cause of stunted children is the improper complementary feeding practice. A good quality diet contains macronutrients (protein) and micronutrients (iron, zinc, and calcium) are linearly correlated with children’s growth. A freshwater clam was a local food enriched with highprotein and zinc that is potential to be nutritional complementary foods. However, this was substituted by full cream milk in instant baby porridge. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of freshwater clams flour substitution on energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber, zinc, calcium, and iron as well as physical properties (bulk density, water absorption, and solubility) in instant baby porridge. The design of this study was a single factor completely randomized design with the ratio of freshwater clams flour as substituted in the instant baby porridge as 0% (F0), 5% (F1) and 10% (F2). There was also an effect of substitution of freshwater clamss flour (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) on energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, moisture content, ash, crude fiber, calcium, iron, and zinc (p = 0.0001) in instant baby porridge. Variation in the percentage of freshwater clamss flour substitution did not significantly influence the bulk density (p = 0.085), solubility (p = 0,05) and water absorption (p = 0.341). Instant baby porridge F0 contained protein, calcium, iron, and zinc less than the requirements. Instant baby porridge F1 had protein and zinc less than the requirements, but calcium and iron levels met the requirements. Meanwhile, the level of protein, iron, calcium and zinc on instant baby porridge F2 met the requirements. Instant baby porridge with the substitution of freshwater clams flour increased the nutrient content which includes protein, fiber, calcium, iron, and zinc but decreased carbohydrate and fat content. Both formulations had a bulk density and solubility which meet the requirement. However, water absorption did not meet the requirements.

PEMANFAATAN KIJING LOKAL (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) SEBAGAI BIOFILTRASI LOGAM ARSEN (As)

Heavy metals in waters are a threat to living things both biota that are in these waters, as well as on plants and humans that depend on these water sources. Water quality improvement can be done by utilizing local gravestone (Pilsbryoconcha exilis) as a natural filter. In this study consisted of four treatments and three replications. The amount of gravestone weights of 200 grams, 300 grams and 400 grams acts as a treatment that will later be seen its effect on water containing arsenic metal. The results of this study indicate that local gravestone can reduce arsenic levels in waters with a treatment weight of 400 grams showed the best results with the final result arsenic level of 0.0101 ppm and the highest daily growth rate is 200 grams of weight treatment with a market value of 4.40%.

Study of the Types of Molluscs Used by Communities, in Lake Sentani, Papua

The distribution of molluscs in Lake Sentani depends on their broad adaptability, dispersal ability, and zoogeographic history and ecological conditions. Ecological conditions in Papua have undergone many changes after the passage of special autonomy. A study on mollusk groups used by the community was carried in May-June 2018. Several government programs that require new land clearing for settlements, infrastructure development and agricultural areas have resulted in the conversion of sago forests, rivers, swamps, mangrove forests and lakes as places of interest. New settlements and shopping centers, consequently the degradation of Lake Sentani is unavoidable. Lake Sentani is currently under a lot of pressure from both internal and external factors. Some observers of lake ecology generally only conduct studies on water quality, but have not studied much of the fauna diversity, the potential of the lake's biological resources, let alone study the diversity of mollusc species and the types used by the community and the threat to the sustainability of the mollusk groups that are used. The public's understanding of the existence of Molluscs from an ecological and economic point of view has contributed greatly. From the survey results in Lake Sentani, the types used by the community are: Thiara sp. Pomacea canaliculata, Pilsbryoconcha exilis, Bellamya sp, and Faunus sp. in the in-let area. Utilization of mollusk groups as a source of family economy is also the second source of protein after fish, while in mountainous areas, certain types of mollusk shells are still used as a legally valid medium of exchange locally.

Characterization of metallothionein protein from hepatopancreas organ of Pilsbryoconcha exilis collected from Cikaniki River, Western Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahayu SYS, Prihatini W. 2020. Characterization of metallothionein protein from hepatopancreas organ of Pilsbryoconcha exilis collected from Cikaniki River, Western Java, Indonesia. Nusantara Bioscience 12: 1-5. Freshwater environment, undergoing various changes due to the presence of dangerous toxic anthropogenic waste. It causes pressure on the freshwater biota that lives in it, such as Pilsbryoconcha exilis mussel at the bottom of freshwater. This pressure is controlled by the body through the synthesis of a set of stress proteins. Endogenous proteins, metallothionein (MT), in the body of freshwater biota absorb heavy metals in the body of biota, in the form of stress control. This research identified MT protein on P. exilis from contaminated waters such as the Cikaniki river with the average of mercury levels in water, sediment, and hepatopancreas of mussels using AAS method were 0.001 mg/L, 0.120 mg/L, and 1.318 mg/L respectively. Hepatopancreas of P. exilis was extracted using a Tissue Extraction Reagent I kit (Invitrogen), with procedures following the factory manual. The extract was purified by filtration using Sephadec 50; then, the filtration results were migrated together with the PageRuler TM Unstained Low Range Protein Ladder (Fermentas) in Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) gel medium on Biorad Protein II electrophoresis. After completion of electrophoresis, the gel was stained using Page Blue Protein Staining Solution (Fermentas), following the factory manual procedure. Characterization at this research has succeeded in obtaining the MT-I isoform protein measuring 5, 10, and 25 kDa from the hepatopancreas organ of P. exilis.