Pigmented Spots Research Articles

Revival of cryopreserved larvae from the important aquaculture species Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) using vitrification and ultra-rapid laser warming.

Cryopreservation of aquatic embryos or larvae is needed to help safeguard genetics from important wild and captive species, increase aquaculture output, and meet the global demand for protein. To this end, the development of a cryopreservation protocol for nauplius larvae of the commercially important aquaculture species Litopenaeus vannamei, or Pacific white shrimp, was pursued. Toxicity screening was performed using multiple cryoprotective agents (CPA), and a multi-constituent CPA cocktail was developed to achieve reliable vitrification of shrimp larvae encapsulated in 1.0-μL droplets containing gold nanoparticles. Vitrification and ultra-rapid laser warming were used to cryopreserve and revive nauplius-V stage larvae. Laser warming parameters were optimized to protect the pigmented eye spot from laser-induced ablation, and ice recrystallization inhibitors (IRIs) were tested to induce long-term survival. Approximately 54% of revived larvae resumed active swimming, but all failed to molt to the zoea-I stage of development or live beyond 15 hours post warming.

Yellowness in skin complexion: Analysis of self-perception of women in China evaluated against clinical parameters of yellowness.

Skin "yellowness" is an abstract and subjective term, without a definitive measurement protocol. Objectives were to analyze Chinese women's self-perception of skin yellowness and associated parameters and identify objective clinical measurements that correlate with these perceptions. Following focus group discussions, criteria for skin yellowness were defined, and validated by volunteer rankings of facial images. A typology study of 185 women was performed. Participants were grouped into yellow (Color Uniformity, Brightness and Transparency (CUBT) yellow scale grade>3, chromameter b* value>16) and non-yellow (CUBT yellow scale grade<2, b* value<14) groups. Participants self-evaluated their skin on yellowness, transparency, skin uniformity, dullness, radiance, oiliness, and texture. Expert assessments were performed to grade sebaceous pores, ocular area pigmentation, pigmentary spots and CUBT scores. Instrumental analysis of the skin was employed using corneometer, sebumeter, mexameter chromameter, and AGE reader. Women in the yellow group self-evaluated their skin as significantly duller, less uniform, and less radiant than women in the non-yellow group (P≤0.05). Higher levels of ocular area pigmentation and lower facial skin uniformity and brightness (P<0.001) were observed in women with yellow skin. CUBT expert grading showed lower pink skin color, but significantly higher beige, yellow, and olive pigmentation (P≤0.05) in women in the yellow skin group. Melanin and b* values were significantly higher in women with yellow skin while L value was significantly lower. Self-perceived skin yellowness in Chinese women correlates to chromameter and mexameter measurements, as well as expert evaluation of ocular pigmentation and CUBT parameters.

Hidden Links Between Skin Microbiome and Skin Imaging Phenome.

Despite the skin microbiome has been linked to skin health and diseases, its role in modulating human skin appearance remains understudied. Using a total of 1244 face imaging phenomes and 246 cheek metagenomes, we first established three skin age indices by machine learning including skin phenotype age (SPA), skin microbiota age (SMA), and skin integration age (SIA) as surrogates of phenotypic aging, microbial aging, and their combination, respectively. Moreover, we found that besides aging and gender as intrinsic factors, skin microbiome might also play a role in shaping skin imaging phenotypes (SIPs). Skin taxonomic and functional α diversity was positively linked to melanin, pore, pigment, and ultraviolet spot levels, but negatively linked to sebum, lightening, and porphyrins levels. Furthermore, certain species were correlated with specific SIPs, such as sebum and lightening levels negatively correlated with Corynebacterium matruchotii, Staphylococcus capitis, and Streptococcus sanguinis. Notably, we demonstrated skin microbial potential in predicting SIPs, among which the lightening level presented the least error of 1.8%. Lastly, we provided a reservoir of potential mechanisms through which skin microbiome adjusted the SIPs, including the modulation of pore, wrinkle, and sebum levels by cobalamin and heme synthesis pathways, predominantly driven by Cutibacterium acnes. This pioneering study unveils the paradigm for the hidden links between skin microbiome and skin imaging phenome, providing novel insights into how skin microbiome shapes skin appearance and its healthy aging.

Altered mucosal bacteria and metabolomics in patients with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome

BackgroundPeutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of pigmented spots, gastrointestinal polyps and increased susceptibility to cancers. Currently, most studies have investigated intestinal microbiota through fecal microbiota, and there are few reports about mucosa-associated microbiota. It remains valuable to search for the key intestinal microbiota or abnormal metabolic pathways linked to PJS.AimThis study aimed to assess the structure and composition of mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with PJS and to explore the potential influence of intestinal microbiota disorders and metabolite changes on PJS.MethodsThe bacterial composition was analyzed in 13 PJS patients and 12 controls using 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) for bacteria. Differential analyses of the intestinal microbiota were performed from the phylum to species level. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS) was used to detect the differentially abundant metabolites of PJS patients and controls to identify different metabolites and metabolic biomarkers of small intestinal mucosa samples.ResultsHigh-throughput sequencing confirmed the special characteristics and biodiversity of the mucosa microflora in patients with PJS. They had lower bacterial biodiversity than controls. The abundance of intestinal mucosal microflora was significantly lower than that of fecal microflora. In addition, lipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and other pathways were significantly different from those of controls, which were associated with the development of the enteric nervous system, intestinal inflammation and development of tumors.ConclusionThis is the first report on the mucosa-associated microbiota and metabolite profile of subjects with PJS, which may be meaningful to provide a structural basis for further research on intestinal microecology in PJS.

Photoaging versus Chronological Aging – A Histological Study on Human Female Skin

Background: Photoaging of skin is the premature and irreversible aging occurring due to sunlight exposure, mainly ultraviolet radiation. Due to changes in the structure of DNA, it is considered to be dangerous. Photoaging occurs most commonly in the exposed areas of the skin. Pigmentation, tanning, freckles, and age spots are some of its manifestations, which can even lead to cancer. In sun-protected areas, these features are less observed. A deeper understanding of the normal microscopic features of all age groups is indispensable for advanced detection of the pathology of photo exposure, if any. Hence, a descriptive study on the histology of human female skin based on the effect of sunlight exposure was conducted with the aim of finding out the influence of sunlight on skin aging. Methodology: Thirty-four tissue samples of human skin, each from the ventral wall of the abdomen and extensor aspect of the forearm from female bodies subjected to autopsy were collected and grouped into two different categories based on sunlight exposure. The changes in the thickness of the epidermis were observed in four different age groups using hematoxylin and eosin stains. The statistics obtained were organized with the help of a master chart in Microsoft Excel and examined. Mean and P values were analyzed. Results: Mean epidermal thickness of exposed and unexposed skin showed an increase chronologically (P &lt; 0.001) up to 60 years. The exposed skin showed significantly more epidermal thickness than unexposed skin (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Mean epidermal thickness in females is significantly higher in exposed skin than in unexposed skin in all age groups.

Tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides suppress excessive melanogenesis via JNK-mediated pathway: Investigation in 8- methoxypsoralen induced B16–F10 melanoma cells and clinical study

Skin hyperpigmentation is a worldwide condition associated with augmented melanogenesis. However, conventional therapies often entail various adverse effects. Here, we explore the safety range and depigmentary effects of polysaccharides extract of Tricholoma matsutake (PETM) in an in vitro model and further evaluated its efficacy at the clinical level. An induced-melanogenesis model was established by treating B16–F10 melanoma cells with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP). Effects of PETM on cell viability and melanin content were examined and compared to a commonly used depigmentary agent, α-arbutin. Expressions of key melanogenic factors and upstream signaling pathway were analysed by quantitative PCR and western blot. Moreover, a placebo-controlled clinical study involving Chinese females with skin hyperpigmentation was conducted to measure the efficacy of PETM on improving facial pigmented spots, melanin index, and individual typology angle (ITA°). Results demonstrated that PETM (up to 0.5 mg/mL) had little effect on the viability and motility of B16–F10 cells. Notably, it significantly suppressed the melanin content and expressions of key melanogenic factors induced by 8-MOP in B16–F10 melanoma cells. Western blotting results revealed that PETM inhibited melanogenesis by inactivating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and this inhibitory role could be rescued by JNK agonist treatment. Clinical findings showed that PETM treatment resulted in a significant reduction of facial hyperpigmented spot, decreased melanin index, and improved ITA° value compared to the placebo-control group. In conclusion, these in vitro and clinical evidence demonstrated the safety and depigmentary efficacy of PETM, a novel polysaccharide agent. The distinct mechanism of action of PETM on melanogenic signaling pathway positions it as a promising agent for developing alternative therapies.

An experimental study on the application of “blue” (λ = 450 nm) laser light to remove pigmented skin formations

Objective. Pigment benign skin formations, including pigment spots, nevi and congenital giant pigment nevi (CGPN) are pathological skin formations located in its various layers, consisting of a cluster of melanocytes – cells containing the pigment melanin. CGPN are a special psychological and medical problem associated with extensive unaesthetic changes in the skin and with changed appearance of the patient Currently, there are numerous methods for treating pigmented skin formations, including CGPN. But all them are often ineffective and lead to unsatisfactory clinical and aesthetic results, while the incidence of complications sometimes reaches 41 % of cases in the form of scarring and recurrences. In this regard, the problem of effective and correct treatment of them continues to be relevant and requires further research in this direction.Purpose. To experimentally substantiate the effectiveness of application of laser light with wavelength λ = 450 nm for improving outcomes of treatment of pigmented skin formations, including CGPN, in children.Materials and methods. In the present trial, the researchers used laser light of “blue” spectral range (λ = 450 nm) with the absorption peak close to melanin, hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin. Such light is generated by diode laser «Lasermed 10-03», developed for medical purposes by Russian Engineering Club LLC, Tula, Russian Federation. An experimental biomedical study was performed in vitro on cooled samples of mini-pig liver and muscles and in vivo on the pigmented skin of a live laboratory rat with the assessment of morphometric parameters and dynamics of the regenerative wound process at the irradiated zones.Results. The results of the performed experimental study promoted the development of optimal modes of “blue” (λ = 450 nm) laser irradiation for the precise removal of various pigmented skin formations.Conclusion. Laser light with wavelength 450 nm is a promising technique for the effective treatment of pigmented skin formations, among others CGPN, in pediatric patients as well

A case of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome presenting as multiple intussusception of small bowel – A rare surgical emergency

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterised by melanin pigment spots on the oral mucosa, lips, nasal alae, palm and soles, as well as hamartomatous polyps in the alimentary canal. Polyps are often a cause of intussusception in the affected patients. Cancers of the gastrointestinal system, uterus, and breast are common in patients with PJS. Long-term follow-up is required to prevent intussusception in children and cancer in adults. We report a classical case of PJS presenting with multiple intussusception of the small bowel in a 20-year-old male patient.

Morphological evaluation of the effectiveness of the “Icon” resin infiltration method in acute and chronic superficial dental caries

The article presents the results of electron microscopy of 52 teeth with acute and chronic initial caries infiltrated with “Icon” material (DMG, Germany). According to the results of the study, in acute initial dental caries (white spot stage), the infiltrate filled almost the entire volume of the pathological focus (81.8 ± 6.7% of cases). The technique of infiltration by replacing the lost mineral with a low-viscosity light-curing resin creates a barrier inside the carious lesion. Minimally invasive approaches, including the enamel infiltration technique, can be used for caries in the white spot stage for therapeutic-prophylactic purposes. However, in the case of chronic initial caries (pigmented spot stage), the infiltrate does not infiltrate the entire depth of the lesion. In 79.0 ± 9.4% of the teeth of this group, non-infiltrated areas of carious lesions were localized within the surface layers of dentin. Extrapolating the results obtained to the clinic, we can assume that the infiltration of initial caries at the stage of a pigmented spot does not ensure the stabilization of the carious process. Clinical recommendation of the low-viscosity resin infiltration technique requires evidence that requires long-term clinical observations.

Differences in the annotation between facial images and videos for training an artificial intelligence for skin type determination.

The Grand-AID research project, consisting of GRANDEL-The Beautyness Company, the dermatology department of Augsburg University Hospital and the Chair of IT Infrastructure for Translational Medical Research at Augsburg University, is currently researching the development of a digital skin consultation tool that uses artificial intelligence (AI) to analyze the user's skin and ultimately perform a personalized skin analysis and a customized skin care routine. Training the AI requires annotation of various skin features on facial images. The central question is whether videos are better suited than static images for assessing dynamic parameters such as wrinkles and elasticity. For this purpose, a pilot study was carried out in which the annotations on images and videos were compared. Standardized image sequences as well as a video with facial expressions were taken from 25 healthy volunteers. Four raters with dermatological expertise annotated eight features (wrinkles, redness, shine, pores, pigmentation spots, dark circles, skin sagging, and blemished skin) with a semi-quantitative and a linear scale in a cross-over design to evaluate differences between the image modalities and between the raters. In the videos, most parameters tended to be assessed with higher scores than in the images, and in some cases significantly. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the raters. The present study shows significant differences between the two evaluation methods using image or video analysis. In addition, the evaluation of the skin analysis depends on subjective criteria. Therefore, when training the AI, we recommend regular training of the annotating individuals and cross-validation of the annotation.

Skin dark spot mapping and evaluation of brightening product efficacy using Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT).

Facial dark spots remain a significant challenge for the cosmetic industry, in terms of providing effective treatment. Using Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT), we investigated the internal structural features of photo-aging spot areas and evaluated the efficacy of a skin-brightening cosmetic product. Twenty-six Asian female volunteers, aged between 29 and 65 years, applied a cosmetic product on their entire face twice a day for 2 months. LC-OCT was used to evaluate the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) undulation and the volume density of melanin in the epidermis at D0 and D56. Skin brightening and redness were also assessed by photography (SkinCam). Using LC-OCT technology, various microscopic dark spot morphologies, spanning from minimally deformed DEJ to complex DEJ patterns, were identified. Dark spots characterized by slight deformities in the DEJ were predominantly observed in the youngest age group, while older volunteers displayed a wavier pattern. Furthermore, a total of 44 spots were monitored to evaluate the brightening product efficacy. A statistically significant reduction in melanin volumetric density of 7.3% in the spots and 12.3% in their surrounding area was observed after 56 days of product application. In line with these results, an analysis of color parameters using SkinCam reveals a significant increase in brightening and decrease in redness in both pigmented spots and the surrounding skin following application. LC-OCT proves to be a valuable tool for in-depth dark spots characterization and assessment of skin brightening products, enabling various applications in the field of dermatological sciences.

An eye-tracking and questionnaire study of how facial pigmentation spot are perceived by laypeople

Facial skin pigmentation is one of the most prominent visible features in everyday interactions and often influences the perception of beauty. There is currently no evidence on how facial pigmentation spots can influence aesthetic perception. The objective was to evaluate the perception of aesthetics and the attractiveness of smiling photos with the presence of facial pigmentation spots in different locations on the face. Four images of the smiling face were used in the frontal pattern, standardized and modified with the help of Photoshop®: no pigmentation spots, spots below the right perioral region, above the upper left perioral region, and in both the lower right region and upper left region of the face. The Eye-tribe hardware and Ogama software were used for eye-tracking, and a questionnaire with two questions — “Judging aesthetic aspects, do you consider this person attractive and beautiful?” and “What stood out the most about this image?” were applied to laypeople observers with a word cloud typed on the Mentimeter. The dot maps showed that in all pigmentation spots positions, the right eye and the smile in the area of the central incisors attracted the most attention of laypeople. The smile was the most cited, with emphasis on the words 'eyes' and 'teeth' in Mentimeter. Facial pigmentation spots in different locations did not interfere with aesthetic perception. The face without the presence of nevi was considered the most attractive, and the smile, teeth, and eyes were the structures that most caught the attention of the laypeople.

An eye-tracking and questionnaire study of how facial pigmentation spot are perceived by laypeople

Facial skin pigmentation is one of the most prominent visible features in everyday interactions and often influences the perception of beauty. There is currently no evidence on how facial pigmentation spots can influence aesthetic perception. The objective was to evaluate the perception of aesthetics and the attractiveness of smiling photos with the presence of facial pigmentation spots in different locations on the face. Four images of the smiling face were used in the frontal pattern, standardized and modified with the help of Photoshop®: no pigmentation spots, spots below the right perioral region, above the upper left perioral region, and in both the lower right region and upper left region of the face. The Eye-tribe hardware and Ogama software were used for eye-tracking, and a questionnaire with two questions — “Judging aesthetic aspects, do you consider this person attractive and beautiful?” and “What stood out the most about this image?” were applied to laypeople observers with a word cloud typed on the Mentimeter. The dot maps showed that in all pigmentation spots positions, the right eye and the smile in the area of the central incisors attracted the most attention of laypeople. The smile was the most cited, with emphasis on the words 'eyes' and 'teeth' in Mentimeter. Facial pigmentation spots in different locations did not interfere with aesthetic perception. The face without the presence of nevi was considered the most attractive, and the smile, teeth, and eyes were the structures that most caught the attention of the laypeople.

Sunlight exposure on human health and vitality

This paper studies the influence of sunlight on various aspects of human life, primarily on the skin. It destroys its components, such as collagen and melanin, and leads to various diseases, including skin cancer. It analyses the peculiarities of the sun's effect on the human body, its performance and the consequences of constant or one-time exposure. The work details the risks of sunlight exposure, including an increased risk of skin cancer, pigment spots, blisters, premature ageing, chronic inflammation, burns, as well as the exposure of high temperatures on humans, causing heat stroke and dehydration. It also characterizes two types of UV rays that can penetrate the skin – UVA and UVB rays – and emphasizes the danger of tanning, which is the protective reaction of our skin, and the consequences of which are various negative effects on the skin. The main part of the paper makes clear recommendations on how to prevent sun rays on the skin to ensure safe human activity. In conclusion, the important role of sunlight for our planet and the harm to human health, which can be prevented by observing the rules under

Rosmarinic Acid Protects Skin Keratinocytes from Particulate Matter 2.5-Induced Apoptosis.

Background: The exposure of the human skin to particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) results in adverse health outcomes, such as skin aging, wrinkle formation, pigment spots, and atopic dermatitis. It has previously been shown that rosmarinic acid (RA) can protect keratinocytes from ultraviolet B radiation by enhancing cellular antioxidant systems and reducing oxidative damage; however, its protective action against the adverse effects of PM2.5 on skin cells remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we explored the mechanism underlying the protective effects of RA against PM2.5-mediated oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Methods: HaCaT keratinocytes were pretreated with RA and exposed to PM2.5. Thereafter, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and cellular apoptosis were investigated using various methods, including confocal microscopy, western blot analysis, and flow cytometry. Results: RA significantly inhibited PM2.5-induced lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, DNA damage, increases in intracellular Ca2+ level, and mitochondrial depolarization. It also significantly attenuated PM2.5-induced apoptosis by downregulating Bcl-2-associated X, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels, while upregulating B-cell lymphoma 2 protein level. Further, our results indicated that PM2.5-induced apoptosis was associated with the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and that MAPK inhibitors as well as RA exhibited protective effects against PM2.5-induced apoptosis. Conclusion: RA protected HaCaT cells from PM2.5-induced apoptosis by lowering oxidative stress.

Mysterious pigmented palmar spots in a young female

Mysterious pigmented palmar spots in a young female

Development and application of artificial intelligence-based facial skin image diagnosis system: Changes in facial skin characteristics with ageing in Korean women.

To develop and validate an artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic system for analysing facial skin images using expert judgements and explore its feasibility for skin ageing research, specifically by evaluating facial skin changes in Korean women of various ages. Our AI-based facial skin diagnosis system (Dr. AMORE®) uses facial images of Korean women to analyse wrinkles, pigmentation, skin pores, and other skin red spots. The system is trained using clinical expert evaluations and deep learning. We assessed the system's precision and sensitivity by analysing the correlation between the diagnoses by the AI system and those of the experts. We used 120 images of Korean women aged 10-60 years to evaluate the changes in various facial skin characteristics with ageing. The precision and sensitivity of the developed system were excellent (>0.9%), and the diagnosis scores using the detected area and intensity of each item were correlated significantly higher with the visual evaluation results of the clinical experts (>0.8, p < 0.001). We also analysed facial images of Korean women aged 10-60 years to quantify changes in the scores of wrinkles, pigmentation, and skin pores with age. We identified the age group with the most significant changes as 20s to 30s. Analysis of the detailed skin characteristics of each item showed that wrinkles and pigmentation changed significantly in the 20s-30s, and skin pores increased significantly in the 10s-20s. There was no significant correlation with age or change according to the age group for skin red spots. Developed AI-based facial skin diagnosis system can automatically diagnose skin conditions based on clinical expert judgement using only photographic images and analyse various items in detail, quantitatively, and visually. This AI system can provide new and useful approaches in research areas that require a lot of resources and different characterizations, such as the study of facial skin ageing.

Features of initial forms of caries in adult patients. Literature review

Initial caries corresponds to the ICD-10 code – K 02.0 «enamel caries, white (chalky) spot stage» or – K 02.3 «suspended caries» in the form of a pigmented spot on the teeth. If caries in the form of a white spot is not always easy to diagnose and patients rarely seek dental care, then suspended caries is visually detected quite easily, especially with dark pigmentation, which worries patients, so the number of visits to the dentist in this pathology increases dramatically. At the same time, it can be considered that the initial caries goes through several stages in its development, which are detected during external examination in the form of a white spot or light , brown and black spots.

Early pigment spot segmentation and classification from iris cellular image analysis with explainable deep learning and multiclass support vector machine.

Globally, retinal disorders impact thousands of individuals. Early diagnosis and treatment of these anomalies might halt their development and prevent many people from developing preventable blindness. Iris spot segmentation is critical due to acquiring iris cellular images that suffer from the off-angle iris, noise, and specular reflection. Most currently used iris segmentation techniques are based on edge data and noncellular images. The size of the pigment patches on the surface of the iris increases with eye syndrome. In addition, iris images taken in uncooperative settings frequently have negative noise, making it difficult to segment them precisely. The traditional diagnosis processes are costly and time consuming since they require highly qualified personnel and have strict environments. This paper presents an explainable deep learning model integrated with a multiclass support vector machine to analyze iris cellular images for early pigment spot segmentation and classification. Three benchmark datasets MILE, UPOL, and Eyes SUB were used in the experiments to test the proposed methodology. The experimental results are compared on standard metrics, demonstrating that the proposed model outperformed the methods reported in the literature regarding classification errors. Additionally, it is observed that the proposed parameters are highly effective in locating the micro pigment spots on the iris surfaces.

Cleaning the mud: Integrative approach clarifies the taxonomy of mud crabs of the genus Panopeus H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Panopeidae) along the Southwestern Atlantic

The crab genus Panopeus is characterized by a high morphological similarity among its species and the taxonomic problems that ensue. This complex situation can lead to misidentifications and mistaken comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships and species distributions. In this context, the present study morphologically and genetically (16S rRNA and COI) assessed the seven species of Panopeus recorded from the Southwestern Atlantic, with special focus on Panopeus occidentalis, whose occurrence in Brazilian waters has been under debate, and on the relationship between Panopeus austrobesus and Panopeus rugosus, where available genetic and morphological data were apparently contrasting. Although the investigated species are morphologically similar, this study describes some characters that can be used as diagnostic, such as a pigmented spot in the inner surface of the third maxilliped ischium. Phylogenetic inference and genetic distance reinforced the idea that the genus is non-monophyletic and were able to clarify the phylogenetic relationships within the genus. The integrative approach using morphological and genetic data confirmed the occurrence of six out of the seven Panopeus species reported along the Southwestern Atlantic coast, but with different geographic extents than what was previously assumed in some cases. We provide updated diagnoses for these species and also a key for their identification.