Pigmentation Response Research Articles

Alginate-based active and intelligent packaging: Preparation, properties, and applications

Alginate-based packaging materials have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics due to their biodegradability, renewability, and versatile functionalities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent advances in the development and application of alginate-based films and coatings for food packaging. The composition and fabrication methods of alginate-based packaging materials are discussed, highlighting the incorporation of various functional compounds to enhance their physicochemical properties. The mechanisms of action and the factors influencing the release and migration of active compounds from the alginate matrix are explored. The application of alginate-based packaging materials for the preservation of various food products, including meat, fish, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, is reviewed, demonstrating their effectiveness in extending shelf-life and maintaining quality. The development of alginate-based pH-sensitive indicators for intelligent food packaging is also discussed, focusing on the colorimetric response of natural pigments to spoilage-related pH changes. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges and future perspectives of alginate-based packaging materials, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to improve their performance, sustainability, and industrial adoption.

Distinct melanocyte subpopulations defined by stochastic expression of proliferation or maturation programs enable a rapid and sustainable pigmentation response.

The ultraviolet (UV) radiation triggers a pigmentation response in human skin, wherein, melanocytes rapidly activate divergent maturation and proliferation programs. Using single-cell sequencing, we demonstrate that these 2 programs are segregated in distinct subpopulations in melanocytes of human and zebrafish skin. The coexistence of these 2 cell states in cultured melanocytes suggests possible cell autonomy. Luria-Delbrück fluctuation test reveals that the initial establishment of these states is stochastic. Tracking of pigmenting cells ascertains that the stochastically acquired state is faithfully propagated in the progeny. A systemic approach combining single-cell multi-omics (RNA+ATAC) coupled to enhancer mapping with H3K27 acetylation successfully identified state-specific transcriptional networks. This comprehensive analysis led to the construction of a gene regulatory network (GRN) that under the influence of noise, establishes a bistable system of pigmentation and proliferation at the population level. This GRN recapitulates melanocyte behaviour in response to external cues that reinforce either of the states. Our work highlights that inherent stochasticity within melanocytes establishes dedicated states, and the mature state is sustained by selective enhancers mark through histone acetylation. While the initial cue triggers a proliferation response, the continued signal activates and maintains the pigmenting subpopulation via epigenetic imprinting. Thereby our study provides the basis of coexistence of distinct populations which ensures effective pigmentation response while preserving the self-renewal capacity.

Impact of Combined Phototherapy and Melanocyte Transplantation on Indicators of Vitiligo Activity.

To investigate the effect of phototherapy combined with melanocyte transplantation on the activity index of vitiligo. One hundred twenty patients with stable vitiligo were selected and divided into 2 groups: phototherapy group (n = 60) and phototherapy combined with melanocyte therapy group (n = 60). Patients' vitiligo activity scores before and 6 months after treatment, patients' skin pigmentation responses 6 months after treatment, and patients' new Koebner cases 6 months after treatment were compared. The expression of tyrosinase and Melan-A in the skin samples was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The effect of skin surface repigmentation in the observation group was better than that in the control group (p < .05). The expression of tyrosinase and Melan-A in the observation group was higher than that in the control group (p < .05), indicating that the combined treatment could enhance the function of melanocytes. After 6 months of treatment, the incidence of the Koebner phenomenon in the observation group was lower than that in the control group (p < .05). The combination of phototherapy and melanocyte transplantation can obviously improve the activity index of vitiligo, slow down the spread of white spots, reduce the formation of new white spots, and reduce the occurrence of the Koebner phenomenon.

Morphological and Pigment Responses to Far-Red and Photosynthetically Active Radiation in an Olive Cultivar Suitable for Super-High-Density Orchards.

Plant density is increasing in modern olive orchards to improve yields and facilitate mechanical harvesting. However, greater density can reduce light quantity and modify its quality. The objective was to evaluate plant morphology, biomass, and photosynthetic pigments under different red/far-red ratios and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) combinations in an olive cultivar common to super-high-density orchards. In a greenhouse, young olive trees (cv. Arbequina) were exposed to low (L) or high (H) PAR with or without lateral FR supplementation (L+FR, L-FR, H+FR, H-FR) using neutral-density shade cloth and FR light-emitting diode (LED) modules. Total plant and individual organ biomass were much lower in plants under low PAR than under high PAR, with no response to +FR supplementation. In contrast, several plant morphological traits, such as main stem elongation, individual leaf area, and leaf angle, did respond to both low PAR and +FR. Total chlorophyll content decreased with +FR when PAR was low, but not when PAR was high (i.e., a significant FR*PAR interaction). When evaluating numerous plant traits together, a greater response to +FR under low PAR than under high PAR appeared to occur. These findings suggest that consideration of light quality in addition to quantity facilitates a fuller understanding of olive tree responses to a light environment. The +FR responses found here could lead to changes in hedgerow architecture and light distribution within the hedgerow.

Coexistence of nonfluorescent chromoproteins and fluorescent proteins in massive Porites spp. corals manifesting a pink pigmentation response.

Several fluorescent proteins (FPs) and chromoproteins (CPs) are present in anthozoans and play possible roles in photoprotection. Coral tissues in massive corals often display discoloration accompanied by inflammation. Incidences of the pink pigmentation response (PPR) in massive Porites, described as inflammatory pink lesions of different shapes and sizes, has recently increased worldwide. FPs are reported to be present in PPR lesions, wherein a red fluorescent protein (RFP) appears to play a role in reducing reactive oxygen species. However, to date, the biochemical characterization and possible roles of the pigments involved are poorly understood. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the proteins responsible for pink discoloration in massive Porites colonies displaying PPRs, as well as to assess the differential distribution of pigments and the antioxidant properties of pigmented areas. CPs were extracted from PPR lesions using gel-filtration chromatography and identified via genetic analysis using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The coexistence of CPs and RFP in coral tissues was assessed using microscopic observation. Photosynthetic antivity and hydrogen peroxide-scavenging activitiy were measured to assess coral stress conditions. The present study revealed that the same CP (plut2.m8.16902.m1) isolated from massive Porites was present in both the pink spot and patch morphologies of the PPR. CPs were also found to coexist with RFP in coral tissues that manifested a PPR, with a differential distribution (coenosarc or tip of polyps' tentacles). High hydrogen peroxide-scavenging rates were found in tissues affected by PPR. The coexistence of CPs and RFP suggests their possible differential role in coral immunity. CPs, which are specifically expressed in PPR lesions, may serve as an antioxidant in the affected coral tissue. Overall, this study provides new knowledge to our understanding of the role of CPs in coral immunity.

Response of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to light quality in Phoebe bournei seedlings

Response of photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters to light quality in Phoebe bournei seedlings

Modulating spectral response of raw photosynthetic pigments via ternary cadmium chalcogenide quantum dots: simultaneous enhancement at green spectrum and inhibition at UV region.

Photosynthesis relies on the absorption of sunlight by photosynthetic pigments (PPs) such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. While these pigments are outstanding at harvesting light, their natural structure restricts their ability to harvest light at specific wavelengths. In this study, Oleic acid-capped CdSeS and CdTeS ternary quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized using a novel two-phase synthesis method. Then, these QDs were used to interact with raw PPs, a mixture of chlorophylls and carotenoids isolated from spinach. Our findings revealed the following: (1) Interacting QDs with raw PPs effectively inhibited the chlorophyll fluorescence of the pigments upon excitation in UV light region (250-400nm) without causing any damage to their structure. (2) By forming an interaction with QDs, the chlorophyll fluorescence of raw PPs could be induced through excitation with green-light spectrum. (3) The composition of the QDs played a fundamental role in their interaction with PPs. Our study demonstrated that the photophysical properties of isolated PPs could be modified by using cadmium-based QDs by preserving the structure of the pigments themselves.

Variability in Symbiont Chlorophyll of Hawaiian Corals from Field and Airborne Spectroscopy

Corals are habitat-forming organisms on tropical and sub-tropical reefs, often displaying diverse phenotypic behaviors that challenge field-based monitoring and assessment efforts. Symbiont chlorophyll (Chl) is a long-recognized indicator of intra- and inter-specific variation in coral’s response to environmental variability and stress, but the quantitative Chl assessment of corals at the reef scale continues to prove challenging. We integrated field, airborne, and laboratory techniques to test and apply the use of reflectance spectroscopy for in situ and reef-scale estimation of Chl a and Chl c2 concentrations in a shallow reef environment of Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu. High-fidelity spectral signatures (420–660 nm) derived from field and airborne spectroscopy quantified Chl a and Chl c2 concentrations with demonstrable precision and accuracy. Airborne imaging spectroscopy revealed a 10-fold range of Chl concentrations across the reef ecosystem. We discovered a differential pattern of Chl a and Chl c2 use in symbiont algae in coexisting corals indicative of a physiological response to decreasing light levels with increasing water depth. The depth-dependent ratio of Chl c2:a indicated the presence of two distinct light-driven habitats spanning just 5 m of water depth range. Our findings provide a pathway for further study of coral pigment responses to environmental conditions using field and high-resolution airborne imaging spectroscopy.

Assessing the efficacy of a 100 ps Nd:YAG laser for tattoo removal in a minipig model.

Using a minipig model, we evaluated the efficacy of the 100 ps Nd:YAG laser in the removal of tattoo pigments, specifically blue, green, red, and yellow. We observed distinct pigment responses to 532/1064 nm wavelengths at various energy settings. Through a combination of clinical, spectroscopic, and histological methods, we found the 532 nm wavelength to be most effective in disrupting all colors, with notable results for green and yellow at 0.4 J/cm2 and red at 0.72 J/cm2. The 1064 nm wavelength reduced pigment in yellow (1.51 J/cm2), green (1.35 J/cm2), and blue (1.11 J/cm2) tattoos, but was surpassed by the 532 nm in efficiency. Our data underscores the crucial interplay between pigment traits and laser settings in tattoo removal. We advocate for tailored treatment strategies, integrating pigment hue and laser wavelength, to enhance removal outcomes.

Growth and total photosynthetic pigment responses of five accessions of Zea mays L. grown under waterlogging stress

Growth and total photosynthetic pigment responses of five accessions of Zea mays L. grown under waterlogging stress

First Report of Diseases and Compromised Health Conditions on Hard Corals around Rodrigues Island, Southwest Indian Ocean

Coral diseases represent a prominent menace to coral reefs and to the associated ecological services they provide to the surrounding coastal communities. Studies on diseases and compromised health conditions (CHCs) on hard corals in the Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO) are scarce, and their consequences are often overlooked. This study aimed to establish the baseline prevalence of diseases and CHC of hard corals around Rodrigues Island. Coral disease and CHC prevalence were visually assessed using 2 m × 50 m belt transects at eight sites around the island. This is the first report of four coral diseases, namely White Plague (WP), White Syndrome (WS), Black Band (BB), and Growth Anomalies (GA), and two CHCs, two forms of Pink Pigmentation Responses (PPR)—Pink Patches (PP) and Pink Line Syndrome (PLS)—observed on six genera of hard corals from the island of Rodrigues. PP on Fungia (15.92 ± 5.65%), followed by the WS on Montipora (4.67 ± 3.72%) and GA on Gardineroseris (4.16 ± 4.16%), so far unreported from the SWIO, were the most prevalent around the island. The least prevalent disease was BB on Montipora (0.13 ± 0.13%). Although the overall disease and CHC prevalence for Rodrigues Island (0.98 ± 0.30%) were much lower than the surrounding islands in the SWIO, the observations of these diseases and CHCs on hard corals and relevant environmental parameters warrant further in-depth characterization to better inform coral reefs management and conservation actions.

Serotonin/5-HT7 receptor provides an adaptive signal to enhance pigmentation response to environmental stressors through cAMP-PKA-MAPK, Rab27a/RhoA, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways.

Serotonin (5-HT), a neurotransmitter, is essential for normal and pathological pigmentation processing, and its receptors may be therapeutical targets. The effect and behavior of the 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) in melanogenesis in high vertebrates remain unknown. Herein, we examine the role and molecular mechanism of 5-HT7R in the pigmentation of human skin cells, human tissue, mice, and zebrafish models. Firstly, 5-HT7R protein expression decreased significantly in stress-induced depigmentation skin and vitiligo epidermis. Stressed mice received transdermal serotonin 5-HT7R selective agonists (LP-12, 0.01%) for 12 or 60 days. Mice might recover from persistent stress-induced depigmentation. The downregulation of tyrosinase (Tyr), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf) expression, and 5-HT7R was consistently restored in stressed skin. High-throughput RNA sequencing showed that structural organization (dendrite growth and migration) and associated pathways were activated in the dorsal skin of LP-12-treated animals. 5-HT7R selective agonist, LP-12, had been demonstrated to enhance melanin production, dendrite growth, and chemotactic motility in B16F10 cells, normal human melanocytes (NHMCs), and zebrafish. Mechanistically, the melanogenic, dendritic, and migratory functions of 5-HT7R were dependent on the downstream signaling of cAMP-PKA-ERK1/2, JNK MAPK, RhoA/Rab27a, and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition and genetic siRNA of 5-HT7R by antagonist SB269970 partially/completely abolished these functional properties and the related activated pathways in both NHMCs and B16F10 cells. Consistently, htr7a/7b genetic knockdown in zebrafish could blockade melanogenic effects and abrogate 5-HT-induced melanin accumulation. Collectively, we have first identified that 5-HT7R regulates melanogenesis, which may be a targeted therapy for pigmentation disorders, especially those worsened by stress.

Outdoor clinical testing with reference sunscreens to determine differences in skin response between populations of different ethnicity: A combined data analysis from 128 subjects.

Two previously published clinical studies by our group assessed erythema and pigmentation responses in outdoor conditions with three reference sunscreens, comparing their effectiveness under the full spectrum of natural sunlight. These studies followed an almost identical protocol but were conducted in two different locations and in two ethnic groups: broadly, Chinese (Singapore) and White European (Mauritius). We analysed the data from these two study populations to compare differences in skin response according to ethnicity. The analysis included 128 subjects (53 were Chinese from Singapore and 75 were White European from Mauritius and Singapore). Products used were the reference sunscreens P3 (sun protection factor [SPF] 15), P5 (SPF 30) and P8 (SPF 50+) from ISO norm 24444:2019. Participants were exposed to outdoor sunlight for 2-3 h, depending on baseline ITA. Endpoints were erythema at 24h: clinical score and colorimetry (Δa*) and pigmentation at 1 week based on colorimetry (ΔL* and ΔITA). Among those with baseline ITA > 41, there were differences in erythemal response between the Chinese and White European groups, the White European group being more erythematous and also having a higher rate of photoprotection failure particularly at SPFs 15 and 30. Differences in skin response to sun influenced by ethnicity should be taken into account when making recommendations on sun safety.

Photo-physiology of healthy-looking and diseased/health-compromised hard corals from Mauritius Island, Western Indian Ocean

Abstract. Jogee SY, Jeetun S, Ricot M, Taleb-Hossenkhan N, Mattan-Moorgawa S, Kaullysing D, Riemann P, Blanc L, Casareto BE, Suzuki Y, Bhagooli R. 2023. Photo-physiology of healthy-looking and diseased/health-compromised hard corals from Mauritius Island, Western Indian Ocean. Indo Pac J Ocean Life 7: 27-37. The spatial photo-physiological responses of in hospite zooxanthellae in hard corals, including coenosarc and polyps, healthy-looking and affected parts in four coral diseases, namely Brown Band, Black Band, Skeletal Eroding Band and White Band on the coral Acropora muricata, and two health-compromised conditions such as the Pink Pigmentation Response and its differentiated morphology, the Pink Line Syndrome, on the coral Porites were investigated using the Imaging-PAM fluorometry. A significantly lower Fv/Fm was observed in case of Black Band, White Band, Brown Band and Pink Pigmentation Response affected parts compared to the healthy-looking parts. The Fv/Fm had the highest decline in Brown Band disease. Both the polyps and coenosarc had significantly lower Fv/Fm in White Band and Brown Band diseased parts compared to their healthy-looking parts. The rETRmax did not change significantly between diseased/health-comprised parts and healthy-looking parts. NPQmax declined significantly in White Band, Black Band and Pink Pigmentation Response cases. ? and ? generally did not tend to be affected in diseased/health-compromised conditions. The photo-physiology of in hospite zooxanthellae was least affected in Pink Line Syndrome. These findings suggest that diseased/health-compromised parts of corals behave differently in terms of their photo-physiology in different diseased and health-compromised coral conditions in important reef-building corals species such as A. muricata and Porites species, with important implications for the productivity and thus adaptive management of coral reefs in a globally warming ocean.

Toward the energy optimization of smart lighting systems through the luminous potential of photoluminescence

Lighting-related energy consumption has recently increased due to the significant expansion of buildings’ floor area and the growing demand for lighting coming from the occupants. With the aim of mitigating the global warming phenomenon by reducing the impacts of fossil fuels-powered systems, the lighting sector has faced a continuous renovation through years, up to the modern and efficient light emitting diodes (LEDs) solutions. Moving from the basic principle of phosphor-converted LEDs, consisting in the combination of phosphor materials to the radiation emitted by a LED chip, the present research investigates the response of photoluminescent pigments with different absorption and emission spectra as a function of the specific spectral distribution of the excitation source. The evolution of photoluminescence is later investigated during both the charging and the decay phase. The performance of each “pigment–lamp” pair is characterized using a spectroradiometer and a specially designed experimental equipment. Results demonstrate how a yellow-emitting material is more suitable than others for lighting purposes, providing for the highest luminance values (up to 2.61 cd/m2) and the longest decay time (>5 h). Moreover, the fastest activation of luminescence due to UV radiation (after 20–60 min of exposure) does not guarantee the most persistent and intense performance of the samples.

Differential evolution reveals the effect of polar and nonpolar solvents on carotenoids: A case study of astaxanthin optical response modeling

• Unique software that simulates optical response of biological pigments was developed • Differential evolution is used for finding the best model to fit experimental data • Multimode Brownian oscillator models were created to simulate carotenoid absorption • The optimal settings of Differential evolution allowing fast convergence were found • Differential evolution allowed distinguishing models for polar and nonpolar solvents The task to simulate realistic absorption spectra of electronic transitions in pigment molecules takes the form of the art of optimization, particularly if one must choose between the quality of the results obtained and the calculation time necessary to get such quality. The semiclassical theory of optical response provides us with a good opportunity to escape a so-called sum-over-state procedure of considering the innumerable number of vibronic states of a pigment by applying a correlation function approach. This approach, known as the multimode Brownian oscillator model (MBOM), involves replacing an infinite set of vibronic states, which interacts with an electronic transition, with a finite set of effective vibronic modes. Thus, the parameters of effective vibronic modes and an electronic transition can be found only by fitting experimental data. This situation gives rise to the following problem: as the number of free parameters increases, it becomes more difficult to find a single solution. To overcome this obstacle, differential evolution (DE), a method of global optimization, which is based on the idea of natural selection, seems to be the right choice. To test the efficiency of DE in solving quantum mechanical problems, we simulated absorption spectra of astaxanthin (AST) in 18 different organic solvents by using the MBOM. To do so, we developed software that implements both the DE algorithm and linear absorption modeling procedures. We have shown that simulating practically identical AST spectra, DE allows determining the effect of polar and nonpolar solvents on several parameters of MBOM of AST with high accuracy.

Prevalence and abundance of coral disease in Aceh Besar regency Aceh, Indonesia

The aims of this research was to knew the prevalence, abundance and types of coral diseases detected in Peukan Bada Aceh Besar Regency. Method used in this research was a 20x2m belt transect with 3 replicates. Results show that the prevalence value was between 27,94% – 58,25%. The value was quite higher if compared with other prevalence on some place in indonesia. Average value of coral disease abundance in this research was 0,23 ind/m2. There was 13 types of coral disease found during sampling, including Fish Bite, Drupella Predation, Acanthaster planci Predation, White Syndrome, Ulcerative White Spot, Focal Bleaching, Non-Focal Bleaching, Invertebrate Galls, Sponge Overgrowth, Cyanobacteria, Pigmentation Response, Sedimentation Damage, Algae Overgrowth. The most infected coral genus was Acropora with branching growth form.Keywords:AbundanceConditionCoral diseasePrevalence

СЕЗОННАЯ ДИНАМИКА ФОТОСИНТЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПИГМЕНТОВ У КЛЕНОВ ACER CAMPESTRE L., A. NEGUNDO L. И A. SACCHARINUM L. В РОСТОВЕ-НА-ДОНУ

The objective of the study carried out at Botanical Garden of Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don, Russia) was to assess the seasonal changes in photosynthetic pigments contents in the leaves of the maples Acer campestre L., A. negundo L., and A. saccharinum L. Leaves samples were collected from selected maple trees once a week. The contents of chlorophylls and carotenoids were determined spectrophotometrically and expressed per leaf area (mg/dm2). Similar seasonal changes in chlorophylls a and b in A. campestre, A. saccharinum, and A. negundo have been found. At the same time, the seasonal changes in carotenoids contents in A. campestre differs from those in A. saccharinum and A. negundo. The qualitative and quantitative parameters of the seasonal changes in chlorophylls a and b and carotenoids differ from each other, regardless of species. All maple species differ significantly in the mean contents of photosynthetic pigments, the highest one featured by A. campestre. Using the analysis of variance, variations in the contents of photosynthetic pigments during a season were assessed. Chlorophyll variability is highest in A. campestre and lowest in A. negundo. A very large difference of A. campestre from A. saccharinum and A. negundo was found in the variation of carotenoid contents. The response of photosynthetic pigments to changes in climatic factors is higher in A. campestre than in A. saccharinum and A. negundo. These findings suggest that drought adaptation strategy of A. campestre is active, whereas that of A. saccharinum and A. negundo is passive. Keywords: chlorophyll, carotenoids, maple, adaptation, climatic factors.

Responses of antioxidants for resilience to temporal variations in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa

The responses of antioxidants and photosynthetic pigments to temporal variations in the bloom- forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa dominating the eutrophic pond were investigated. Native-PAGE of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme profile elucidated that while isoform number 1 identified as Fe-SOD showed its recurrent presence in all the three seasons, isoform 2 identified as Fe-SOD and isoform 3 as Mn-SOD were observed only in rainy season. However, densitometry analyses illustrated specific seasonal variations in the intensity of Fe-SOD isoform 1, with its intensity being the highest in winter season followed by rainy and summer seasons respectively. Interestingly, native-PAGE enzyme profile depicted the presence of three isoforms of catalase enzyme during rainy season while it was absent during winter and summer seasons. Correlogram elucidated that antioxidative enzymes SOD and catalase were positively correlated to phycocyanin while they remained negatively correlated to other polar and non-polar solvent soluble photosynthetic pigments. Good quality 3D models of Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD in Microcystis aeruginosa were generated by homology modeling. All metal binding positions were highly conserved and protein-protein interactions were also observed. The phylogenetic tree revealed that Microcystis sp. T1-4 is closest evolutionary homolog of Fe-SOD and Mn-SOD in Microcystis aeruginosa. Principal component analyses illustrated that enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants contribute jointly and specifically to combat oxidative stress, may serve as biomarker of environmental cues and may be exploited for further biotechnological applications.

IVENTORY OF CORAL REEF HEALTH PROBLEMS IN THE WATERS OF PERLANG BANGKA BELITUNG

This study aims to analyze the percentage of coral reef cover in Perlang waters and determines the&#x0D; types of health problems on coral reefs in Perlang waters. This study conducts in November 2021 in the water of Perlang Village through the method of collecting data on coral reef cover using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) with 4 data collection stations. The results show that the percentage of live coral reef cover from the 4 observation stations ranged from 40.27%-69.13%. The most affected lifeforms are Coral Massive with 71 colonies followed by Acropora Branching with 43 colonies, Acropora Tabulate with 14 colonies, Coral Branching with 2 colonies, Coral Folliose with 34 colonies, and Coral Submassive with 29 colonies. There are 5 types of health problems, consisting of Sediment Damage, Growth anomalies, Bleaching, Pigmentation Response and Crown of Thorns Starfish. The highest prevalence is sediment damage 2.46% and the lowest is Crown of Thorns Starfish 0.07%. The species found in the study site has values of 0.0225 colonies/ and 0.0010 colonies/. Sediment damage is the most common coral health disorder found in all study stations. There is a relationship between live coral cover and the prevalence of coral reef health problems.