Piggery Farm Research Articles

Assessment of knowledge gain of trainees attending training on scientific piggery farming

Assessment of knowledge gain of trainees attending training on scientific piggery farming

Recovery potential of aerobic sludge biomass stressed with Cu(II) laden piggery wastewater

Piggery wastewater (PWW) contains a variety of pollutants, and lack of treatment infrastructure in piggery farms often results in the discharge of PWW into nearby drains, eventually reaching sewage treatment plants. It may adversely affect the sludge biomass of the treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of prolonged exposure to PWW and copper-laden (40 and 80 mg/L) PWW on the quality of sludge biomass. The results revealed that PWW-exposed reactors experienced a significant decrease in COD removal (65–76% compared to 95% in the control reactor). Additionally, there were changes in sludge characteristics, including a decreased sludge volume index (SVI) and an increased interface settling velocity (ISV). Further addition of PWW+Cu(II) stress significantly reduced COD removal (8–29%), the filamentous index and also lowered cell viability and enzyme activity. However, partial recovery was observed after discontinuing PWW+Cu(II) exposure, particularly at 40 mg/L of Cu(II) concentration. The study is significant for practical wastewater treatment, as it deals with multi-stress conditions caused due to Cu(II) metal laden piggery wastewater. The investigation recommends preliminary tests (microscopic examination and aerobic sludge biomass activity test) and confirmatory tests (cell viability tests and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) to be used for the evaluation of aerobic sludge biomass quality.

Wastewater Treatment using The Photosynthetic Bacteria at Parksarp Village, Xaythany District, Vientiane Capital

Untreated waste water from the piggery farm will damage the environment and society, if, it is discharged to environment, in particular, direct impact on surrounding communities. The propose of the research is to investigate the characteristics and efficiency of the photosynthetic bacteria in employing on wastewater treatment systems. The experiment is designed and simulated the stabilization tank system that includes: an aerobic tank, sedimentation (excess sludge) tank, clear water tank and all tanks are used the same size of 50 liters, wastewater from a piggery farm was introduced into the treatment tank with a dry matter ratio 5% of the total water mass. Therefore, BOD5, COD, TSS, TKN, and pH were made prior to entering the treatment tank, photosynthetic bacteria is added 200 ml per week, detention time 7 days and after 25 days of treatment. The experiment found that, BOD5, COD, TSS, TKN concentrations reduce continuously from 366 mg/l - 192 mg/l (47.54%), 90,000 mg/l - 4,000 mg/l (95.56 %), 30 mg/l - 7 mg/l (76.67%) and 3.92 mg/l - 0.08 mg/l (97.96%), respectively.

Detection of veterinary antibiotic residues in fresh fecal samples collected from selected pig farms in the City of Baybay, Leyte, Philippines

Investigations on the presence of antibiotic residues in livestock manure are becoming an integral part on the quest against antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Moreover, as a potential hazard to human health and the environment, the threat of antibiotic residues cannot be taken lightly. As one of the biggest pig producers in Eastern Visayas, the Province of Leyte, Philippines is presented with the challenge to sustain the pork requirements of the region despite its limited overall production. This study aims to determine the prevalence of antibiotic residues present in the swine manure among selected commercial piggery farms in Baybay City, Leyte. Using147 fecal samples collected from different classes of pigs and following standard microbial inhibition plate technique, this study consistently found inhibitory action against the growth of Bacillus subtilis across three pH levels from fecal samples collected from grower-finishers, and breeders unlike samples collected from both the lactating and farrowing sows. These results may provide insights and baseline information useful for similar studies on antibiotic residues in meat and meat products that may have implications on human health.

Characterization of piggery farm waste-borne bacterial transposable elements associated with antimicrobial resistance phenotypes

Even though there is a link between antibiotic resistance and the presence of transposable elements few research has looked at the prevalence and distribution of transposable elements/ integrons in piggery farm samples. Present study identified the presence of six transposable elements namely Tn6763 (Accession number: OQ565300), Tn6764, (Accession number: OQ565299), Tn6765 (Accession number: OQ409902), Tn2003 (Accession number: OQ503494), Tn6072 (Accession number: OQ565298) and Tn6020 (Accession number: OQ503493) in piggery farm waste from India which are belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family. In a conjugative experiment, Klebsiella isolates carrying Tn6020 having the resistant phenotypes for nalidixic acid was used as donor cells while Escherichia coli DH5α Cells carrying chloramphenicol resistant plasmid was employed as recipient cells. Transconjugant bacterial colonies were shown to carry the Tn6020 transposable elements with both nalidixic acid (donor cell origin) and chloramphenicol (recipient cell origin) resistant antibiotic phenotypes. Given the presence of transposable elements in 21.4% of resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains, preventative measures are vital for avoiding the spread of mobile genetic resistance determinants in the piggery sector and to monitor their emergence.

First reported detection of the mobile colistin resistance genes, mcr-8 and mcr-9, in the Irish environment

The emergence and dissemination of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes across the globe poses a significant threat to public health, as colistin remains one of the last line treatment options for multi-drug resistant infections. Environmental samples (157 water and 157 wastewater) were collected in Ireland between 2018 and 2020. Samples collected were assessed for the presence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria using Brilliance ESBL, Brilliance CRE, mSuperCARBA and McConkey agar containing a ciprofloxacin disc. All water and integrated constructed wetland influent and effluent samples were filtered and enriched in buffered peptone water prior to culture, while wastewater samples were cultured directly. Isolates collected were identified via MALDI-TOF, were tested for susceptibility to 16 antimicrobials, including colistin, and subsequently underwent whole genome sequencing. Overall, eight mcr positive Enterobacterales (one mcr-8 and seven mcr-9) were recovered from six samples (freshwater (n = 2), healthcare facility wastewater (n = 2), wastewater treatment plant influent (n = 1) and integrated constructed wetland influent (piggery farm waste) (n = 1)). While the mcr-8 positive K. pneumoniae displayed resistance to colistin, all seven mcr-9 harbouring Enterobacterales remained susceptible. All isolates demonstrated multi-drug resistance and through whole genome sequencing analysis, were found to harbour a wide variety of antimicrobial resistance genes i.e., 30 ± 4.1 (10–61), including the carbapenemases, blaOXA-48 (n = 2) and blaNDM-1 (n = 1), which were harboured by three of the isolates. The mcr genes were located on IncHI2, IncFIIK and IncI1-like plasmids. The findings of this study highlight potential sources and reservoirs of mcr genes in the environment and illustrate the need for further research to gain a better understanding of the role the environment plays in the persistence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance.

A new commercial prototype of a bubble column evaporator (BCE) for high-quality water production in livestock (piggery) farms

The bubble column evaporator (BCE) offers a novel thermal process with enhanced evaporation efficiency, due to the enhanced heat and mass transfer efficiency from a continuous stream of hot dense bubbles that rise into a column of solution. This work evaluates the viability of the BCE to produce purified water from two different experimental solutions: synthetic piggery effluent and 0.5 m NaCl solution, when sparging with either hot air or combustion gas flow. When the BCE prototype was operated with combustion gas, an increased heat and mass transfer efficiency was observed due to the heat released by the condensation of hot water vapour in the combustion gas mixture, therefore reducing the energy cost when using combustion gas to evaporate the column solutions. For the first time, the quality of the condensed water from the BCE prototype was analysed and the report showed that high-quality condensed water could meet the most rigorous international drinking water quality standards, thus being safe to reuse in the piggery farm. In general, this paper provides a simple and affordable water treatment process that can be applied in the livestock (piggery) farm for efficient water reuse.

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (Enteropathogens) Recovered from a Blend of Pig Manure and Pinewood Saw Dust during Anaerobic Co-Digestion in a Steel Biodigester.

South Africa adopts intensive livestock farming, embracing the employment of huge quantities of antibiotics to meet the increased demand for meat. Therefore, bacteria occurring in the animal products and manure might develop antibiotic resistance, a scenario which threatens public health. The study investigated the occurrence of Gram-negative bacteria from eighteen pooled samples withdrawn from a single-stage steel biodigester co-digesting pig manure (75%) and pine wood saw dust (25%). The viable counts for each bacterium were determined using the spread plate technique. The bacterial isolates were characterised based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics, using the Analytical Profile Index 20 e test kit. In addition, isolates were characterised based on susceptibility to 14 conventional antibiotics via the disc diffusion method. The MAR index was calculated for each bacterial isolate. The bacterial counts ranged from 104 to 106 cfu/mL, indicating manure as a potential source of contamination. Overall, 159 bacterial isolates were recovered, which displayed diverse susceptibility patterns with marked sensitivity to amoxicillin (100% E. coli), streptomycin (96.15% for Yersinia spp.; 93.33% for Salmonella spp.) and 75% Campylobacter spp. to nitrofurantoin. Varying resistance rates were equally observed, but a common resistance was demonstrated to erythromycin (100% of Salmonella and Yersinia spp.), 90.63% of E. coli and 78.57% of Campylobacter spp. A total of 91.19% of the bacterial isolates had a MAR index > 0.2, represented by 94 MAR phenotypes. The findings revealed multidrug resistance in bacteria from the piggery source, suggesting they can contribute immensely to the spread of multidrug resistance; thus, it serves as a pointer to the need for the enforcement of regulatory antibiotic use in piggery farms. Therefore, to curb the level of multidrug resistance, the piggery farm should implement control measures in the study area.

Removal of Nutrients and COD in Wastewater from Vietnamese Piggery Farm by the Culture of Chlorella vulgaris in a Pilot-Scaled Membrane Photobioreactor

The treatment of nutrients and organic contaminants in wastewater using microalgae has drawn significant interest thanks to its advantages of environmental friendliness, low cost, CO2 emission reduction, and recycling of valuable biomass. Among other algae species, Chlorella sp. showed good vitality, simplicity in cultivation, and high nutrient accumulation in harsh conditions of wastewater. In this study, Chlorella vulgaris was inoculated in a membrane photobioreactor (MPBR) with piggery digestate to investigate the C. vulgaris growth rate and the removal efficiency of nutrients and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results indicated that the cultivation of C. vulgaris in an MPBR system exhibited continuous and simultaneous removal of NH4+, PO43−, and COD from two-fold diluted piggery wastewater. Both the algae growth rate and nutrient removal depended on the liquid hydraulic retention time in the MPBR. The highest removal efficiency of NH4+ (74.55%), PO43− (70.20%), and COD (65.85%) was obtained in the longest HRT of 5 days with the highest microalgae biomass concentration of around 1.1 g/L. The algae washout phenomenon was negligible in the continuous cultivation in the MPBR system. Compared to the cultivation in batch mode, the MPBR could achieve a similar algae growth rate and treatment efficiency with a much shorter hydraulic retention time.

Nitrogen flow in livestock waste system towards an efficient circular economy in agriculture.

The race is on to achieve an important level of efficiency in the attainment of a circular economy in agriculture especially with the aim of sustainable nitrogen management. This cycle in the agricultural sector cuts across livestock farming, agriculture-induced waste generation, recycling and utilization, energy generation, crop production, ecosystem protection and environmental management through the mitigation of climate changes. In this work, we assess the process and functionalities of livestock waste generated from the piggery farm and their combinations with other by-products such as biochar and ash in comparison with mineral fertilization as sources of nitrogen applied in agricultural soil. The experiment was performed in a controlled environment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in a neutral and an acidic soil. Pig manure was used as the primary feedstock, fed and processed to biogas and nutrient-rich digestate by the anaerobic digestion process. The results revealed that the co-amendments of pig manure digestate with biochar and ash had complimentary positive effect on measured indices such as mobile potassium, phosphorus, biomass yield and nitrogen use efficiency. The mineral nitrogen fertilizer significantly induced carbon dioxide emissions from day 35 when compared to emissions from the organic amendments. In contrast, the organic amendments influenced nitrous oxide emissions from the onset till day 30 before flattening out. The individual combination of pig manure digestate with biochar and ash had a negative influence on enzymatic activity (dehydrogenase). Soil microbial biomass carbon was induced across all treatments in both soil types. Pig manure digestate + ash and pig manure digestate had 32.1 and 48.8% soil microbial biomass increase in neutral soil and acidic soil, respectively. Overall, the processing and application of single-use amendment or in combination with biochar and ash holds huge potential in the optimization of nitrogen and carbon efficiency towards sustainable soil management via improving soil quality, carbon sequestration and climate change.

Job Motivation and Satisfaction Among Piggery Farm Employees in Niger Delta Area Nigeria

The research assessed empirically the economic appraisal of job motivation and satisfaction among piggery employees. Multi-stage technique of sampling was employed. Structured questionnaires were employed in data collection, and data were analyzed employing descriptive statistics and probit regression model. Productive age of 48 years that were mostly married male with secondary level of education engaged in piggery farming. Moderate family size of 9 persons and a staff strength of 15 persons involved in piggery production. The probit regression results confirmed that wages and salaries were a major determinant to job satisfaction as it was positively statistically significant while advance payment was not a major determinant as advance payment was negatively statistically significant. High wages/salaries was most motivational factor of job satisfaction. The study exposed that job satisfaction resulted to increase in farm revenue and profit. The study suggests that motivational policy of high wages/salaries proportion to work executed and other motivational variables should be enacted in the piggery industry to increase revenue and profit. Keywords: Employees, Farm, Job, Motivation, Piggery, Satisfaction.

Seasonal atmospheric characteristics in a swine finishing barn equipped with a continuous pit recirculation system using aerobically treated manure.

This study was conducted to determine the seasonal characteristics of odorous material emissions from a swine finishing barn equipped with a continuous pit recirculation system (CPRS) using aerobically treated manure. The CPRS consists of an aerobic manure treatment process and a pit recirculation system, where the solid fraction is separated and composted. The aerated liquid fraction (290.0%±21.0% per day of total stored pig slurry) is continuously recirculated to the top of the slurry in the pit. Four confinement pig barns in three piggery farms were used: two were equipped with CPRS, and the other two operated a slurry pit under the slatted floor across all seasons. The indoor, exhaust, and outside odor intensities were significantly lower in the CPRS group than in the control group (p<0.001). In the CPRS group, the odor intensity outside was significantly lower in the fall than in the other seasons (p = 0.015). In the indoor atmosphere, the temperature and CO2, NH3, and H2S contents of the CPRS group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p<0.05). In the CPRS group, indoor temperature did not significantly change in the spring, summer, and fall seasons and was significantly lower in the winter (p = 0.002). NH3, H2S, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl disulfide, trimethylamine, phenol, indole, and skatole levels were significantly lower in the CPRS group than in the control group (p<0.05). There were significant seasonal differences on the odorous material in both the control and CPRS groups (p<0.05), but the pattern was not clear across seasons. The CPRS can reduce the indoor temperature in the summer to a level similar to that in the spring and fall seasons. The CPRS with aerated liquid manure is expected to reduce and maintain malodorous emissions within acceptable limits in swine facilities.

Sustainable Green Connected Systems through Integrated Organic Waste Management Eco-Model for the Green Clean Campus

The sustainable green connected systems are considered as the engine room for fostering the Green- Clean Campuses. The biomass management with organic cycles is crucial factor in tropical sustainable campuses as it tends to produce a huge amount of biomass with multiple organic cycles. This proposed biorefinery model at Chemperi, Kerala which is in tropical region can connect Agri farming, pisciculture, piggery farming, and livestock farming for waste management with a centralized aerobic-anaerobic sewage recycling system. The model has proven benefits of cost optimization, reduced fuel conception, enhancing biodiversity with a sustainable ecosystem, and foster sustainability. The output of these multiple farming provides fresh raw materials for the kitchen with economic and health benefits. This model established at Vimal Jyothi Campus, Chemperi, Kerala found to reduce biomass waste production, biorefinery waste management with energy-saving, inculcating sustainability practices in campus and establishment of Green Clean Campus. The model can be integrated with intelligent monitoring systems and automation.

Piggery Farming in Northeastern Region

Piggery Farming in Northeastern Region

Piggery wastewater treatment with algae-bacteria consortia: Pilot-scale validation and techno-economic evaluation at farm level

The efficiency of an outdoor pilot-scale raceway pond treating the wastewaters generated by a large-scale piggery farm in Northern Italy was evaluated. The biomass productivity over 208 days of experimentation was 10.7 ± 6.5 g TSS·m−2·d−1, and ammoniacal nitrogen, orthophosphate, and COD average removal efficiencies were 90%, 90%, and 59%, respectively. Results were used to perform a comprehensive techno-economic analysis for integrating algae-based processes in farms of different sizes (100–10000 pigs). The amount of N disposed of on agricultural land could be reduced from 91% to 21%, increasing the fraction returned to the atmosphere from 2.4% to 63%, and the fraction in the biomass from 6.2% to 16%. For intensive farming, the release of 110 t N·ha−1·y−1 contained in the digestate could be avoided by including algae-bacteria processes. The biomass production cost was as low as 1.9 €·kg−1, while the cost for nitrogen removal was 4.3 €·kg N−1.

Ecological-Health Risks of Potentially Toxic Metals in Mangrove Sediments near Estuaries after Years of Piggery Farming Bans in Peninsular Malaysia

The Sepang Besar River (SBR) was reported to be highly contaminated with Cu and Zn due to piggery farming wastes before 1998. Following the piggery farming ban (PFB) in 1998 in Bukit Pelanduk, the present study aimed to assess the ecological-health risks of potentially toxic metals (PTMs) (Cu, Pb, and Zn) in the mangrove surface sediments from SBR. Two adjacent rivers, namely the Sepang Kecil River and Lukut River, were also included for comparison purposes. The PTMs of present sediment samples collected in 2007 and 2010 were compared with those reported before and after PFB. The PTMs levels were lower than those of established sediment quality guidelines. Results of bioavailable fractions, individual contamination factor, risk assessment code, potentially ecological risk index (PERI), and non-carcinogenic risk (with HI &lt; 1.0 based on the pathways of Cu, Pb, and Zn and the order: ingestion &gt; dermal contact &gt; inhalation), the present findings indicated that the three rivers had caused no ecological-health risks of Cu, Pb, and Zn. In particular, SBR estuary had drastic lower levels of Zn (7.48–9.40 times lower between 1998 and 2010) and Cu (8.30–36.9 times lower between 1998 and 2010), after 12 years of PFB. Based on the exponential decay model, the PERI values showed that the estuary of SBR has been improved from a “considerable ecological risk” to a “minimal ecological risk” after 12 years of PFB. This is the first paper on the ecological-health risks of Cu, Pb, and Zn in the estuary of SBR. Future monitoring is still necessary for effective risk management of the mangrove ecosystem at SBR.

Adsorption performances of corn cob-derived biochar in saturated and semi-saturated vertical-flow constructed wetlands for nutrient removal under erratic oxygen supply

In this study, corn cob biochar-established Vertical-Flow Constructed Wetland (saturated and semi-saturated systems) with varying oxygen supplying blueprints were initiated to purge methane-fermented wastewater from a piggery farm. Adsorption capacity results of Iodine (2.439 ± 0.120 mmol Iodine g−1) and methylene blue (5.86*10−7 ± 1.631*10−8 mmol MB g−1) revealed the presents of enough adsorption from the aqueous solution and large surface area estimations by the Iodine (307.9 m2 g−1) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller-BET (263.0 m2 g−1) measurements synchronously. The Bayesian statistical analysis approach was used to analyze the experimental data and the Langmuir model well described the adsorption data than the Freundlich model. The results exhibited the capability of corn cob biochar in removing nutrients from swine wastewater as prescribed shown by the adsorption mechanisms (Iodine and Methylene Blue (MB)) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images with a biofilm attached to the corn cob biomass. Both constructed wetland systems inferred their aptitude to reducing the concentration strengths of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), NH4+-N, and PO43− with higher removal efficiencies. The SEM images taken before and after the constructed wetland execution revealed that the biochar's surface had the attached biofilm of microbial communities that were present during the wetland's operation. The use of biochar in constructed wetlands with intermittent oxygen supply provides a better treatment of wastewater in rural areas of developing countries as a sustainable pollution control strategy.

Entrepreneurial Behavior of Piggery Trainees of Pashu-Vigyan Incubator

Entrepreneurship as a dynamic and innovative process of a country’s development hasbecome a prerequisite for supporting the government of India’s ambitious flagship programof ‘Atm-nirbhar Bharat”. The study is an ex-post facto research to ascertain theentrepreneurial behavior of the trainees who attended the entrepreneurship developmentprogramme on piggery at agri-business incubator ICAR-IVRI (Pashu-Vigyan Incubator). Apurposive sampling technique was used to select 80 trainees starting their piggeryenterprises. The data were collected through mailed e-questionnaire and telephonic follow-up. The entrepreneurial behavior was determined on nine dimensions and majority of thetrainees showed a high level of ‘cosmopoliteness’, ‘achievement motivation’, ‘riskorientation’ and coordinating ability but possessed medium level ‘information seekingbehavior’, ‘self-confidence’, ‘innovativeness’, ‘planning ability’. The entrepreneurialbehavior showed positive and significant correlation with their experience in piggery, attitudetowards scientific piggery farming, social participation, education and income. Overall highmean entrepreneurial behavior index was observed indicating a positive effect of theEntrepreneurship Development Program.

Isolation of Multidrug Resistant and Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Bacteria from Faecal Samples of Piggery Farms in Anambra State, Nigeria

Background: Rising global concern about antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has drawn attention to the use of antibiotics in livestock. This research was aimed at isolation and determination of the total coliform bacteria, characterization of the bacterial isolates, screening for multidrug resistant bacteria and the resistant genes from faecal samples of pig farms in Anambra State. Methods: A total of 400 pig faecal samples collected from 40 farms in three senatorial zones of Anambra State were subjected to microbiological analysis and the total coliform bacteria determined. Enteric bacteria from the faecal samples were isolated and identified based on their morphological and biochemical characteristics. Susceptibility of the isolates to different antibiotics were carried out using the standard Kirby‐Bauer disc diffusion method and isolates resistant to cephalosporins were further subjected to Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) for the phenotypical detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. The ESBL producers were subjected to molecular studies for the detection of ESBL genes using PCR protocols. Results: Mean Total coliform counts of the bacteria from pig faecal samples varied in the 3 senatorial zones. Gram-negative bacteria from the pig faecal samples include the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Salmonella, Enterobacter and Proteus. There is a significant difference in resistance of the isolates to cefotaxime (p = 0.025) and streptomycin (p = 0.012) but no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed on the rest of the antibiotics tested. Streptomycin (60%) was the most highly resisted while Imipenem (4%) was the least antibiotics. 54.6% of all the organisms were multidrug resistant while 43.7% were ESBL producers. BlaCTX was present in ESBL-producing isolates. Conclusion: There is presence of pathogenic enteric organisms in pig faecal samples harbouring antimicrobial resistant genes. Prudent use of antibiotics in pig farms in Anambra State is therefore recommended to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance.

Potential use of piggery excreta as a viable source of bioethanol production

Livestock waste products have been shown to be a viable source of biofuel. Although research have shown that animal excreta may be used to produce bioethanol, there are scanty of reports on the use of piggery (Sus scrofa) excreta for bioethanol production. The goal of this study was to produce bioethanol on a modest scale from pig excreta using a conventional anaerobically fermentation technique with Saccharomyces cervices. Using piggery excreta, we were able to produce 0.765–1.02 gm/200 mL of 89.59 percent pure bioethanol. Gas chromatography (GC) was used to evaluate the single distilled solvent generated from the pretreated (with 4% H2SO4) and fermented pig excreta, which indicated 89.59 percent purity and a retention time of 4.104 min that was closer to absolute ethanol values. The signal peaks indicating the CH3, OH, and CH2 groups of ethyl alcohol were detected employing proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis of the fermented distilled colourless from pig excreta. The antibacterial activity of bioethanol was also evaluated against several gram positive and negative pathogens, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be between 11 and 25 g/mL. The potential of piggery excreta as an alternative source of bioethanol production and antibacterial agents were identified in this early investigation. In view of public health concerns as well as pollution prevention, pig manure disposal is a critical concern. In developing countries, industrialized small-scale pig farming has exploded, but the environmental issues that come with it have yet to be fully recognized. This research might lead to a more inventive and intelligent method for piggery waste/excreta disposal. As a result, policymakers may wish to consider adopting this approach for piggery farm waste/excreta management in the future, resulting in cleaner production and improved environmental conditions.