Pig Urine Research Articles

Metabolism of 14C-histamine in domestic animals. 3. Horse and pig.

AbstractThe metabolism of 14C‐histamine injected i.v. in 3 ruminant species (goat, sheep, and cow) has been studied previously. In the present study isotope dilution‐ and paper chromatographic techniques were used to examine urinary 14C‐metabolites of i.v. injected 14C‐histamine in the horse and the pig. The urine excreted the first 24 hrs after injection accounted for 64–76 % and 81–91 % of the radioactivity injected in horses and pigs, respectively. Less than 2 % of the injected radioactivity could be accounted for in the feces excreted the first week after injection. Known metabolites in the first 24 hr urine on an average accounted for about 94 % and 103 % of the urinary radioactivity in horses and pigs, respectively. Methylation of his‐tamine to 1.4‐methylhistamine and further oxidation to 1.4‐methylimidazoleacetic acid was quantitatively the most important pathway for histamine degradation, accounting on an average for about 63 % and 76 % of the radioactivity in horse and pig urine, respectively. The horse and the pig seemed to metabolize histamine in quite a similar way which again was quite different from that previously found in the ruminants in which oxidative deamination of histamine to imidazoleacetic acid was the only pathway of quantitative importance. As in ruminants histaminol seemed to be a metabolite of i.v. injected histamine accounting for about 2 % of the urinary radioactivity. The specific radioactivity of histamine was about tenfold larger than for 1.4‐methylmidazoleacetic acid, in horses and pigs.

Metabolites of 4-chloroaniline and chloroacetanilides produced by rabbits and pigs

From the urine of rabbits collected 24 hr after the injection of 4-chloro-acetanilide, 18 per cent of the material was recovered as 4-chloroglycolanilide and 21 per cent as 4-chlorooxanilic acid. Weekly repetition of the dose increased the proportion of 4-chlorooxanilic acid to about 27 per cent. After the injection of 4-chloro-aniline, 3 per cent was found in the urine as 4-chloroglycolanilide and 3 per cent as 4-chlorooxanilic acid. Weekly repetition substantially increased the yield of the metabolites, 4-chloroglycolanilide amounting to about 17 per cent and 4-chlorooxanilic acid to about 8 per cent of the dose of 4-chloroaniline. Pigs were found to excrete only 11 per cent of the 4-chloroacetanilide injected as 4-chloroglycolanilide. No 4-chlorooxanilic acid was detected in the pig's urine after the injection of 4-chloroacetanilide or 4-chloroglycolanilide. These results and the recovery of 80 per cent of intraperitoneally injected 4-chlorooxanilic acid in the urine demonstrate that the pig, in contrast to the rabbit, is unable to oxidize 4-chloroglycolanilide to 4-chlorooxanilie acid. The low yield of 4-chloroglycolanilide in the pig's urine is, at least partly, explained by the rapid decomposition of 4-chloroglycolanilide observed with pig liver and kidney homogenates in vitro. N-Hydroxy-4-chloroacetanilide was not discovered in the urine of rabbits injected with 4-chloroacetanilide. Results of experiments with m-chloroacetanilide and o-chloroacetanilide on rabbits demonstrate the importance of the chlorine being substituted in the 4-position for the hydroxylation of the acetic acid, less than 0.1 per cent of a dose of m-chloroacetanilide and no detectable trace of o-chloroacetanilide being found as glycol analog in the urine. 3-Amino-7-chlorophenoxazone-2 was isolated from the urine of rabbits injected with 4-chloroaniline after the urine had been incubated with glucuronidase-sulfatase.

Identification of tertiary aminomethylenedioxy-propiophenones as urinary metabolites of safrole in the rat and guinea pig

Three nitrogen-containing metabolites of safrole (1-allyl-3,4-methylenedioxy-benzene) are excreted in the urine of rats and/or guinea pigs following oral or intraperitoneal administration. The major safrole basic ninhydrin-positive metabolites of the guinea pig and rat are 3- N- N-dimethylamino-1-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-propanone and 3-piperidyl-1-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-propanone, respectively. In addition, the rat also excretes the above N, N-dimethylaminoketone and trace amounts of 3-pyrrolidinyl-1-(3′,4′-methylenedioxyphenyl)-1-propanone. All three of these aminoketones decompose to form 1-(3′,4−methylenedioxyphenyl)-3-propen-1-one.

Absorption, Excretion, and Biotransformation of Dimethyl Sulfoxide in Man and Miniature Pigs After Topical Application as an 80% Gel

The absorption, excretion, and biotransformation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 80% gel, DEMASORB®, was studied in man and in miniature pigs. DMSO 80% gel (15 cc, t.i.d.) was applied topically to the elbows of human subjects and allowed to remain there for 30 minutes after each application. Under these conditions, daily absorption of DMSO 80% gel ranged from 25 to 40% of the total dose. DMSO 80% gel (15 g, t.i.d.) was completely absorbed within 4 hours after application to the shaved backs of miniature pigs. Both man and miniature pig transformed DMSO to dimethylsulfone (DMSO 2 ) and dimethylsulfide (DMS). DMSO and DMSO 2 were excreted in the urine, whereas DMS was eliminated in the expired air. In man, the relative amounts of DMSO and DMSO 2 in the plasma were similar to those found in the urine. The biological half-life of DMSO 2 in both the plasma and urine of man was 2.5 to 3 days. Urinary excretion of DMSO plus DMSO 2 ranged from 9 to 35% of the dose in both man and miniature pigs; only 1.6% of the dose was present in the feces of miniature pigs. Whereas DMSO 2 was the main excretory product in the urine of man, DMSO was the major component in the urine of miniature pigs.

Studies on trimetoquinol—I: Distribution, excretion and metabolism of trimetoquinol

Distribution, excretion and metabolism of [ 3H]trimetoquinol and [ 3H]isoproterenol in the guinea pig and rat were studied. Ten min after [ 3H]trimetoquinol was injected intravenously (i.v.) into a guinea pig, the highest concentration was found in kidney, moderate levels in spleen, lung and heart, and very low level in brain. The pattern of distribution of [ 3H]isoproterenol was similar to that of [ 3H]trimetoquinol. However, levels of [ 3H]trimetoquinol in tissues other than liver and kidney were higher than were those of [ 3H]isoproterenol. After [ 3H]trimetoquinol administration, 42 per cent of the radioactivity was excreted in 48 hr in urine and 49 per cent in 48 hr in faeces; after [ 3H]isoproterenol administration, 87 per cent of the radioactivity was excreted in the 48-hr urine. It was found that trimetoquinol, like isoproterenol, was metabolized by either O-methylation or conjugation with glucuronic acid. Of the radioactivity excreted in the 4-hr urine of guinea pigs given [ 3H]trimetoquinol, the largest part (61.0 per cent) was the glucuronide of this drug, 11.5 per cent was unchanged and the remainder was O-methylated trimetoquinol and its glucuronide. When [ 3H]isoproterenol was injected i.v. into guinea pigs, of the radioactivity in the 4 hr urine, the largest part (55.0 per cent) was the glucuronide of O-methylated isoproterenol, 10 per cent was unchanged and the remainder was either O-methylated isoproterenol or the glucuronide. Differential urinary and biliary excretion of trimetoquinol and its d-isomer was observed in both the rat and guinea pig. The O-methylation of the l- and d-isomers by liver homogenates of rat and guinea pig was relatively stereospecific for the l-isomer.

The Sda blood group antigen in tissues and body fluids.

Abstract. In man the Sdaantigen is present in most secretions with the greatest concentration in urine. There is little difference in the amount of Sdasubstance in the urine of newborn infants, pregnant women and normal adults but there is a much greater amount in the saliva of newborn infants than in adults. Approximately half the people whose red cells group as Sd(a‐) secrete Sdasubstance in the urine. Anti‐Sdaantibody is present in 50% of Sd(a‐) non‐secretors of Sdasubstance, though most of these antibodies only react with the strongest Sd(a +) cells. The greatest Sdaactivity has been found in human meconium, guinea pig urine and guinea pig kidney. Activity can be detected in the urine of many animal species. The kidneys of 5 bird species did not contain Sda.

Metabolism of drugs. LXIX. Studies on the urinary metabolites of morphine in several mammlian species.

In the previous study of this series, morphine was shown to be metabolized not only to morphine-3-glucuronide, but also to morphine-6-glucuronide in rabbits. The present study have demonstrated that this is common in rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, mice and human. As a minor metabolite of morphine, normorphine was also detected in the urine samples of these species by thin-layer chromatography. However, the excretion of this metabolite into the urine of guinea pigs given morphine was not conclusive, since the similar spot was also observed on the thin-layer chromatogram of the urine extract from untreated animals. Quantitative estimation of major metabolites of morphine in the urine of rabbits and guinea pigs indicated that most of the dose was accounted for as conjugated morphine, but in rats morphine was excreted mostly as free morphine and in lesser amount as the conjugates in 24 hr urine.

Metabolism of drugs. LXIV. Species differences of metabolism of phenacetylurea.

In our previous papers, it was shown that phenacetylurea administered to rabbits is metabolized to 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenacetylurea, but in mice it is not converted to this unique metabolite. The present study revealed that the above metabolite is also excreted as one of the major metabolites in the urine of guinea pigs and a human after doses of phenacetylurea, as well as rabbits, whereas rats apparently do not follow to this pathway. Although in these species of animals and in a human the metabolic patterns of phenacetylurea were somewhat different each other, the drug was metabolized by two main pathways, hydroxylation of aromatic ring and hydrolysis of ureide group in all species examined. The identification and determination of the metabolites in animal species were facilitated by use of 14C-labeled phenacetylurea.

Preliminary Study of Carbohydrates in the Urine of Manganese-deficient Guinea Pigs at Birth

Carbohydrate components of urine of manganese-deficient and control newborn guinea pigs have been determined before the animals had access to extrauterine nourishment. Small amounts of the sugars arabinose, fructose, fucose, galactose, glucose, lactose, mannose, ribose and xylose were found in the urine of newborn guinea pigs of both manganese-deficient and control dams. Equating urine specimens on the basis of creatinine concentration revealed that slightly higher amounts of ribose occurred in the manganese-deficient progeny. The most striking difference in the carbohydrate components of urine was a threefold higher concentration of free myoinositol in the urine of control animals at birth. Compounds were determined by paper chromatography techniques. Some speculation is made about the reduced myoinositol content of urine of manganese-deficient young, the synthesis of glucuronic acid in fetal development, and the relation of these to connective tissue defects known to occur in manganese-deficient guinea pigs.

Species differences in the metabolism of sulphadimethoxine.

1. The fate of sulphadimethoxine (2,4-dimethoxy-6-sulphanilamidopyrimidine) was studied in man, rhesus monkey, dog, rat, guinea pig and rabbit. 2. About 20-46% of the dose (0.1g./kg.) of the drug is excreted in the urine in 24hr. in these species, except the rat, in which only 13% is excreted. 3. In man and the monkey sulphadimethoxine N(1)-glucuronide is the major metabolite in the urine. In the rabbit and guinea pig N(4)-acetylsulphadimethoxine is the main metabolite. In the dog the drug is excreted mainly unchanged. In the rat equal amounts of the unchanged drug and its N(4)-acetyl derivative are the main products. 4. Small amounts of sulphadimethoxine N(4)-glucuronide are found in the urine of all the species. Sulphadimethoxine N(1)-glucuronide occurs in small amounts in the urine of rat, dog and guinea pig; none is found in rabbit urine. 5. Sulphadimethoxine N(4)-sulphate was synthesized and found to occur in small amounts in rat urine. 6. Monkey liver homogenates fortified with UDP-glucuronic acid are able to synthesize sulphadimethoxine N(1)-glucuronide with the drug as substrate. Rat liver has also this ability to a slight extent, but rabbit liver is unable to do so. 7. Sulphadimethoxine N(4)-glucuronide is formed spontaneously when the drug is added to human urine. 8. The biliary excretion of the drug and its metabolites was examined in rats. The drug is excreted in rat bile mainly as the N(1)-glucuronide. The N(1)- and N(4)-glucuronides administered as such are extensively excreted in the bile by rats.

17-Hydroxycorticosteroid excretion rhythms in guinea pigs

ARTICLES17-Hydroxycorticosteroid excretion rhythms in guinea pigsWH HuibregtseWH HuibregtsePublished Online:01 Jun 1968https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.214.6.1268MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByDetermination of cortisol in guinea pig urine by high performance thin-layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography/radioimmunoassayChromatographia, Vol. 44, No. 1-2Thin-layer chromatography on silica-coated aluminium sheet as an adjunct to radioimmunoassay of steroidsJournal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, Vol. 563, No. 1Urinary excretion of free glucocorticosteriods and testosterone in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus): Effects of long-acting corticotrophin and human gonadotrophinComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 91, No. 4Secretion of corticosterone in vitro by normothermic and hibernating ground squirrelsComparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Vol. 38, No. 4 More from this issue > Volume 214Issue 6June 1968Pages 1268-1272 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1968 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1968.214.6.1268PubMed4870148History Published online 1 June 1968 Published in print 1 June 1968 Metrics

Metabolism of aminonucleoside-8- 14C in the rat and guinea pig

The aminonucleoside (PA) of puromycin is nephrotoxic to rats but not to guinea pigs. That guinea pigs are resistant to PA-nephrotoxicity has been confirmed in the Hartley strain. The metabolic disposition of subcutaneoulsy administered PA in the rat and in the Hartley guinea pig has been determined with the aid of the 8- 14C-labeled compound. Unchanged PA is the major urinary excretion product in both the rat and guinea pig 8 hr after PA administration, and allantoin represents the major end-product of metabolism. Guinea pigs, but not rats, excrete part of the PA-8- 14C as 14CO 2. The monodemethylated analog of PA, viz., 6-methylamino-9-(3′-amino-3′-deoxy-β- d-ribofuranosyl)purine, is the major nucleoside metabolite in the urine of rats and guinea pigs. The rat demethylates PA to this monodemethylated analog in vivo at a rate approximately 4-fold greater than the guinea pig.

Excretion of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene by guinea pigs injected with 2-acetylaminofluorene

Small amounts of N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene were observed in the urine of guinea pigs intraperitoneally injected with 2-acetyl-aminofluorene. The N-hydroxylation product was identified and determined after being oxidized to 2-nitrosofluorene. After the injection of 122.8 mg as well as 245.6 mg/kg 0.03 per cent of the dose was found in the urine as N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene.

The biochemistry of aromatic amines. The metabolism of 2-naphthylamine and 2-naphthylhydroxylamine derivatives.

1. 2-Naphthylhydroxylamine and 2-nitrosonaphthalene were present in urine of dogs but not of guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits or rats dosed with 2-naphthylamine. N-Acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine and its O-sulphonic acid and O-glucosiduronic acid were not detected in the urine of any of these species. 2. Bile from rats dosed with 2-naphthylamine contained (2-naphthylamine N-glucosid)uronic acid and 6- and 5,6-substituted derivatives of 2-acetamidonaphthalene. 2-Amino-1-naphthyl and 2-acetamido-1-naphthyl derivatives, 2-naphthylhydroxylamine and its N-acetyl derivative or conjugates of these were not detected. Bile from a dog dosed with 2-naphthylamine contained no 2-amino-1-naphthyl derivatives. 3. 2-Naphthylhydroxylamine was metabolized by the dog, rat and guinea pig to the same products as those formed by these species from 2-naphthylamine. Rabbits formed mainly 2-amino-1-naphthyl derivatives; these are minor metabolites of 2-naphthylamine in this species. 4. (N-Acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine O-glucosid)uronic acid was excreted in the urine and the bile of rats and in the urine of guinea pigs and rabbits dosed with N-acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine. 5. After the administration of 2-acetamidonaphthalene, (N-acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine O-glucosid)uronic acid was detected in the urine of dogs, but not in the urine of other species. The dog excreted an acid-labile cysteine derivative of 2-acetamidonaphthalene, but only traces of the corresponding mercapturic acid. 6. After dosing with N-acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine-O-sulphonic acid, rats excreted derivatives of 2-amino-1-naphthol. 7. 2-Nitrosonaphthalene, N-acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine, N-acetyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine-O-sulphonic acid, 2-naphthylhydroxylamine-N-sulphonic acid, N-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-naphthylhydroxylamine-O-sulphonic acid were synthesized.

N-Hydroxylation of 2-aminofluorene in the guinea pig and by guinea pig liver microsomes in vitro.

N-hydroxy-2-aminofluorene was found in the urine of guinea pigs intraperitoneally injected with 2-aminofluorene. The hydroxylamine was oxidized to the nitroso analogue and this was identified and determined in the carbon tetrachloride extract by its characteristic UV absorption, by thin-layer chromatography, and by the formation of a diazo compound in the reaction with nitrous acid. Only a small fraction of the 2-aminofluorene injected appeared in the urine as N-hydroxy derivative.

Studies on 6-azauridine and 6-azacytidine—III.: The fate of 6-azacytidine in various animal species

The elimination of parenterally administered 6-azacytidine, 100 mg per kg of body wt, was studied in the urine of mice, rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs. The deamination of 6-azacytidine in vivo and in vitro is extremely low in rats, Within 24 hr the drug is completely eliminated in all investigated species, either in the original or the deaminated form. The deaminated product, 6-azauridine, accounts for about one-third of the total amount. In mice, the kidney is the organ with the highest enzymatic activity for the deamination of 6-azacytidine; in guinea pigs, the kidney and ileum; in rabbits, the ileum; in cats, the ileum and liver, while in dogs only the liver appears to be involved. The results are discussed from the point of view of 6-azauridine being the effective metabolite and from a phylogenetic aspect.

Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion of Oxazepam and Its Succinate Half-Ester

C14-Oxazepam was administered orally to dogs, rats, and pigs. Radioassay of blood, various tissues, and excreta indicated that the drug was well absorbed. A single dose was largely eliminated within 2 days, mostly via urine in dogs and pigs and via feces in rats. One metabolite, a glucuronide, accounted for more than 95 per cent of the radioactivity of dog and pig urine. The radioactivity of rat urine was distributed among at least seven metabolites. C14-Labeled-Wy-4426 (a succinate half-ester of oxazepam) was found to disappear rapidly from an i.m. injection site in rats and to be distributed uniformly throughout the organs. Exceptions were the gastrointestinal tract, which appeared to be the route favored for excretion in this species, and the liver and kidney, in which somewhat higher than average levels were attained shortly after injection. About two-thirds of the dose was excreted in feces and about one-fifth in urine by the forty-eighth hour after injection. The drug appeared to undergo the same extensive metabolic alteration in rats as oxazepam—at least seven distinct metabolites appearing in urine. After i.v. injection of Wy-4426 in dogs, blood levels peaked within 15 minutes but declined slowly, so that even at 48 hours appreciable levels were found. The blood values from the fourth hour compared closely with those obtained following oral administration of oxazepam. Dogs excreted about two-thirds of the dose in urine and one-third in feces within 72 hours. Three radioactive spots in chromatographed urine of dogs injected with Wy-4426 were identified as unchanged drug, oxazepam, and the glucuronide of oxazepam. Similar spots were obtained when Wy-4426 was administered to pigs. The fate of oxazepam in humans was similar to that in dogs and pigs. C14-Oxazepam was administered orally to dogs, rats, and pigs. Radioassay of blood, various tissues, and excreta indicated that the drug was well absorbed. A single dose was largely eliminated within 2 days, mostly via urine in dogs and pigs and via feces in rats. One metabolite, a glucuronide, accounted for more than 95 per cent of the radioactivity of dog and pig urine. The radioactivity of rat urine was distributed among at least seven metabolites. C14-Labeled-Wy-4426 (a succinate half-ester of oxazepam) was found to disappear rapidly from an i.m. injection site in rats and to be distributed uniformly throughout the organs. Exceptions were the gastrointestinal tract, which appeared to be the route favored for excretion in this species, and the liver and kidney, in which somewhat higher than average levels were attained shortly after injection. About two-thirds of the dose was excreted in feces and about one-fifth in urine by the forty-eighth hour after injection. The drug appeared to undergo the same extensive metabolic alteration in rats as oxazepam—at least seven distinct metabolites appearing in urine. After i.v. injection of Wy-4426 in dogs, blood levels peaked within 15 minutes but declined slowly, so that even at 48 hours appreciable levels were found. The blood values from the fourth hour compared closely with those obtained following oral administration of oxazepam. Dogs excreted about two-thirds of the dose in urine and one-third in feces within 72 hours. Three radioactive spots in chromatographed urine of dogs injected with Wy-4426 were identified as unchanged drug, oxazepam, and the glucuronide of oxazepam. Similar spots were obtained when Wy-4426 was administered to pigs. The fate of oxazepam in humans was similar to that in dogs and pigs.

URINARY OESTROGEN EXCRETION IN THE PIG AT OESTRUS AND DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE.

Summary. A chemical method for estimating oestrogens in the urine of pigs (Raeside, 1963) was used to study the levels during the oestrous cycle. Complete and continuous urine collection, free from contamination with faeces, was carried out with two sows for about 4 weeks. The pattern for urinary oestrone showed a well defined peak, near the onset of oestrus, with a relatively sudden fall to levels which remained low until the approach of the next oestrus. The relation of the oestrone peak to oestrus was examined more closely in four sows, with estimations made on urine samples representing 8-hr periods during continuous collection. The findings suggest a preovulatory fall in oestrogen production in the sow. Less reliable estimations were obtained for the oestradiol fraction, and no quantitative results for oestradiol-17β are presented.

Quantitative paper chromatography of C 21O 5 and C 21O 6 corticosteroids from guinea pig urine extracts

The development of a quantitative paper chromatographic method for the routine determination of reducing C 21O 5 and C 21O 6 corticosteroids from guinea pig urine extracts by means of a single chromatographic step and direct densitometry following reaction with blue tetrazolium has been described. Among a number of paper chromatographic systems tried, the system 1,2-dichloroethane-methanol-water was found to give the most suitable results. The phase diagram of this ternary system was constructed and a number of compositions and other variables affecting the resolution have been studied. An empirical system with a mobile phase consisting of 1–2% methanol in ethylene chloride saturated with H 2O was found to give a good resolution and reproducibility. Treating the papers with 1,2-dichlorobenzene prior to reaction with blue tetrazolium caused the formation of a much bluer formazan with an absorbancy of roughly three times that obtained without treatment. The all-over precision achieved following cortisol (20–120 μg) deposition on paper, chromatography, and densitometry was on the average 10% (coefficient of variation).

The rate of flow of urine of foetal pigs.

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 161, Issue 2 p. 344-350 ArticleFree Access The rate of flow of urine of foetal pigs J. S. Perry, J. S. PerrySearch for more papers by this authorMargaret W. Stanier, Margaret W. StanierSearch for more papers by this author J. S. Perry, J. S. PerrySearch for more papers by this authorMargaret W. Stanier, Margaret W. StanierSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1962 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006890Citations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume161, Issue2May 1, 1962Pages 344-350 RelatedInformation