Pig Manure Fertilizer Research Articles

Effects of organic fertilizers on yield, soil physico-chemical property, soil microbial community diversity and structure of Brassica rapa var. Chinensis.

The amount of chemical fertilizer for vegetables is on the high level in China. The use of organic fertilizers to meet the nutrient requirement of crops will be an inevitable practice in sustainable agriculture. In this study, we compared the effects of pig manure fertilizer, rabbit manure fertilizer and chemical fertilizer on yield, quality of Brassica rapa var. Chinensis, soil physico-chemical properties and microbial community by using two consecutive seasons of three fertilizers in a pot experiment. The results were as follows: (1) In the first season, the fresh yield of Brassica rapa var. Chinensis applying chemical fertilizer was significantly (p ≤ 5%) higher than those of applying the pig manure and rabbit manure fertilizer, and the results were the opposite in the second season. The total soluble sugar concentration of fresh Brassica rapa var. Chinensis applying rabbit manure fertilizer was significantly (p ≤ 5%) higher than those of applying pig manure fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in the first season, and the NO3-N content of fresh Brassica rapa var. Chinensis on the contrary. (2) The organic fertilizer increased the concentration of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and organic carbon in soil in both two seasons. Rabbit manure fertilizer increased the soil pH and EC and significantly (p ≤ 5%) reduced the soil NO3-N content. (3) The pig manure and rabbit manure fertilizer significantly (p ≤ 5%) increased the diversity and abundance of soil bacterial of Brassica rapa var. Chinensis, but had no significant effect on soil fungi. Pearson correlation analysis showed that soil TN, TP, organic carbon content and EC were significantly correlated with soil bacterial α - diversity. There were significant differences (p ≤ 5%) in the bacterial community structures between three treatments in two seasons, and significant differences (p ≤ 5%) in the fungal community structures between fertilizer treatments while not between two seasons. Pig manure and rabbit manure fertilizer decreased the relative abundance of soil Acidobacteria and Crenarchaeota, rabbit manure fertilizer significantly increased the abundance of Actinobacteria in the second season. Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) showed that soil EC, TN, and organic carbon content were key physico-chemical factors in determining bacterial community structure in Brassica rapa var. Chinensis soil, and soil NO3-N, EC, SOC concentration and soil pH in the fungal community structure.

Use of resistant Rhizoctonia cerealis strains to control wheat sharp eyespot using organically developed pig manure fertilizer

The effects of Rhizoctonia cerealis resistant strains to control wheat sharp eyespot in pig manure developed organic fertilizer were investigated. Organic fertilizer was produced in a self-built aerated static composting box (0.37 m3) and later assessed using values of temperature, moisture, pH, C/N ratio, nitrogen transformation, fluvic- and humic acid composition and germination index. Together, these assessments indicated that disposed pig manure could be considered as a non-hazardous fertilizer. By adding R. cerealis resistant strains (Bacillus flexus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis and Paenibacillus sp.), we were successfully able to develop wheat sharp eyespot inhibiting bio-organic fertilizer. Our results showed that soil applied with 10 t/hm2 of the developed bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the dry weight of the wheat, promoted chlorophylls and soluble protein composition and effectively prevented the wheat from sharp eyespot. The protection rate (77.1%) of our developed bio-organic fertilizer is 42.3% higher than the tested commercially available organic fertilizer (34.8%), and the disease index is significantly lower (P < 0.001) than both the control and commercial organic fertilizer. In conclusion, the prevention and control effects of our developed bio-organic fertilizer on wheat sharp eyespot were both significant and promising.

Effect of Dried Pig Manure Fertilization on Barley Macronutrients and Sodium in a Nitrate Vulnerable Zone

Dried pig manure (DPM) may be valorized as a fertilizer suitable for barley crop in nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZs). The aim of this study was determine the macronutrients and sodium contents in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) resulting from its application in a NVZ in Fompedraza (Valladolid, Spain). DPM was applied at three rates (85, 133, and 170 kg N ha−1 year−1); the mineral fertilizer with a nitrification inhibitor was applied at two rates (90 and 108 kg N ha−1 year−1), and these were compared with the control treatment (without fertilization) in a randomized complete block design. Nutrients were monitored in four different plant growth stages and in grain over a 3-year period. DMP-based fertilization increased P and Na contents in plant and decreased those of Ca and Mg. These changes were only translated into a P increase in grain. The Na content in plant should not affect the final crop yield, making this waste management strategy viable even in NVZs. However, N content in plant in tillering and stem elongation stages was lower for DPM-based fertilization than for mineral fertilization, and so was the C content, both in plant and in grain. Since N content is a limiting factor for crop development, supplementary mineral fertilization would be advised to compensate for N immobilization if this organic waste material is to be valorized as a fertilizer.

Effects of Pig Manure Composts on Lettuces Quality and Nitrogen/Phosphorus Utilization Efficiency in Huang-Huai Plain

The prevailing problems in countryside, such as excessive use of chemical fertilizer and large amounts of livestock manure, need to be addressed urgently. In order to optimize the amount of applied organic fertilizer, the experiment was carried out in the planting-breeding combined circular agricultural area of Huang-Huai plain and the effects of pig manure fertilizer amounts on lettuces yields, quality and nitrate/phosphorus utilization efficiency were investigated. It was found that the replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer had no significant effects on the N and P content of lettuces when treated with the same amounts of fertilizer. However, it could improve its yield, quality, and nitrogen/phosphorus utilization efficiency. When the ratio of organic fertilizer replacement was 25%∼75%, the nitrate and nitrite content of lettuces were reduced by 19.41% and 73.33% compared with the chemical fertilizer treatment. The nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency in the 75% organic fertilizer replacement were highest, which were 30.4%/44.9% higher than that of chemical fertilizer respectively. Above all, the 75% organic fertilizer with 25% fertilizer group had the best effect on the yield of lettuces, improving the quality and utilization efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. The results could provide an important scientific basis for determination of regional vegetable planting fertilizer and reduce the non-point source pollution risk.

Phyllosphere of staple crops under pig manure fertilization, a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes

In China, the common use of antibiotics in agriculture is recognized as a potential public health risk through the increasing use of livestock derived manure as a means of fertilization. By doing so this may increase the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) from animals, to soils and plants. In this study two staple crops (rice and wheat) were investigated for ARG enrichment under differing fertilization regimes. Here, we applied 4 treatments, no fertilizer, mineral fertilizer, clean (reduced antibiotic practice) and dirty (current antibiotic practice) pig manure, to soil microcosms planted with either rice or wheat, to investigate fertilization effects on the abundance of ARGs in the respective phyllospheres. For both rice and wheat, samples were collected after two separate fertilization periods. In total, 162 unique ARGs and 5 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected from all rice and wheat samples. The addition of both clean and dirty manure, enhanced ARG abundance significantly when compared to no fertilizer treatments (P < 0.001), though clean manure enriched ARGs to a lesser extent than dirty manure, in all rice and wheat samples (P < 0.001). The classes of ARGs recorded were different between crops, with wheat samples having a higher ARG diversity than rice. These results revealed that staple crops in China such as rice and wheat may be a reservoir for ARGs when clean and dirty pig manure is used for fertilization.

Using new hetero-spectral two-dimensional correlation analyses and synchrotron-radiation-based spectromicroscopy to characterize binding of Cu to soil dissolved organic matter

Understanding the binding characteristics of copper (Cu) to different functional groups in soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important to explore Cu toxicity, bioavailability and ultimate fate in the environment. However, the methods used to explore such binding characteristics are still limited. Here, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) integrated with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 27Al NMR, and synchrotron-radiation-based FTIR spectromicroscopy were used to explore the binding characteristics of Cu to soil DOM as part of a long-term (23 years) fertilization experiment. Compared with no fertilization and inorganic fertilization (NPK), long-term pig manure fertilization (M) treatment significantly increased the concentration of total and bioavailable Cu in soils. Furthermore, hetero-spectral 2DCOS analyses demonstrated that the binding characteristics of Cu onto functional groups in soil DOM were modified by fertilization regimes. In the NPK treatment, Cu was bound to aliphatic C, whereas in the manure treatment SiO groups had higher affinity toward Cu than aliphatic C. Also, the sequence of binding of functional groups to Cu was modified by the fertilization treatments. Moreover, synchrotron-radiation-based FTIR spectromicroscopy showed that Cu, clay minerals and sesquioxides, and C functional groups were heterogeneously distributed at the micro-scale. Specifically, clay-OH as well as mineral elements had a distribution pattern similar to Cu, but certain (but not all) C forms showed a distribution pattern inconsistent with that of Cu. The combination of synchrotron radiation spectromicroscopy and 2DCOS is a useful tool in exploring the interactions among heavy metals, minerals and organic components in soils.

Abundance and community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea in purple soil under long-term fertilization

Ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms, which drive the first and rate-limiting step in the process of nitrification, play an important role in soil N-cycling processes. However, little is known about the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) in purple soils, which are characterized as lithologic soils without distinct pedogenic horizons and are mainly distributed in the Sichuan basin of Southwestern China. Here, the abundance and community structure of AOB and AOA in a 21-year fertilization experiment were investigated by real-time PCR and terminal restriction fragment-length polymorphism (T-RFLP), respectively. In the present study, nine different fertilization treatments were examined: NPK fertilization plus pig manure (NPK + M), NPK fertilization (NPK), without fertilization (CK), pig manure fertilization (M), P with NH4Cl and KCl plus pig manure (Cl + M), PK fertilization (PK), NK fertilization (NK), NP fertilization (NP), and N fertilization (N). Our results indicate that N-fertilized treatments have higher AOB abundances than the control (CK) and treatments without N amendment. The lowest AOA abundance and AOA/AOB ratios were observed in the treatment (Cl + M) with long-term application of NH4Cl plus KCl. The AOB community structure under combined addition of N and P differed from that under other treatments. The Cl + M treatment had a distinct AOA community structure and higher diversity compared with other treatments. Moreover, higher potential nitrification rates (PNR) were found in the combined N and P addition treatment groups than that in the other treatment groups, and the lowest PNR and pH (<6) were detected in the Cl + M treatment. These results highlight that not only nitrogen but also phosphorus may be a crucial factor affecting soil ammonia-oxidizing activity and triggering changes of AOB community composition. Moreover, soil pH might have an essential role in controlling the AOA community structure and ammonia-oxidizing activity in purple soil.

Influence of cattle or pig manure fertilization on zinc in runoff from sloped vegetable fields

Influence of cattle or pig manure fertilization on zinc in runoff from sloped vegetable fields

돈분 퇴·액비 시용 방법이 벼 양분 흡수, 수량 및 토양물리화학성에 미치는 영향

벼 재배시 돈분뇨 퇴 액비 시용 방법을 구명하기 위하여 전북 고창 소재 미사질 양토에서 화학비료 100% 대비 돈분뇨 퇴 액비를 기비와 추비로 분시하여 5개처리구에 벼 품종 동진1호를 사용하여 토양 이화학성 변화, 양분이용률 및 수량 등을 조사하였다. 논 토양중 <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX>-N함량은 벼 생육초기에는 화학비료 100%구가 퇴 액비 분시구보다 높았으나 생육후기로 갈수록 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 침출수중 <TEX>$NO_3^-$</TEX>-N함량은 화학비료 100%구보다 퇴비와 액비 또는 화학비료 분시로 낮아졌다. 시험 후 논토양 중 OM과 Avail. <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX> 및 치환성 양이 온 함량은 퇴 액비의 영향으로 퇴비 50%+액비 50%구와 퇴비 30%+액비 70%구에서 높았고 공극율도 높은 경향이었다. 벼 양분 흡수량은 화학비료 100%구와 퇴 액비 분시구간에 큰 차이가 없었으나, 질소 이용률은 화학비료 100%구 대비 퇴비 50%+액비 50%구와 퇴비 30%+액비 70%구에서 평균 66%수준에 머물렀다. 쌀 수량은 화학비료 100%시용구 <TEX>$557kg\;10a^{-1}$</TEX> 대비 퇴비 50%+액비 50%는 90%로 낮은 수준이나 퇴비 30%+화학비료 70%와 퇴비 30%+액비 70%구는 평균 96%로 화학비료 100%와 유의차가 없었다. 따라서 벼 재배시 가축분뇨 퇴비 30% 시용 후에 액비 또는 화학비료 70%를 분시하면 토양 물리화학성 개선은 물론 화학비료를 절감할 수 있으며, 일시에 전량 액비시용보다는 작물이 필요한 시기에 분시를 함으로서 생산성 향상과 토양 환경오염을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. In order to develop the application method of compost manure (CM) and liquid manure (LM) for rice cultivation, experiments were conducted at silty loam paddy field in Gochang, Jeonbuk, a LM applied rate as N%; non-application, chemical fertilizer (CF) 100%, CM 50%+LM 50%, CM 30%+CF 70% and CM 30%+LM 70% as basal and additional fertilizer. <TEX>$NH_4^+$</TEX>-N content in paddy soil was higher with CF 100% application than the split application of compost and liquid pig manure fertilizer during the early stage of rice growth. However, there was no significant difference in the later part of rice growth. Amount of <TEX>$NO_3^-$</TEX>-N in leachate was decreased in CM 30%+LM 70% and CM 30%+CF 70% split applications compared to CF 100%. Amounts of OM and Avail <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX>, Exch. cations in soil of experiment after were highest with the split application of CM 50%+LM 50% and CM 30%+LM 70%. Amount of nutrient uptake of plants were no significant difference between the split application plots of CM and LM, but nitrogen utilization rate was 66% in average CM 50%+LM 50% and CM 30%+LM 70% to compared CF 100%. The rice yield of CM 50%+LM 50% was lower (90%) comparing that of CF 100% (<TEX>$557kg\;10a^{-1}$</TEX>). But the yield in CM 30%+CF 70% and CM 30%+LM 70% reached 96% in average, which did not show significant difference with that of CF 100%. Accordingly, LM 70% or CF 70% split application after CM 30% application was helpful in enhancing the physicochemical property of soil as well as reducing CF. It could be evaluated that this application in segmentation was better in productivity improvement and soil pollution reduction than the esinultaneous application of LM 100% in terms of split application in times of requirement for plants.

Effects of liquid pig manure fertilization on the density and species structure of Oribatida (Acari) and green forage yield in a lowland meadow in Poland

Effects of liquid pig manure fertilization on the density and species structure of Oribatida (Acari) and green forage yield in a lowland meadow in Poland The effect of liquid pig manure fertilization, with or without the disinfectant VIT-TRA, on oribatid communities was investigated in a lowland meadow in Poland. The disinfectant was tested at 3 concentrations: 0.50% (fungicidal), 0.75% (bactericidal), and 3.00% (viricidal). Liquid pig manure without the disinfectant increased the green forage yield along with increasing doses of this fertilizer, while addition of disinfectants affected the yield in different ways. Low and medium doses of fertilizer (20 and 40 m3·ha-1) with fungicide slightly decreased the yield, while the high dose (60 m3·ha-1) usually increased it, as compared to the control. Low and medium doses of liquid pig manure, treated or not with disinfectants, decreased the abundance of oribatid mites. In contrast, the high dose increased their abundance, except for the plot with a high dose of viricide, where they were slightly less abundant than in the control. In the investigated meadow, Liebstadia humerata, Parachipteria bella and Scheloribates laevigatus were abundant, but reacted negatively to low and medium doses of liquid pig manure treated or not with disinfectants, and positively only to the high dose of fertilizer treated with fungicide and bactericide, as compared to the control plot.

Effect of mineral fertilizer, pig manure, and Azospirillum rugosum on growth and nutrient contents of Lactuca sativa L.

Benefits from the application of plant growth-promoting bacteria in agriculture largely depend on the complex interactions between several factors including the nature of fertilizers selected. This study was designed to determine the fine tuning between the inoculated bacteria and different fertilizers and their effect on the growth of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.). Plant growth promotion by a novel species of the genus Azospirillum, namely A. rugosum IMMIB AFH-6, was tested by biochemical, bioassay, and greenhouse studies. The treatments used in the greenhouse study were; unfertilized control (Blank), half recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (1/2CF), full recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (1CF), pig manure fertilizer (PMF), pig manure fertilizer + half recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (PMF + 1/2CF), and pig manure fertilizer + full recommended dose of chemical fertilizer (PMF + 1CF). All these treatments when inoculated with A. rugosum IMMIB AFH-6 inoculation were, respectively, In-Blank, In-1/2CF, In-1CF, In-PMF, In-PMF + 1/2CF, and In-PMF + 1CF. Significant increase in plant biomass and shoot N, P, Ca, and Fe was shown in the In-Blank treatment. Plant growth in soil amended with PMF and A. rugosum IMMIB AFH-6 was significantly lower than in soil treated with the chemical fertilizer, but inoculation combined with chemical fertilizer significantly elevated the plant biomass. The In-PMF + 1/2CF treatment showed the highest yield. A. rugosum IMMIB AFH-6 facilitated the accumulation of trace minerals in higher concentrations when PMF was combined with 1CF. To examine the benefits of inoculation by A. rugosum IMMIB AFH-6, we have proposed a new type of data analysis which considers both biomass and nutrient content of plants. This new type of analysis has shown the importance of the mineral content of plant.

Impact of long-term fertilization on different forms of inorganic phosphorus in aquic brown-soil

为提高磷肥利用效率、维持并提高土壤供磷力,在潮棕壤上进行了15年的定位施肥试验，试验处理涵盖了中国典型的8种施肥模式：不施肥(CK)、施循环猪圈肥(M)、单施氮肥(N)、施氮肥+循环猪圈肥(N+M)、施氮磷肥(NP)、施氮磷肥+循环猪圈肥(NP+ M)、施氮磷钾肥(NPK）、施氮磷钾肥+循环猪圈肥(NPK+M)，对不同施肥模式下耕层(0～20 cm)土壤无机磷进行了分级测定。研究表明：有效或缓效态无机磷(Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P)含量在无化学磷肥直接投入的情况下均有不同幅度的下降，导致土壤无机磷库亏损；在有化学磷肥直接投入的情况下这些形态的无机磷不但能满足当季作物需求还有盈余，且以NP+M处理盈余最多，丰富了土壤无机磷库。各处理O-P、Ca₁₀-P形态的无机磷均有所增加，且其中部分可由盈余的有效磷素缓慢转化而来。循环猪圈肥（M）的施用能减缓各形态无机磷含量的下降；氮肥和钾肥均能极大促进植物对磷素的吸收，加速土壤磷库亏损。NP+M施肥模式最有利于短期提高土壤供磷力，促进土壤供磷力发展。本研究还发现，有效或缓效态无机磷(Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P、Al-P、Fe-P)与有效磷相关性很好，这进一步完善了土壤供磷力的指标体系。

Use of a fractionation procedure to assess the potential for P movement in a soil profile after 14 years of liquid pig manure fertilization

The accumulation of P originating from animal wastes in the soil profile is of agronomic and environmental concern. Sequential extraction procedure provides relevant information to mobility, bioavailability and distribution of P in animal manure-amended soils. Such information is needed to assess the potential for biological P leaching, under organic amendments, in some Quebec agriculture ecosystems. This study was conducted using soil samples from the long-term experimental plots of the Soil Research Station of the Quebec Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food at St-Lambert de Lévis, Quebec, Canada. The objective of this work was to examine the distribution of P fractions in the profile of a Le Bras silt loam soil (Gleysol) growing corn ( Zea mays L.) which had received liquid pig manure (LPM) for 14 years. The surface soil was fertilized annually with various rates of LPM (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 cm 3 ha −1) in a randomized complete block design with four replicates since 1979. In the fall of 1992, soil samples were collected after the corn harvest from 20 soil plots at 20-cm intervals to a depth of 100 cm. Soil samples were air-dried, crushed, sieved through a 2-mm sieve, and analyzed for soil P fractions using a sequential extraction technique. All treatments resulted in an increase in the labile P pool contents of surface or profile soil compared with the control. Without exception, the amounts of P pools decreased with soil depth and were highly correlated with the LPM rates. The proportion of total P as labile (resin-P i + NaHCO 3-P + NaOH-P) in the soil profile increased from 61 (control) to 79% (highest LPM rate). The amounts of P generally increased in the following order: moderately labile NaOH-P i and -P o (254 mg kg −1) > labile P extracted by resin and NaHCO 3 (209 mg kg −1) > stable P (172 mg kg −1). On average, the amount of labile P i forms (304 mg kg −1) was larger than the amount of labile P o forms (159 mg kg −1) and represented an important fraction of the total labile P pools. Compared to the control treatment, the mean concentration of geochemical P (resin-P i + NaHCO 3-P i + NaOH-P i + HCl-P i + residual P) increased in the soil profile by 16, 26, 33 and 50% for 30, 60, 90 and 120 m 3 ha −1 LPM, respectively. On a profile basis, the soil receiving the highest rate of LPM contained 1.8-fold the biological P (NaHCO 3-P o + NaOH-P o) of the unamended soil. Amounts of labile P o pools in the soil profile were highly correlated with the organic carbon content. Results from this study suggest that heavy application of LPM over the 14-year period promotes P movement to lower portions of the soil profile. The leaching or translocation of P compounds would be responsible for the distribution of P in the various soil layers. Management of LPM rates is necessary after a long-term fertilization of corn.