Piece Of Pipe Research Articles

Instantaneous flowrate measurements in high-pressure liquid flows

A new flowmeter suitable for high-pressure flows and with a prompt dynamic response is presented. It is constituted by two pressure transducers installed on the monitored high-pressure pipe at a fixed distance one from the other, together with a low-pressure flowmeter that provides a time-averaged flowrate. The measurement algorithm consists of an ordinary differential equation obtained by combining the mass conservation partial differential equation and the momentum balance one applied to the considered piece of pipe comprised between the two pressure transducers. Due to the absence of a master instrument that can be employed as reference to verify the consistency of the measured flowrate, the flowmeter accuracy has been demonstrated by means of numerical models of various hydraulic components, rigorously validated through pressure measurements. The flow ripple of gear pumps has been measured, as well as the flowrate entering a Common Rail injector. For all these cases, the measured flowrate and the one obtained by means of the numerical model are in very good agreement, leading to a robust validation of the presented measurement device.

Harvested versus conditioned new test pieces in drinking water lead or copper corrosion testing

Abstract Corrosion monitoring apparatuses are important tools in drinking water distribution systems for empirically assessing effectiveness of corrosion treatment before application to the entire water system. They are also important for tracking lead or copper release in the distribution system before, during, and after a treatment strategy is in place. A major debate is whether to use test pieces of pipe harvested from the distribution system or to use conditioned new metal surfaces. Harvested and conditioned new test pieces were studied in multiple types of water systems using analysis of chemical scales, biofilms, and metals release data. It was found that both methods of testing are equally valid if procedures follow certain conditions: (1) apparatus configuration and operation are consistent, (2) properties of distribution system pipe wall accumulations are known, (3) dissolved and particulate metal fractions are determined, and (4) apparatus metal release data are correlated with residential data. The use of conditioned new test pieces, obtainable with relative ease, lowers corrosion control study costs, providing a tool for water systems of all sizes to select the most effective corrosion control strategy and to pro-actively track lead and copper release trends in the distribution system.

Investigation of Wall Thickness, Corrosion, and Deposits in Industrial Pipelines Using Radiographic Technique

In this study, radiographic techniques were used to inspect large-diameter pipes that are used for transporting fluids in some industries in Ghana. Radiographic approaches such as the double wall technique (DWT) and tangential radiographic technique (TRT) were used to evaluate the remaining wall thickness, deposits, and corrosion in the pipes. Two steel pipes with known varying wall thicknesses ranging from 4.00 mm to 13.00 mm with a diameter of 150.00 mm were examined to authenticate the accuracy and reliability of the tangential method that was used to measure the remaining wall thickness. The tangential configuration resulted in a higher material thickness, which therefore required more time of exposure compared to the DWT method. The exposure angle of the source to the tangential part of the specimen was approximately 87°. The film generated was compared with a normal pipe piece that was not machined to serve as a control. From the radiograph obtained, an average of 6 and 7 rounded indications depicting pitting corrosion were revealed on the radiograph of the internally and externally fabricated pipe, respectively. Radiographs after the TRT revealed that the recorded wall thickness obtained from the film is about twice the value of the calculated true wall thickness.

Innovative Perspectives on Biofilm Interactions in Poultry Drinking Water Systems and Veterinary Antibiotics Used Worldwide

Prudent use of antibiotics in livestock is widely considered to be important to prevent antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the interactions between biofilms and veterinary antibiotics in therapeutic concentrations administrated via drinking water through a standardized experimental setup. In this context, two biofilms formed by pseudomonads (Pseudomonas (P.) aeruginosa or P. fluorescens) and a susceptible Escherichia (E.) coli strain were developed in a nutrient-poor medium on the inner surface of polyvinyl chloride pipe pieces. Subsequently, developing biofilms were exposed to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (SDZ/TMP) or tylosin A (TYL A) in dosages recommended for application in drinking water for 5 or 7 days, respectively. Various interactions were detected between biofilms and antibiotics. Microbiological examinations revealed that only TYL A reduced the number of bacteria on the surface of the pipes. Additionally, susceptible E. coli survived both antibiotic treatments without observable changes in the minimum inhibitory concentration to 13 relevant antibiotics. Furthermore, as demonstrated by HPLC-UV, the dynamics of SDZ/TMP and TYL A in liquid media differed between the biofilms of both pseudomonads over the exposure period. We conclude that this approach represents an innovative step toward the effective evaluation of safe veterinary antibiotic use.

WITHDRAWN: A deep learning vision and laser-assisted method for the automatic assembly and positioning of shield pipe pieces

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Design of the box type evaporator in the solar adsorption refrigerator

The evaporator is a device used to separate two phases between liquid-gas and liquid-liquid by using heating media. The model uses aluminum material with dimensions 170 mm x 170 mm x 240 mm and uses 3 mm aluminum thickness and three pieces of aluminum pipe with dimensions of 100 mm. The choice of material used it aims to obtain optimal results from the work of the evaporator. The effect of temperature is significant in the process that occurs in the evaporator will determine the effectiveness of the evaporator so that it can separate the water content in methanol. By heating, until one component evaporates on its boiling route, it can separate it from other parts by using methanol with 90% purity. The results of the design that is made produce an evaporator with a volume of 5 liters. The minimum evaporator temperature obtained during testing occurs in the second cycle of 0.5°C. Several factors affect the performance of an evaporator. The total heat needed in the process of reducing the maximum water temperature to the minimum water temperature and the latent heat required by methanol to evaporate.

Efficient methods to mitigate SCR-induced walking of short subsea flowlines

Steel catenary riser is a long-established option for subsea projects in deep-water regions. Sustained pulling force of steel catenary risers on subsea flowlines in combination with cyclic thermal load throughout the system lifetime may lead to progressive global axial displacement of subsea pipelines which has been termed as ‘walking’. One of the challenges in the deep-water industry is long-term walking of subsea flowlines in a cumulative manner. Common practice methods for walking mitigation are quite expensive operations. State-of-the-art mitigation strategies are proposed in the paper by means of modifying pipe pieces before the installation operation. Bowed pipe pieces and miter joints are two recommended approaches for walking mitigation. The presented mitigation strategies are relatively cost-effective solutions for the pipe-walking challenge and they are able to considerably cease the potential cyclic walking. Comprehensive FE analyses in ABAQUS software are performed to evaluate the proposed deformed pipelines response subject to two loading conditions. Through-life integrity of the suggested pre-deformed pipeline is assessed in terms of effective axial force, local buckles and excessive axial strains. A comparison of the presented method with conventional techniques shows the effectiveness of the proposed configuration. The proposed methods can significantly reduce effective axial force throughout the subsea pipeline by means of artificially introduced deformations. The cumulative walking of the presented method is practically zero. In addition, the influence of combined triggering mechanisms to the walking phenomenon is assessed when the pipeline is located on a sloping seabed and it is subject to non-uniform thermal loads. A parametric study is performed to improve confidence in design and provide a reasonably practical technique with an optimal shape.

Design of Polypropylene Random Co-Polymer Pipe Cutter

The purpose of this research is to design disc cutter for cutting poly propylene random co-polymer (PPR) and high density polypropylene (HDP) extrudates. Analytical methods and software including like Catia and ANSYS are used to design the tool and analyze the effect of load on the cutter. In designing the disc Cutter, using the digital logic method of material selection, the optimum material, carbon steel 19573 with the least cost, locally obtainable, manufacturable and with hardness 63.42HRC is selected. The desired optimum combination of hardness and toughness of the cutter is obtained using hardening temperature 10200C, tempering temperature 2000C, and tempering time 120min which finally gives a hardness value of 63.42HRC. The strength and quality of cut edge are tested by cutting hard plastic PPR pipe with maximum thickness of 12.9mm. By the same setup of the cutter used in the factory the prototype disc cutter serves and its failure rate improves from cutting 150 to 250 PPR pipe pieces which was recognized by the industry. The research results can be used to design the cutter disk and fabricate a cutter with enough strength to cut different thickness of PPR pipes without breakage, reducing unwanted additional cost.

Method of Calculating the Vertical Displacement and Additional Stress of Existing Tunnels under the Influence of Grouting Rings of New Tunnels

In order to reduce the disturbance to adjacent tunnels caused by tunnel crossing, the existing tunnels are often reinforced by setting grouting rings along the pipe piece ring. In this context, the volume expansion of the grouted soil has to be taken into account, and a mechanical model of the volume expansion of the grouting rings is proposed here to study the effect of the grouting rings of new tunnels on the additional stress on the existing tunnels as well as their vertical displacement. The additional stresses on and the vertical displacement of the axis of the existing tunnels caused by the expansion of the grouting rings were deduced based on the stochastic medium theory. The influences of various volumetric expansion rates (Q) of the grouting rings, different lengths of the grouting rings, and different tunnel crossing angles on the settlement of and the additional stress on the existing tunnels were studied. The results demonstrate that the grouting rings can effectively reduce the impacts of the additional stress and the settlement deformation on the existing tunnels. The results of the tunnel settlement obtained from the calculation method proposed in this paper are in good agreement with the measured engineering data.

BOD Treatment in HSSF Constructed Wetlands Using Different Media (Set-up stage). (Dept. C)

Municipal wastewater treatment through horizontal subsurface flow (HSSE) constructed wetlands using three different treatment media (gravel, pieces of plastic pipes, and shredded tire rubber chips) were investigated in Samaha wastewater treatment plant, Dakahlia, Egypt. This study focused on the wetland set up stage during the first months of wetland operation. In this stage media porosity, bacterial biofilm, and plants roots growth were in progress and it was prior to the operational steady state stage. Objectives of this paper are to study the change in media porosity of HSSF wetland cells, to evaluate the use of different bed media on BOD treatment and to study the relationship between wetland hydraulic properties and pollutant removal rates during set up stage. The results showed that after 180 days of operation the wetland cells had reached steady porosity. Also, plastic cell gave more BOD reduction than gravel and rubber cells by average values of 4.83% and 8.66% respectively.

Research of Possibility of Application of Hot Tool Flare Welding for Polyethylene Gas Pipelines Construction

At present, when connecting polyethylene pipes for gas pipelines, two basic methods of welding are used: hot tool butt welding and welding with couplings and embedded heater. Hot tool flare welding is mainly used in polymer water supply systems. This paper presents results of research on implementation of this welding method when connecting polyethylene pipes in gas supply systems. It is proposed to use pieces of polyethylene pipes of larger diameter as couplings. Preliminary prolonged tensile tests of obtained welded joints showed effectiveness of this technology when joining polyethylene pipes.

Rancang Bangun Mesin Pemotong Pipa Dengan Pergerakan Torch Otomatis Untuk Optimasi Proses Plasma Cutting

The development of the industrial world that is increasingly making the production process in an industry or factory requires increasingly developing technology and materials and tools that are easy to obtain so that the production process can run smoothly. One component needed in the industrial world is a material in the form of a pipe. Some industries still do the pipe cutting process using oxy acetylene welding which still uses hand and saw saws. This is certainly not effective because the pipes have different size and thickness. To cut the pipe using oxy acetylene welding will produce less neat pieces because the process is still manual by hand and must rotate the pipe, so we need a tool to facilitate the cutting process. Pipe cutting machine using plasma cutting is a machine made to facilitate the pipe cutting process. The process of cutting pipes is cutting tools that move around to produce pieces of pipe. With this machine, it can help speed up students in the process of cutting pipes without having to rotate the pipe to be cut. The purpose of the skeletal design of the pipe cutting machine using plasma cutting is to count the elements of the machine, determine the frame of the machine, determine the design concept of the machine and make the design of the draw frame. In making this machine the author uses the design method approach of VDI 222, drawing software using Solidworks 2017 and working drawings using ISO standards. The results of the concept design evaluation decision are, the framework uses 40 x 40 x 3mm hollow iron with an estimated production time used is 15.32 hours or equal to 2 working days if it is done in 1 day for 8 hours. Then the bill of material in making the frame on this machine spent 53 parts. The best cutting results are obtained from cutting 8 mm thick pipes with a speed of 10 rpm. So from the planning, the framework on the pipe cutting machine using plasma cutting, can function properly. so we need a tool to facilitate the cutting process.

Tunnel pre‐support using pipe umbrellas – Technical developments and their advantages

AbstractPipe umbrella support systems have been used successfully for tunnelling in challenging ground conditions since the 1970s. The single umbrella pipes are installed stepwise and parallel to the later installed saw‐tooth shaped primary lining by connecting pipe pieces to each other. The connections are the weakest link of the support system, so recent developments in this field also have an effect on system performance. The development of both machinery and connection types have a major influence on pipe umbrella design for tunnelling. This includes not only simple parameters like installation length or tube dimension but also the connection type. So a conventional pipe umbrella design is not as cost‐efficient as current technical possibilities allow, because material as well as time savings are missed. This article explains possible optimisations for pipe umbrella supported tunnels with simple examples to show cost‐optimised design principles regarding time and material.

Influence of Inlet Position on the Amount of Pollutant Particles Trapped Along the Flow Path of Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Pipe Utilized for Filtering Swamp Water

This study aims to explain the effect of inlet position of a Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Pipe on the amount of pollutant particles caught along the flow path in the SSF Pipe. The main equipment used is nine pieces of SSF Pipe, each has 4 inches in diameter and 50 cm in length with Pantai Panjang Bengkulu’ssand as the filter medium. The inlet positions tested were 90°, 45° and 0°; repeated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). The observed variable is the weight of the captured pollutant in the SSF at the distance of 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm from the inlet. Results of the research showed that the number of pollutant particles caught along the flow path in the SSF decreased following a linear model as the distance from the inlet was increased. The number of pollutant particles caught also decreased with the decrease of inlet position slope. The inlet position significantly affected the number of pollutant particles caught along the flow path; the position of 90° causes the highest amount of pollutants to be caught and significantly differs from that of the position of 45° and 0°. The position of 0° causes the least amount of pollutants to be captured that considered to be the best inlet position so far. It is important; however, to research whether inlet position of more than 180° could result in a much smaller amount of pollutant caught along the flow in the SSF Pipe.Keywords: SSFPipe, inlet position, particle caught in SSF, peat water filtration

Influence of Inlet Position on the Amount of Pollutant Particles Trapped Along the Flow Path of Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Pipe Utilized for Filtering Swamp Water

This study aims to explain the effect of inlet position of a Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Pipe on the amount of pollutant particles caught along the flow path in the SSF Pipe. The main equipment used is nine pieces of SSF Pipe, each has 4 inches in diameter and 50 cm in length with Pantai Panjang Bengkulu’ssand as the filter medium. The inlet positions tested were 90°, 45° and 0°; repeated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). The observed variable is the weight of the captured pollutant in the SSF at the distance of 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm from the inlet. Results of the research showed that the number of pollutant particles caught along the flow path in the SSF decreased following a linear model as the distance from the inlet was increased. The number of pollutant particles caught also decreased with the decrease of inlet position slope. The inlet position significantly affected the number of pollutant particles caught along the flow path; the position of 90° causes the highest amount of pollutants to be caught and significantly differs from that of the position of 45° and 0°. The position of 0° causes the least amount of pollutants to be captured that considered to be the best inlet position so far. It is important; however, to research whether inlet position of more than 180° could result in a much smaller amount of pollutant caught along the flow in the SSF Pipe.Keywords: SSFPipe, inlet position, particle caught in SSF, peat water filtration

Influence of Inlet Position on the Amount of Pollutant Particles Trapped Along the Flow Path of Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Pipe Utilized for Filtering Swamp Water

This study aims to explain the effect of inlet position of a Slow Sand Filter (SSF) Pipe on the amount of pollutant particles caught along the flow path in the SSF Pipe. The main equipment used is nine pieces of SSF Pipe, each has 4 inches in diameter and 50 cm in length with Pantai Panjang Bengkulu’ssand as the filter medium. The inlet positions tested were 90°, 45° and 0°; repeated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD). The observed variable is the weight of the captured pollutant in the SSF at the distance of 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, and 40cm from the inlet. Results of the research showed that the number of pollutant particles caught along the flow path in the SSF decreased following a linear model as the distance from the inlet was increased. The number of pollutant particles caught also decreased with the decrease of inlet position slope. The inlet position significantly affected the number of pollutant particles caught along the flow path; the position of 90° causes the highest amount of pollutants to be caught and significantly differs from that of the position of 45° and 0°. The position of 0° causes the least amount of pollutants to be captured that considered to be the best inlet position so far. It is important; however, to research whether inlet position of more than 180° could result in a much smaller amount of pollutant caught along the flow in the SSF Pipe.Keywords: SSFPipe, inlet position, particle caught in SSF, peat water filtration

Effect of Misalignment of Penstocks on Head Loss

AbstractA penstock is a conduit which is normally used to convey water from a reservoir to hydraulic turbines. It is made by joining a number of pieces of pipe whose proper alignments are essential...

PEMETAAN DAN KLASIFIKASI SEDIMEN DENGAN INSTRUMEN SIDE SCAN SONAR DI PERAIRAN BALONGAN, INDRAMAYU-JAWA BARAT

Berdasarkan hasil deteksi dasar laut menggunakan side scan sonar dalam pencitraan benda-benda di dasar laut dapat menghasilkan berbagai variasi gambar yang digunakan untuk pencitraan objek-objek dasar laut, selain itu dapat memberikan informasi dalam pengembangan wilayah pantai. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah visualisasi atau pemetaan dasar perairan dan klasifikasi sedimen atau objek di dasar laut secara kualitatif, sehingga dapat diketahui keadaan dasar laut. Interpretasi dan klasifikasi data akustik side scan sonar dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan software Sonar Pro untuk melihat bentuk geometris dan keunikan dari suatu objek. Pengambilan contoh sedimen dilakukan pada 6 jalur transek dengan jarak antar transek 0.5 km. Setiap transek terdapat 3 buah stasiun sampel sedimen dan jumlah total adalah 18 sampel sedimen. Berdasarkan hasil pemetaan dasar laut daerah Balongan terdapat buangan sedimen, paritan dan kerukan sedimen, selain itu terdapat objek seperti box, mooring, potongan pipa, tali, pole.

Detecting near-surface buried targets by a geophysical cluster of electromagnetic, magnetic and resistivity scanners

We recently built up a geophysical cluster that includes three kinds of instruments EM61-MK2, Magnetometer and OhmMapper, which can simultaneously measure the secondary electromagnetic, magnetic and apparent resistivity data. This paper will demonstrate field experiments of using this cluster and development of integrated data proceeding schemes that can individually and simultaneously process the three kinds of data measured by the cluster, and yield integrated images of near-surface buried targets. We conducted mapping experiments on a 20m×20m synthetic field site, beneath which five targets: a cross iron pipe, two small iron cylinder and block, a piece of limestone and PVP pipe are buried in different depths. The results show that the integrated cluster and data-processing schemes are successful in detecting these near-surface buried targets.

Wastewater treatment in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands using different media (setup stage)

Wastewater treatment through horizontal subsurface flow (HSSF) constructed wetlands (CWs) using three different treatment media (gravel, pieces of plastic pipes, and shredded tire rubber chips) were investigated in Samaha village, Dakahliya, Egypt. The study focused on the wetland setup stage during the first months of its operation (setup stage). In this stage media porosity, bacterial biofilm, and plant roots growth were in progress and it was prior to the operational steady state stage. Objectives of this paper are to study the change in media porosity of HSSF wetland cells in order to estimate duration of wetland setup stage, and to evaluate the use of different bed media on biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) treatment. The results showed that after 180 days of operation, the wetland cells had reached steady porosity and had started stable treatment. Also performance of plastic media bed in pollutants reduction was better than gravel and rubber beds and gravel media was in advanced than rubber media.