Pieces Of Liver Tissue Research Articles

Effects of Digestive Temperature and Time on Diatom Test.

To study the effects of temperature and time for diatoms digestion and find out suitable digestive temperature and time. Eighty pieces of liver tissues were collected, each piece of tissue was 2 g, and 2 mL Pearl River water was added to each piece of tissue. The digestion temperature was set at 100 ℃, 120 ℃, 140 ℃, 160 ℃, 180 ℃ and the digestion time was set at 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 min. The liver tissue and water mixture were divided into 8 portions in each group. All the samples were tested by microwave digestive - vacuum filtration - automated scanning electron microscopy method. The quantity of diatom recovered and the quality of residue on the membrane were recorded. When the digestion time was set to 60 min, there were statistically significant differences in the number of diatoms recovered at different temperatures (P<0.05). The maximum number of diatoms recovered was (28 797.50±6 009.67) at 140 ℃, and the minimum residue was (0.60±0.28) mg at 180 ℃. When the digestion temperature was set at 140 ℃, there were statistically significant differences in the number of diatoms recovered at different digestion times (P<0.05). The number of diatoms recovered was the highest at 40 min, it was up to (20 650.88±1 950.29), and the residue quality of each group had no statistical significance among different digestion time groups(P>0.05). The effect of diatom digestion is related to temperature and time. When the digestion temperature was 140 ℃ and the digestion time was 40, 50 and 60 min, it is favorable for diatom test.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO EVALUATE THE HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF NILITANDULIYADI LEHA IN PARACETAMOL INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN WISTAR ALBINO RATS

Background: Paracetamol toxicity is currently the single most important cause for acute liver failure and is associated with significant number of deaths. Nilitanduliyadi leha is one among the formulation explained in the context of Vishahara yogas (anti-poisonous formulations) in the text Vishavaidya Jyotsnika. Objectives: To experimentally evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of nilitanduliyadi leha in paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Methods: Albino Wistar rats of either sex weighing 200 – 250, g were selected and divided into four groups of six animals in each group (n = 6). Treatment was given for 7 days. Blood was drawn and sent for tests and important organs like liver and kidney were dissected out, cleaned to remove extraneous tissues, blotted to remove blood stain and weighed. A piece of liver tissue was preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological processing. Results: The formulation has helped in balancing the biochemical parameters studied almost as efficiently as the standard drug. In the antioxidant study also, the drug has given good results and shows even slightly more effective than the standard drug. The histopathology study also reveals mild protection and regeneration of tissues by the effect of test drug. Conclusion: This present study proves that the formulation is having a comparable hepato protective activity with that of silymarin.

Experimental Mechanical Jaundice: Morphological Aspects of Proliferation, the Possibility of Transformation and Involution of Epithelial Cells in the Bile Ducts

On an experimental model of obstructive jaundice in experimental rats, the cytological aspects of proliferation and the possibility of transformation of cholangiol cells into hepatocytes, as well as the cellular mechanisms of involution of the bile ducts, were investigated. The material was the liver of sexually mature rats (n=38) with 10, 20, and 25 days of cholestasis, in which the duct was recanalized during these periods and sacrificed on the 5th, 10th, 15th, 30th and 90th days after the second operation. Pieces of liver tissue were processed by conventional histological and electron microscopic methods. Ligation of the bile duct promotes rapid proliferation of the bile ducts, which correlates with the duration of cholestasis. In the early stages of the experiment (cholestasis for 10 days), the bile ducts occupy the peripheral sections of the lobules, by the 20th day, cholestasis penetrates deeply into the lobule, dismembering it into fragments, and by the 25th day, a picture of biliary cirrhosis develops. It was found that the proliferation of the bile ducts occurs due to the duct cells themselves, the transformation of cholangiol cells into "oval" cells or hepatocytes was not found. The transformation criteria were the shape, intracellular structures, and the state of the boundary plate and the basement membrane of the ducts. Consequently, bile duct cells (cholangioli) and hepatocytes, diverse in their function, showed absolute genetic heterogeneity. After the restoration of the outflow of bile, non-functioning ducts undergo destruction and decay. It has been shown that hepatic macrophages play an active role in cleansing the liver parenchyma from the products of cellular decay of the bile ducts, dead liver cells, as well as excess fibrillar structures. Activated Kupffer cells, due to the content of a large number of heterolysosomes, provide degradation, lysis and utilization of cellular and extracellular structures.

Pathological anatomy of thyrotoxic liver

The work was performed on experimental material. An experimental model of thyrotoxicosis in laboratory animals, white male rats, was obtained by daily administration оf l-thyroxine at a dose of 1.6 mg per 1 kg of body weight. The duration of the experiment was 45 days. 67 mature rats weighing 250–300 g were selected for the experiment. Rats were removed from the experiment after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 45 days. As a control, we used 22 rats that were not injected with L-thyroxine. The level of thyroid hormones in the blood of rats was determined by enzyme immunoassay. A macroscopic study was performed and the size and mass of the rat liver were determined. For histological examination, pieces of liver tissue were taken, and they were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for 10 days. Histological preparations were prepared by the standard method, using histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical studies. The results of the study showed that in experimental thyrotoxicosis, the level of thyroid hormones increases: T3 (triiodothyronine) equals 21.37 ± 0.03 mmol/l, 4.75 ± 0.02 mmol/l in the control; T4 (thyroxine) equals 2.55 ± 0.03 mmol/l, 1.80 ± 0.03 mmol/l in the control. Macroscopic examination revealed a 2-fold increase in the size and weight of the liver. Histological examination revealed widespread interstitial edema of the liver stroma, dystrophic and destructive changes, necrosis of hepatocytes, formation of cavities, thinning and atrophy of the liver beams, lymphocytic infiltration. The immunohistochemical study shows a decrease in Ki-67 expression level to 1.8 % compared to the control (5.0 %), which indicates a decrease in reparative processes in the liver.

Chronographic microscopic study of healing processes after cryosurgery on rabbit’s liver

Cryosurgery is an accepted method for treatment of various lesions. Cryoablation produces rapid freezing of tissues, which leads to cell death due to ice crystallization, desiccation, ischemia, and reperfusion injury during thawing. The beneficial effect of cryocycling, however, has not been universally accepted. In the present study, which was conducted on rabbits, we investigated healing processes after inducing injury by pulse cryocycling on normal liver tissue in vivo. The study was performed on 12 male Dutch rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). A 20-mm diameter contacting probe was used to freeze parietal surface of the liver until the extending of ice ball was visible at the opposite visceral surface. After thawing, the probe was put on the same place and frozen again with equal duration of time as the first. The liver was returned to its normal location in the body and the abdominal and skin incisions were sutured. To evaluate liver injury and regeneration, injured and adjacent healthy tissues were harvested 1, 6 and 24 h, and 3,7,14 days after operation. Pieces of liver tissue were prepared for light microscopy. Connective tissue had completely separated the injured and healthy areas. Abundant capillaries and some new generated basophilic hepatocytes were seen around the central vein after 14 days post operation. Creation of granulation tissue and some regenerated hepatocytes with basophilic cytoplasm, in the 14th day of post operation period, shows ability of the surrounding cells to regenerate the normal tissue.

Significant Liver Toxicity in Albino Rats Upon Oral Aluminium Administration: A Serious Public Health Implication

Aluminium is widely used in medicines, as food additives, as water purification agent, as in the making of household cookware and storage utensils. Aluminium absorption depends on the chemical form of aluminium taken up. Aluminium hydroxide and chlorides are absorbed more efficiently than its phosphorus and fluorine compounds. As aluminium is stored mainly in the liver,1 the present work is conducted to study the morphological and morphometric changes in the liver produced by aluminium chloride(AICI3). 20 inbred adult albino rats weighing 150–200gm each were administered 37.5mg per day of aluminium chloride orally for 21 days with maintenance of 20 similar controls. A small piece of liver tissue was processed for paraffin sections. 7μ thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain and observed under light microscope. The changes were observed at tissue and cellular level along with general architectural derangement, degenerative changes and nuclear variations such as karryorrhexis, pyknosis. These findings are highly conclusive of toxic hepatitis.

Transplantation studies on human and duck hepatocytes in athymic nude mice

For determination of the most suitable tissue for heterotopic transplantation of exogenous hepatocytes, dissociated hepatocytes or small pieces of liver tissue were transplanted into the spleen, adipose tissue and inside the capsule of the kidney of BALB/c mice. Survival of syngeneic grafts of dissociated hepatocytes was highest in the spleen and that of pieces of liver tissue in the adipose tissue, but only the latter system was suitable for xenogeneic transplantation. Histological examination showed that a total of 50% of the human or duck liver tissue implants survived in the inguinal fat pad of athymic nude mice (BALB/c-nu). Histochemical analyses revealed that most hepatocytes transplanted into the fat pad gave positive reactions for glucose-6-phosphatase and with periodic acid-Schiff reagent at least 28 days after transplantation. Electron microscopic observation showed that these cells also maintained characteristic cellular organelles. This xenogeneic transplantation into adipose tissue should be useful in the studies on replication and infection of human hepatotropic viruses such as hepatitis B and C viruses.

UP-REGULATED THROMBOXANE PRODUCTION IN THE RAT LIVER WITH BILIARY OBSTRUCTION DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO PROMOTE HEPATIC INJURY

This study sought to determine whether in vivo inhibition of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) action contribute to attenuate hepatic damage after bile duct ligation (BDL). Male Wistar rats were assigned to sham operation or BDL. At the time of operation, infusion pump with saline, ozagrel natrium (TXA2 synthase inhibitor), or SQ29548 (TXA2 receptor antagonists) was implanted in the abdominal cavity. Plasma alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hyaluronic acid, and total bilirubin levels were measured at 4 days after the operation. The levels of plasma TXB2, a stable metabolite of TXA2, were significantly increased after BDL. Gene expression of TXA2 synthase was also significantly upregulated in the liver. Nonetheless, either an inhibition of TXA2 synthesis by ozagrel natrium or a blockade of TXA2 receptor by SQ29548 has no effect in every measured parameter related to hepatic function. These results indicated that despite a highly increased production in the liver, TXA2 is not directly related to the hepatic injury in BDL rats.

Morphology of portal hypertension at the early stage of liver damage induced by CCl4: an experimental study with dogs

To explore the morphological basis of portal hypertension happened at the early stage of liver damage. Sixteen mongrel dogs were injected intraperitoneally with carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) once a week for 4 weeks and then once every 4 days, totally for 7 weeks. Before the experiment and 7 weeks after the beginning of experiment, small pieces of liver tissues were taken through a median upper abdominal incision and underwent HE staining, Masson's staining, and immunohistochemistry with alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) to label the activated astrocyte (hepatic stellate cell, HSC), and transmission electron microscopy. The portal vein pressure was measured by puncture of gastroepiploic vein. The diameter of spleen was measure too. Since the second weeks after the experiment, the dogs showed vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, weight loss, and varicose vein in the abdominal wall. One dog died of toxic enteritis 3 weeks after the beginning of experiment. 7 weeks after the injection of CCl(4), the average portal vein pressure of the rest 115 dogs was 22.7 cm H(2)O +/- 1.5 cm H(2)O, significantly higher than that before the experiment (12.2 cm H(2)O +/- 1.9 cm H(2)O, 1cm H(2)O = 0.098 kPa, P < 0.05). The long diameter of spleen of the 15 dogs was 24.4 +/- 3.1 cm, significantly greater than that before the experiment (18.7 cm +/- 2.4 cm, P < 0.05). Seven weeks after the injection of CCl(4) the appearance of liver did not change remarkably among the dogs, however, the spleens of the dogs showed swelling and stagnation of blood. No obvious ascites was seen. HE staining showed slight liver damage, such as fatty degeneration of liver cells; Masson's staining and electron microscopy showed typical sinusoid capillarization. alpha-SMA immunohistochemistry stain showed increased number of activated HSCs. Immunohistochemistry showed a number of alpha-SMA positive cells in the hepatic lobules. Portal hypertension was successfully induced in 15 dogs. At the early stage of liver damage the possible cause of portal hypertension is the increased resistance of blood stream due to sinusoid capillarization and activation of HSC.

Sensitivity of laser opto-acoustic imaging in detection of small deeply embedded tumors

Current imaging modalities fail to detect small tumors in the breast. Opto-acoustic tomography is a novel technique for early cancer detection with promising diagnostic capability. The experimental limit of sensitivity and maximal depth of the laser opto-acoustic detection for small model tumors located within bulk phantom tissue were studied. Two phantoms with optical properties similar to that of breast tissue in the near infrared spectral range were used in these studies: turbid gelatin slabs with the thickness of 100 mm and chicken breast muscle slabs with the thickness of up to 80 mm. Gelatin spheres with enhanced absorption coefficient relative to the background absorption and liver tissue were used to simulate small tumors. The experiments demonstrated the capability of laser optoacoustic imaging to detect and localize phantom tumors with the diameter of 2 mm at a depth of up to 60 mm within the gelatin phantoms and 3/spl times/2/spl times/0.6-mm piece of liver tissue within 80-mm chicken breast tissue. Theoretical studies on sensitivity of opto-acoustic detection at various diameters, depths of location, and absorption coefficients of small tumors were performed using the experimental data. Our results suggest that the opto-acoustic imaging may occupy a significant niche in early detection of cancer in the breast and other organs.

A rapid test of liver morphology and function

For the rapid and simultaneous determination of several vitally important parameters of the state of liver tissue the vital dye neutral red was injected into the portal vein. The morphological state of the tissue, the adsorptive power of the liver cells, the efficiency of the microcirculation of the blood, and the pH shift were determined in histological sections cut from part of the piece of liver taken for investigation. From the other part of the piece of liver tissue the dye was extracted and the total quantity of dye adsorbed was determined.

Transplantable Malignant Cholangiocarcinoma From Hamster Liver

We report a highly malignant transplantable tumor, derived from the liver of a hamster fed 2-acetylaminofluorene, that did not appear malignant in the donor. A piece of liver tissue was transplanted into three male weanling hamsters; two months later, all three developed masses at the site of transplantation. The neoplasm was a firm, multinodular white mass, histologically characteristic of scirrhous carcinoma. Hamsters with transplants of tumor tissue, cell suspension, or cell culture all developed a highly malignant tumor. Those with transplants of sonicated cells, pieces of liver from untreated hamsters, and saline injections did not develop neoplastic growths. Transplants through 30 passages were viable, highly malignant, and maintained the original cell type.

Studies On The Transmissibility Of Pathogenic-Organisms To Liver By Migrating Larvae Of Liver Fluke And Hookworm

In order to confirm whether the migrating larvae of parasites could carry pathogenic organisms into liver and cause hepatitis, a series of experiments has been carried out. A. Clonorchis sinensis: Recovery rate of larvae in the abdominal cavity of rabbits: One to seven days after the administration adolescariae were recovered from the abdominal cavity in less than l % of the total number of metacercariae given. Generally, 1~6 larvae were found from each animal which was given 900~1,000 metacercariae, though many larvae were already found in the common bile ducts or remained still in intestine. Fate of Clonorchis sinensis in abdominal cavity: The young or mature worms which were introduced directly into the abdominal cavity were examined l5, 32, 40 and 42 days after the inoculation. Several larvae were found on the surface of liver in four animals. All the worms on the surface of the liver were dead and the biopsied liver tissues on the area where the worms were attached showed no pathological changes. Two of them were between bile duct and liver tissue but pus cell infiltration surrounding them was observed. In every case, pus cell infiltration was found in the peripheral portion of the liver and pus nodules on the surface of intestine and mesentery. The nodule in the intestinal wall contained the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis. Two worms in the abdominal cavity were still alive. From the above results it is suggested that the larvae of Clonorchis sinensis were capable of penetrating the intestinal wall and reaching the organs in the abdominal cavity and surviving for l5~42 days, but they were unable to penetrate the organs. No bacterial flora appeared from the lesion by culture method. Fate of Clonorchis sinensis which was inoculated into the peripheral region of liver: Small abscess was observed at the same area. Microscopically, the area became edematous and the vessels in the peripheral region were dilated. The parasites became necrotic and amorphous. Pathologically the lesions appeared as eosinophilic masses and neutrophile leukocytes were infiltrated surrounding the masses. In some cases, the dead worms were found apart from the original place of inoculation but no leukocyte infiltration was found. There was linear infiltration between the original site and the portion where the dead worm was found. The distance from the capsule varied from 0 to 4 mm. Sometimes, the eggs of Clonorchis sinensis were also found. In all cases, there were no living worms in liver tissues and hepatic ducts. In all case,. the bacteriological examination was negative. Do clonorchis sinensis transfer the microorganism? Five adult worms of clonorchis sinensis were incubated in the saline solution containing Staphylococcus aureus. The intestinal contents of these worms were cultured in the Nutient-agar plate and examined by Methylene Blue and Gram's stain. The area of liver tissue where the Clonorchis sinensis were inoculated showed no inflammatory changes after the 3 days of inoculation but no living Staphylococcus aureus was found in the culture media with which the pieces of liver tissues were smeared. B. Hookworm: Cutaneous infection: Four to eight days after the cutaneous infection of Ancylostoma caninum, the mice were sacrificed. Grossly, there was no abnormal finding in liver. The pieces of liver tissues were smeared on the Nutrient-agar plate, and cocci were found in four out of six examined. The microorganism were confirmed as the same species of Diplococcus pneumoniae which were grown in the hookworm culture media. Oral infection: 1,000 filariform larvae of Ancylostoma caninum were given orally. 24 hours later, the mice were sacrificed and the pieces of liver tissue were smeared on the Nutrient-agar plate. After 50 hours at 36 C, the bacterial colonies were examined bacteriologically. Staphylococcus albus was found from two out of four samples. Grossly there was no abnormality on the surface of liver, but microscopically there were spots like microabscesses which were infiltrated by leukocytes. The larvae were also found from other portions of liver tissues and they were surrounded by yellow colored material. In another experiment, a combination of Ancylostoma duodenale and Staphylococcus aureus was fed to mice. The mice sacrificed five days after the oral administration of Ancylostoma duodenale cultivated in the media containing Staphylococcus aureus. The liver pieces were examined routinely. The larvae cultivated in normal tap water which contained no Staphylococcus aureus was used as control. In the experimental mouse, the cocci appeared in the liver. Pathologically, microabscesses infiltrated with neutrophile leukocytes were found, but there was no manifestation of inflammatory change due to Staphylococcus aureus. There was only mechanical trauma due to the larvae penetration. Haemorrhage appeared only where the larvae were found.

A COMPARISON OF THE RATE OF ABSORPTION FROM NORMAL AND BURNED TISSUES

Excerpt In 1925, Mason, Davidson et al. published a series of papers,1, 2, 3recording the observations made on animals which died in 15 to 18 hours as a result of a small piece of liver tissue left...