Piece Of Apparatus Research Articles

Experimental characterization of a commercial TEG device under mimicked operating conditions

A long-standing zT = 1 barrier is still present in commercial thermoelectric generator devices (TEG) and is typically not overcome. Although it is possible to accept the current limits of such devices, the performances reported on the datasheets are frequently not obtainable when these thermoelectric devices are arranged for use in the actual operating conditions. Despite this, the current primary energy prices and ongoing climate change make their use attractive for many industrial sectors. An experimental investigation is here proposed on a single type of TEG available on the market; the temperature relationships of the electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity in a thermostatic chamber were first determined. A piece of apparatus was assembled to mimic the operating conditions of the TEG device and verify its performance, but some critical issues were highlighted regarding the heat transfer and its ability to maintain an adequate contact pressure on the hot and cold sides of the module. In order to extend the recovery of waste heat to a non-excessively high temperature in the hot forging process, the maximum temperature attained on the hot side of the TEG in the performed experiments was not allowed to exceed 180 °C. With temperatures of around 160 °C on the hot side and just over 40 °C on the cold side, the conversion efficiency was close to 3%. Considering this conversion efficiency and the operating conditions, the estimated order of magnitude of the electricity that could be produced by recovering heat waste in the Italian hot forging sector could be in the region of some hundreds of MWh per year.

Cleaning validation in analytical development: Current challenges and future prospectives

Cleaning validation in analytical development: Current challenges and future prospectives - IJPCA- Print ISSN No: - 2394-2789 Online ISSN No:- 2394-2797 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijpca.2020.018, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis-Int J Pharm Chem Anal

Exclusion of Flying Insect Pests From a Plastic Hoop Greenhouse by a Bamboo Blind-Type Electric Field Screen

The present study describes an economically efficient method for controlling viruliferous whiteflies in a plastic hoop greenhouse, using a bamboo blind-type electric field screen (Bb-EFS) to create a pest-free space. The Bb-EFS had a layer of insulated round iron conductor bars (IBs) and two electrostatic direct current voltage generators that supplied negative or positive voltage to the IBs. The IBs were placed parallel at 4-mm intervals and were connected alternately to a negative or positive voltage generator. Adult test insects (whiteflies, western flower thrips, and tomato leaf miner flies) were blown at up to 5 m/s towards the IBs to identify the voltage range that would capture all the test insects. The results showed that a force ≥ 5.0 kV was strong enough for the IBs to capture all test insects, despite a wind speed of 5 m/s. The Bb-EFS was practical for a greenhouse that experienced frequent invasion by numerous viruliferous whiteflies. Seedlings grew normally inside the Bb-EFS-installed greenhouse. As a supplementary method, an electrostatic insect sweeper and electrostatic flying insect catcher were used to trap whiteflies that avoided the Bb-EFS. Both pieces of apparatus were convenient and easy to operate onsite in a greenhouse environment and were used to trap whiteflies residing on tomato plants or flying inside the greenhouse during daily plant care. These methods controlled the whitefly population to negligible levels, and nearly all tomato plants produced normal fruits.

Teachers’ Competencies in the Design and Delivery of Chemistry Practical Work

The aim of the study was to investigate chemistry teacher’s competencies in the design and delivery of chemistry practical work in selected schools of Kitwe District. The objectives of the study were to: determine the nature of chemistry practical activities designed and delivered by teachers, establish the range of science process skills developed through chemistry teacher designed practical activities. The study was qualitative and a case study design was used. The target population was chemistry teachers teaching the two chemistry syllabi; pure Chemistry (5070) and Science (5124) a combination of Chemistry and Physics in selected secondary schools of Kitwe district. The sample comprised six chemistry teachers and 24 pupils drawn from three secondary schools. The study involved the use of: observation schedule, semi-structured interview schedule, focus group discussion guide and document analysis schedule to collect data. The findings showed that most of the practical activities designed by teachers were procedural in nature hence they were characterised by learners following laid down procedures. It was also noted that the focus of most of these practical activities was to expose learners to pieces of apparatus, verify and confirm what was discussed during theory lessons. The types of science process skills and how they were developed was linked to the nature of the observed practical activities. For this reason, these science process skills were not effectively developed to the extent that could lead learners to construct their own understanding of concepts. The findings of this study are likely to be informative to chemistry teachers, secondary school heads of science department and science teacher educators. Keywords: Teacher’s competency, Science Process Skills, Practical work, Designing DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-23-03 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Free fall—the answer

In my article (Featonby 2014 Phys. Educ. 49 617), an easy-to-make piece of apparatus was dropped to demonstrate what happens under free-fall conditions. Here I answer the questions posed.

Enhancing the sensitivity of recoil-beta tagging

Tagging with β-particles at the focal plane of a recoil separator has been shown to be an effective technique for the study of exotic proton-rich nuclei. This article describes three new pieces of apparatus used to greatly improve the sensitivity of the recoil-beta tagging technique. These include a highly-pixelated double-sided silicon strip detector, a plastic phoswich detector for discriminating high-energy β-particles, and a charged-particle veto box. The performance of these new detectors is described and characterised, and the resulting improvements are discussed.

LHCb VErtex LOcator (VELO) upgrade

The VErtex LOcator (VELO) is a vital piece of apparatus providing tracking, triggering and vertexing to the LHCb experiment. Its superb impact parameter resolution and high efficiency enable LHCb to make precision measurements and searches for New Physics in the flavour sector. These proceedings focus on the R&D for the future LHCb VELO detector to be installed in the upgraded LHCb experiment. In order to increase hadronic yields and to be able to run at higher luminosities LHCb plans to upgrade the front end electronics, currently limited by a first level hardware trigger. For the silicon vertex detector this implies a complete rebuild of the modules and electronics, with improved cooling capability to cope with the high voltages and currents expected after significant radiation damage has been accrued. This paper presents the design considerations for the vertex detector upgrade together with the two proposed options for the sensor layout, based on strips or pixels. As part of the R&D programme a pixel based tracking telescope has been developed for use in testbeams, to gain experience with pixel tracking and to evaluate the technologies under consideration. This paper presents results from the last years running of the TimePix telescope and describes the integration of various test devices.

Equipment for an Experiment

Science is as much defined by the local “instrumentarium,” the equipment available to an experimenter at a particular time and place, as by its discoveries and theories. Instruments are devices for detecting and measuring natural phenomena, linked causally to those aspects of nature they are used to record. Some are inorganic, made of glass and metal, while others are organic, the bodies and body parts of living or once living plants and animals. In contrast, pieces of apparatus are quite different in the ways in which they work. They too can be organic or inorganic, but their role is to model things, process, structures, and so on in the natural world. They are used to study natural processes by simulating them in a user-friendly way. Keeping the distinction between instruments and apparatus in mind is crucial to understanding the power of the experimental method.

Experimental simulation of the infinite slab in thermal ignition

A novel piece of apparatus is described which simulates rigorously the ‘infinite slab’ in traditional thermal ignition theory. The apparatus was applied to shavings of a particular type of wood, and the results are shown to be consistent with those from more conventional experiments using basket heating.

Evaluating human body area factors from digital images: A measurement tool for a better evaluation of the ergonomics of working places

The evaluation of comfort conditions of people in confined environments requires a knowledge of the human body's radiation data. This is essentially represented by the projected area of the body in a given direction. From this factor, other important parameters can be computed, such as projected area factors and angle factors. Presently, these parameters are evaluated using graphs deriving from a pioneering field study carried out by P.O. Fanger for which a piece of apparatus using mirrors and weight operations on film negatives is used. Obviously, these graphs, apart from referring to a limited number of subjects, also involve some reading errors. With the aim of enlarging the number of experimental cases and in order to provide a simplified method of making measurements, this work proposes a new experimental procedure based on digital images of the human body which are processed using a computer-based system. The first part of the paper is dedicated to the description of this procedure and to some early comparison with data found in the literature on the subject. The second part concerns the introduction of a new method for computing the effective area of people, starting from the projected areas taken by means of the present apparatus.

Assessing the environmental performance of stabilised rammed earth walls using a climatic simulation chamber

The SHU climatic simulation chamber is a novel piece of apparatus that allows testing of full-sized walls with realistic inner and outer wall climatic conditions. Four SRE test walls were successfully constructed and tested over four separate regimes to measure physical properties such as pressure-driven moisture ingress, rate of moisture penetration, and internal/interstitial condensation. The walls far exceeded a series of cyclic pressure-driven rainfall penetration tests based on BS 4315-2. After 5 days of exposure to static pressure-driven moisture ingress there was no evidence of moisture penetration or erosion. The embedded sensor array detected no significant increase in the relative humidity or liquid moisture content inside the test walls, throughout a range of temperature differentials with high levels of humidity, indicating a negligible risk of internal or interstitial condensation.

Restaging Liebig: A Study in the Replication of Experiments

In a publication of 1831 later seen as a milestone in the development of chemistry, Justus Liebig announced a new apparatus for the analysis of organic compounds and provided analytical results for fifteen substances. In this paper we used the detailed descriptions published by Liebig in 1837 to reconstruct his apparatus and methods for hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen analysis. Our replications of his analyses of racemic acid, cinchonine, narcotine, and urea reveal that his two pieces of apparatus give excellent results for carbon and hydrogen content, but erratic results for nitrogen. The results corroborate the assessments of Liebig and his contemporaries, and show that the analytical method for carbon and hydrogen analysis was remarkably accurate. We offer this case, with its convincing replicability, not only to clarify the nature of Liebig's innovations, but also as a new model for understanding broader contested issues in the philosophy and sociology of science. Our analysis suggests that the great shift in science from gentlemanly avocation to professional vocation was tightly linked to laboratory practice, and not just to social networks and context. It also provides the basis for a critique of H. M. Collins's theory of the 'experimenters' regress'.

Wheatstone's Bridge

The arrangement of four resistors, a source of emf, and a galvanometer, known as Wheatstone's bridge, has been in existence for more than 170 years. The only other piece of apparatus with its staying power is Atwood's machine. Now that it has reached mature status, it seems only fitting to describe its origin, analysis, circuit topology, and past and future uses.

Internet anonymity as a reflection of broader issues involving technology and society

It's a remarkable piece of apparatus. F. Kafka, "In The Penal Colony" The hurricane of social change wrought by information technology can be viewed along with the development of permanent agricultural communities, urbanization, and industrialization as among the great transformations of civilization. It is also important, however, to ask how social and cultural factors affect the forms and processes of information technology, especially across cultures and time periods. We must avoid falling into the reductionist trap of technological determinism which involves a failure to appreciate the extent to which human choices have an effect on technical forms and impacts. This paper contains a discussion of anonymity and information technology to illustrate some general conclusions about why the issues of information technology and society are so complicated and do not lend themselves to easy solutions, and why they support neither the rhetoric of technophiles who optimistically view information technology as the solution to societal problems, nor the technophobes who pessimistically view it as a source of societal problems.

The World's first long-distance 500 kV-XLPE cable line. 3. Underground apparatus

This is the final article in a series that introduces the outline of the Shin-Toyosu Substation. In order to respond to the increasing power demand in the central Tokyo area, Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. started operation of the Shin-Toyosu Substation-which is the world's first 500-kV underground substation-on 21 November 2000. In this article, some important pieces of apparatus used in the underground substation are briefly introduced.

TEACHING NOTES

The text of the article is available in the PDF.

TEACHING NOTES

The text of the article is available in the PDF.

TEACHING NOTES

The text of the article is available in the PDF.

TEACHING NOTES

The text of the article is available in the PDF.

TEACHING NOTES

The text of the article is available in the PDF.