Picture Content Research Articles

A typology of brand knowledge associations projected in brand-generated signals

Purpose The extensive brand associations research lacks organisation when it comes to the used information cues. This paper aims to systematically map and categorise the brand knowledge associations’ components and develop a typology applicable to any brand. Design/methodology/approach Using the restaurant and hotel industries in four different European cultural clusters as contexts, this work uses well-established systematic qualitative analysis approaches to categorise, code and model pictorial content in two studies. A four-stage sampling process identified Instagram brand-posted signals (photos), 243 from 26 restaurants in Madrid, Paris and Rome for study one and 390 from 29 hotels in Moscow, Berlin and Stockholm for study two. Adhering to relevant guidelines, the manual coding procedures progressed from 246 for restaurants and 231 for hotels initially generated free information coding inductive codes to a theory-informed categorisation. Quantitative analysis complemented the qualitative analysis, revealing the information cues relative utilisation. Findings For both studies, the analysis produced a typology consisting of two high-level and five lower-level brand knowledge association categories, namely: (a) brand characteristics consisting of the brand as a symbol, the brand as a product and the brand as a person, and (b) brand imagery consisting of user imagery and experience imagery. The five lower-level categories comprise of sub-categories and dimensions, providing a more comprehensive understanding of the brand associations conceptual structure relevant to brands operating in any industry. Research limitations/implications Researchers can use this typology to holistically encapsulate brand associations or design projects aiming to deepen brand knowledge association aspects/dimensions understanding. Practical implications Managers can use this typology to portray brands. Some of the identified lower-level categories and/or sub-categories and dimensions are likely to need customisation to fit specific contexts. Originality/value The suggested categorisation offers a solid, comprehensive framework for effectively categorising and coding brand knowledge associations and proposes a new theory in the form of a typology.

Picture Content in Annual Reports Matters: Framing as a Strategy for Impressing Potential Investors

This study examines the association between a firm's economic situation and the use of pictorial content in its annual reports. In other words, we shed light on whether firms in a specific economic situation intentionally choose particular picture content for the illustrations in their annual reports. We argue that the content of pictures can be used as an additional disclosure instrument to highlight signals beyond objective financial data, that is, an attempt to moderate readers’ decision‐making processes. Corporate disclosure can be designed at multiple levels of corporate communication to influence addressees’ perceptions. We analyse 4770 annual reports from FTSE‐350 firms between 2000 and 2021 using Google Vision API's artificial intelligence to examine if this special form of corporate disclosure is affected by corporate economic performance. Our findings suggest that decisions about pictorial elements in annual reports are associated with firms’ economic situation. Our paper contributes to the integration of communication theory, behavioural finance and voluntary disclosure theory to comprehend the use of pictorial information in annual reports. This study broadens the rare evidence regarding information design choices in annual reports with a particular focus on picture usage. By acknowledging the interdependence between framing and voluntary disclosure, researchers and practitioners can refine communication strategies and interventions to promote honest and successful financial disclosure whilst also considering the various communication theory factors involved.

Values Reflected in Pictorial Content of Textbooks at Elementary Level of Education in West Bengal, India

Textbooks function as catalysts for social change, influencing students’ values, beliefs, and cultural awareness from the primary education level. Textbooks serve as key learning resources for students that significantly influence students’ character development. Values should be incorporated into textbooks. Images in textbooks are powerful tools for shaping the values of students by engaging them visually, providing real-life context, fostering emotional connections, and promoting critical thinking and cultural sensitivity. The creation of textbooks that reflect current values is essential, and achieving this goal requires a comprehensive assessment of textbooks. This study investigates images used in primary education textbooks in West Bengal, India, to examine the representation of values. A total of 39 textbooks were analyzed, with eight key textbooks selected for in-depth analysis: ‘Amar Boi’ for classes I, II, and III, ‘Patabahar’ for classes IV and V, and ‘Atit O Aitihya’ for classes VI, VII, and VIII. These textbooks were chosen based on their widespread use and significance in the curriculum in govt. school in West Bengal. This study adopted qualitative and documentary research approaches through content analysis. The findings demonstrate that social, moral, environmental, spiritual, and historical values are emphasized across textbooks, reflecting the dominant cultural, social, or national values of the region. The findings of this study provide a foundation for policy changes at the state or national level to ensure the development and implementation of guidelines that promote value-balance content in educational materials and are useful for textbook development agencies, textbook writers, and teachers in developing value-alignment curricula and creating more inclusive, culturally sensitive, and ethically grounded visual materials.

IMAGE CAPTION GENERATOR USING CNN AND LSTM

Machine learning is now all the rage in the AI world. We have recently used AI to construct very clever devices with exceptional performance. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that produces very accurate findings, which in turn indicates very good performance. Apps for picture description make use of deep learning in our study. Providing a description of a picture's content is what image description is all about. Object and action detection in the input picture is the foundation of the notion. When describing images, there are primarily two methods: bottom-up and top-down. Bottom-up methods create captions by combining the information of an input picture. Using different architectures, such as recurrent neural networks, top-down methods provide a semantic representation of an input picture, which is then translated into a caption. One potential advantage of picture description is that it might aid those with visual impairments in comprehending what is shown in online images. What follows is an explanation of the specifics. Looking at the image below, what can you make out?

A habitually open mouth posture leads to less affect strength during joy in childhood

AimCompared with children without orofacial disorders, children with a habitual lack of mouth closure and mouth breathing show less frequent and reduced or absent facial expressions. The facial feedback hypothesis states that affective sensation is enhanced by mimic involvement. In this randomized cross-sectional study with and without orofacially disordered children, we investigated the effect of lack of mouth closure on the strength of emotions related to joy, sadness and fear in children. We aimed to determine whether kindergarten and primary school-age children with a lack of mouth closure are less emotionally involved.Materials and MethodWe used facial feedback as an indicator to measure affect intensity in children with and without orofacial disorders. For this purpose, we modified the experimental design of Strack et al. (Strack et al. in J Pers Soc Psychol 54:768–777, 1988), in which the subjects were asked to hold a pencil exclusively with their teeth (experimental group 1, “joy”), with their lips (experimental group 2, “sadness” and “fear”) or with their nondominant hand (control group). Instead of cartoons, ten medium-funny animal pictures were presented individually in a predefined order to be judged on a Likert scale. The allocation to the groups was implemented using a randomized procedure, independent of the diagnosis, age and sex of the children. The only exclusion criteria were the presence of surgical scars in the orofacial area and cerebral palsy.ResultsA total of 414 children aged 4 to 17 years were studied for facial feedback, with orofacial disorders such as open mouth posture, tongue thrust, myofunctional disorder, craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD) and speech motor disorders diagnosed in 223 subjects. The significance tests showed that in all age groups, children with orofacial disorders rated the joke content of the animal pictures significantly lower than did children without orofacial disorders (4- to 6-year-olds: p value = 0.01, T value = 2.33, confidence = 99%; 7- to 8-year-olds: p value = 0, T value = 4.98, 100% confidence; 9- to 17-year-olds: p value = 0, T value = 2.87, 100% confidence). This finding indicates that children with a lack of mouth closure and other orofacial disorders not only express less pleasure with the help of facial expressions but also feel less pleasure. Moreover, the experimental setup used in this work, which has been modified for children, can be used to test facial feedback in young subjects.ConclusionIn our study, we focused on the interplay between physical and emotional development in children. If left untreated, children with a lack of oral closure may not only show deviations in the orofacial area later on, but also in their emotionality. We endeavored to highlight the importance of treating children with orofacial disorders at an early age.

Subjective Affective Responses to Natural Scenes Require Understanding, Not Spatial Frequency Bands.

It is debated whether emotional processing and response depend on semantic identification or are preferentially tied to specific information in natural scenes, such as global features or local details. The present study aimed to further examine the relationship between scene understanding and affective response while manipulating visual content. To this end, we presented affective and neutral natural scenes which were progressively band-filtered to contain global features (low spatial frequencies) or local details (high spatial frequencies) and assessed both affective response and scene understanding. We observed that, if scene content was correctly reported, subjective ratings of arousal and valence were modulated by the affective content of the scene, and this modulation was similar across spatial frequency bands. On the other hand, no affective modulation of subjective ratings was observed if picture content was not correctly reported. The present results indicate that subjective affective response requires content understanding, and it is not tied to a specific spatial frequency range.

Image Captioning using Deep Learning Model for Visually Impaired Person

This research presents a new method for captioning images with the goal of improving accessibility for those with visual impairments. The process of creating descriptive text for photos is called image captioning, and it is essential for communicating the actions taken in the scene as well as the attributes of the objects. The two main tasks of the suggested approach are action identification and object recognition. The model use deep learning techniques to precisely identify items and properties in the image. It then associates these objects with relevant verbs to emphasize actions. The resultant captions offer thorough explanations of the picture content, promoting increased inclusivity and accessibility for people with visual impairments.

The Night Banquet of Han Xizai in the Perspective of Socio-Historical Criticism

The purpose of this article is to explore in depth the historical background, iconographic content, and its historical value and significance of Han Xizai's Night Banquet through the perspective of socio-historical criticism. The article firstly analyzes the socio-historical situation of the Five Dynasties period, especially the political and cultural background of the Southern Tang Dynasty, as well as the association between Han Xizai and the Southern Tang Dynasty royal family. Secondly, it provides a detailed pictorial interpretation of Han Xizai's Night Banquet in terms of its picture content and scene arrangement, character image and costume props, artistic style and presentation method. Finally, the historical value and significance of the painting are discussed. Han Xizai's Night Banquet not only reflects the social and political background of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, but also reveals the relationship between Han Xizai and the royal family of the Southern Tang Dynasty. With its fine brushwork style and unique narrative technique, the painting shows the prosperity of the court culture and the luxury of aristocratic life in the Southern Tang Dynasty. At the same time, the painting also has important value in art history, painting technique, cultural relics and collection history. As a precious historical document, The Night Banquet of Han Xizai not only helps to enrich our understanding of ancient history, but also enhances our appreciation of ancient art, and has certain reference value for historical and artistic research.

Generalization of savoring to novel positive stimuli.

Savoring is a positive emotion up-regulation technique that can increase electrocortical and self-reported valence and arousal to positive and neutral pictures, with effects persisting to increase response to the same stimuli when encountered later. Outside of the lab, emotion regulation techniques that persist to affect not just encounters with the same stimuli but also encounters with similar, but previously unencountered stimuli should save individuals time and effort. Here, we used event-related potentials and picture ratings to test whether savoring would generalize to similar, but previously unseen positive pictures. To this end, 89 participants (56 female; M age = 18.96 years, SD = 1.87) were asked to savor positive pictures from one category (e.g., happy people) and to view positive pictures from another category (e.g., cute animals), as well as to view neutral pictures (e.g., plants). In a subsequent passive picture viewing task, participants viewed novel pictures from all three categories (i.e., happy people, cute animals, plants). In the first task, savoring was effective for pictures of animals throughout picture presentation, but only for pictures of people during the later part of picture presentation. In the second task, savoring generalized to novel pictures of animals, though this was only evident in the early portion of picture processing (and for self-reported ratings). Therefore, savoring holds promise as a useful technique for increasing positive emotion in everyday life, though more work is needed to understand whether effects may vary depending on different types of picture content.

The Art of Post Captions: Readability and User Engagement on Social Media

In addition to the significance of visual content, text characteristics serve as salient factors influencing how users react to social media posts. By extracting 9,766 Instagram posts published by destination marketers, this research investigates the interplay between the readability of post captions and destination attributes derived from pictorial content on user engagement. Grounded in the theoretical lens of processing fluency and image-text congruity, the findings revealed that vibrant spots/activities with simpler texts lead to a significantly higher engagement rate, while cultural and historical attractions that use more complex texts are unaffected. Yet, when complex texts are applied to spots that are neither vibrant nor cultural, user engagement decreases significantly. Overall, this research contributes to the interdisciplinary discourse on linguistics and psychological esthetics in destination marketing relating to computer-mediated environments. Regarding practice, the findings provide insights into the effectiveness of different levels of readability across diverse tourism marketing settings.

Боговете в нас: отношението на съзнанието към тялото

The article is about the analysis of the results of the empirical research in which effect of images on mind’s condition of the recipients is in the focus. All of them are the participants of the prolonged study course of arts-therapeutical and transpersonal methods in the field of adjustment of stress conditions. In the article the indicators of encephalograms, which are fixed in the trans condition, and the content of the projective pictures are considered in respect to idiographiс issue. The interpretation of their meanings makes it possible to speak about integration of consciousness and body. The target of the research is that psychological and physical issues present the holistic field of a person that cannot be limited with the frame of assessment of psycho-somatic characteristics. In conclusion, to define relationship of consciousness to body in a right way is necessary to examine both objective and metaphysical forms of individual’s manifestations.

The effect of emotion regulation on the emotional modulation of pain and nociceptive flexion reflex.

Positive emotions inhibit pain, whereas negative emotions facilitate pain. Thus, many psychosocial interventions capitalize on this emotion-pain relationship to improve patients' abilities to regulate emotion (ie, reduce negative emotion, increase positive emotion), influence nociception, and manage pain. This study extended the existing literature to examine whether emotion regulation procedures could influence emotional modulation of the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR), a marker of spinal nociception. To elicit emotion, 2 blocks of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures were presented. In block 1, participants were asked to passively view pictures during which painful electric stimulations were delivered to evoke pain and the NFR. Valence, arousal, corrugator electromyogram, and skin conductance response were used to measure emotional responses to pictures. To manipulate emotion regulation, participants were randomized to either suppress (downregulate) or enhance (upregulate) their emotion during block 2 (other procedures same as block 1). Instructions to suppress decreased subjective and physiological responding to emotional pictures, reduced emotional modulation of pain, and generally decreased NFR magnitude (regardless of picture content). Instructions to enhance emotion increased subjective responding to emotional pictures but did not alter physiological responding to pictures or emotional modulation of pain/NFR in predictable ways. Results imply that downregulation/suppression of negative emotions may work best to reduce pain facilitation. Furthermore, this study contributes to the existing literature that shows that pain and pain signaling is tightly coupled with emotional states and that emotion regulation can impact pain perception.

Corporate environmental pictures information disclosure and investor market reaction: A new perspective from large-scale pictures feature mining

Considering the new perspective of pictures, this study uses the new method of large-scale image processing technology based on deep learning to analyze the corporate environmental information picture disclosure strategies and studies the new problem of the impact path of picture disclosure strategies on investor market reaction. Our results show that, among content, color, and channel disclosure strategies, the content of environmental awareness pictures has the highest proportion (35.01%), followed by renewable energy (19.92%) and environmental certification (19.56%). Among 11,035 sample pictures, white and blue pictures are the most used with 2886 and 2700, respectively, these mainly comprise the content of environmental facilities and renewable energy. Compared with social responsibility reports, enterprises prefer to disclose pictures on social media channels. The regression results show that the greater the content of environmental pictures, the wider the disclosure channels, and the more positive the investor market reaction. However, color does not elicit positive investor market reactions. Moreover, analyst attention plays an intermediary role between pictures environmental information disclosure and investor market reactions. In conclusion, this study provides a new perspective for the study of environmental information disclosure, enriches the existing research, and provides referable practical suggestions for the sustainable development of enterprises and the efficient operation of capital markets.

Website para família de crianças não amamentadas: desenvolvimento e validação de conteúdo e de interface

ABSTRACT Objectives: to develop and validate the content and interface of a guidance website to support families in promoting Food and Nutrition Security for children under six months who are not breastfed. Methods: methodological study, Knowledge Translation, in two stages of creation: 1) content and validation on the criterion of accuracy in a panel of experts; 2) interface and validation on the criteria of content, language, illustrations, layout, motivation, culture and applicability. Results: the “Milky Way” website is freely available: https://www.ufsm.br/pet/ciencia-da-computacao/alimentacao-lactea. The content was structured in a decision tree made up of types of milk: milk formula, whole cow’s milk and powdered milk; and utensils: bottle, cup and measuring spoon. There were 46 illustrations to elucidate the content, facilitate understanding and engage the target population. The Content Validity Index was 0.91. Conclusions: the website is a validated technology with evidence-based written and pictorial content translated for use with families.

Delayed ocular disengagement from arousing scenes.

Visual exploration of the world is supported by eye movements which can be speeded up or delayed depending on bottom-up stimulation, top-down goals, and prior associations. Previous studies observed faster initiation of saccades toward emotional than neutral natural scenes; however, less is known concerning saccades which originate from emotional, compared with neutral, scenes. Here, we addressed this issue by examining a task in which participants continuously moved their gaze from and toward pictures (natural scenes), which could be emotional or neutral, and changed position in every trial. Saccades were initiated later when the starting picture was emotional compared to neutral, and this slowing was associated with the arousal value of the picture, suggesting that ocular disengagement does not vary with stimulus valence but is affected by engaging picture contents such as erotica and threat/injuries.

A hole in a piece of cardboard and predictive brain: the incomprehension of modern art in the light of the predictive coding paradigm.

Incomprehension of and resistance to contemporaneous art have been constant features in the development of modern art. The predictive coding framework can be used to analyse this response by outlining the difference between the misunderstanding of (i) contemporary conceptual/minimalist art and (ii) early modern avant-garde art and by elucidating their underlying cognitive mechanisms. In both of these cases, incomprehension and its behavioural consequences are tied to the failure of the optimal prediction error (PE) minimization that is involved in the perception of such art works. In the case of contemporary conceptual/minimalist art the failure stems from the fact that the encounter results in non-salient visual sensations and generates no PE. In early modern avant-garde art, the occasional inability of viewers to recognize pictorial content using new pictorial conventions reflected the absence of suitable priors to explain away ambiguous sensory data. The capacity to recognize pictorial content in modernist painting, as a prerequisite for a satisfying encounter with such works and ultimately a wider acceptance of new artistic styles, required an updating of a number of expectations in order to optimize the fit between priors and sensations, from low-level perceptual priors to the development of higher-level, culturally determined expectations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Art, aesthetics and predictive processing: theoretical and empirical perspectives'.

Research on Illustration Design Strategies based on Visual Narrative

Based on the theory of visual narrative, explore innovative ideas for Cantonese culture-themed illustrations to help spread Cantonese culture. Analyze the creative themes and existing problems of illustrations, grasp the inner connection between material, behavioral and spiritual levels in the themes, and reflect the unity of narrative connotation and visual presentation. From six aspects: mining narrative content, determining narrative method, constructing narrative grid, extracting visual elements, establishing picture content, and giving narrative meaning, a design strategy for Cantonese cultural themed illustrations based on visual narrative is proposed to promote the interaction between viewers and illustrations. Visual connections, associative thinking and spiritual resonance. Integrating visual narrative strategies into Cantonese cultural themed illustrations can improve the communication efficiency of Cantonese cultural themed illustrations and better promote and spread positive social energy and sense of responsibility to the public.

Food for thought: Reinforced learning and recall of physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) and numerical calorie content in an associative learning task

Calorie overconsumption has been proposed as a critical contributing factor to rising obesity rates. To combat this health issue, governments and policymakers have suggested implementing numerical caloric content labels. Alternatively, physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) labels are being proposed as an easier-to-understand metric, representing the amount of physical activity required to burn off calorie content. This study examined individuals' ability to correctly estimate either the numerical caloric content or the PACE values of food images in an associative learning task. Moreover, it assessed whether this knowledge was learned and retained over time. One hundred and ninety-one participants were instructed to estimate either the numerical caloric content or PACE values of thirty food images. To facilitate learning, feedback on the correct number of calories or PACE values was provided during the first session (Time 1). To assess retention, people re-estimated numerical caloric content or PACE values of the same food pictures three days later (Time 2) and seven days later (Time 3), where feedback was not provided. Results showed that participants in both groups improved their estimations using feedback, with people being consistently more accurate when estimating numerical calorie content. Yet, our results also suggest that participants consolidated their knowledge of PACE values over time. Finally, our findings show that hunger moderates individuals' estimation ability, where hungrier people are less accurate than satiated ones. The results contribute to our understanding of how consumers process, estimate, and learn PACE labels versus numerical caloric content, and provide valuable information for researchers and policymakers to develop and implement nutritional labels as a health strategy.

Can an emoji be a lie? The links between emoji meaning, commitment, and lying

Can an emoji be a lie? Recent research has emphasized the importance of commitment in theories of lying, proposing that a speaker will only have lied if they are committed to the false content in their utterance. Similar research has proposed expanding the possibilities of the modalities of lying, suggesting a message-sender can lie if they send false pictorial content, so long as they are committed to that content. This study utilizes two experiments to explore the relationship between emoji, commitment, and lying. Experiment 1 finds that speakers can be committed to emoji meanings, but not necessarily for every emoji; emoji with widely-acknowledged, salient meanings constitute significantly higher commitment than emoji with less meaning agreement. Experiment 2 similarly finds that an emoji can be a lie, dependent upon the extent to which the speaker is committed to the emoji's meaning.

Emojis as Pictures

I argue that emojis are essentially little pictures, rather than words, gestures, expressives, or diagrams. 🎁 means that the world looks like that, from some viewpoint. I flesh out a pictorial semantics in terms of geometric projection with abstraction and stylization. Since such a semantics delivers only very minimal contents I add an account of pragmatic enrichment, driven by coherence and non-literal interpretation. The apparent semantic distinction between emojis depicting entities (like 🚗) and those depicting facial expressions (like 😊) I analyze as a difference between truth-conditional and use-conditional pictorial content: 🚗 depicts what the world of evaluation looks like, while 😊 depicts what the utterance context looks like.