Picture Brightness Research Articles

AN EFFICIENT BRITWARI TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE CANNY EDGE DETECTION ALGORITHM USING DEEP LEARNING

Artificial Intelligence edge detection refers to a set of mathematical techniques used to recognize digital image locations. The picture brightness plays a vital role in detecting dissimilarities and making decisions. Edges are the sharp changes in pictures with respect to the brightness and are commonly categorized into a collection of curved line segments. The main focus of this paper is to find sharp corner edges and the false edges present in the MRI images. The canny edge algorithm is a popular method for detecting these types of edges. The traditional canny edge detection technique has various issues that are discussed in this paper. This study analyses the canny edge algorithm and enhances the smoothing filter, pixel identifier, and feature selection. The proposed Britwari technique, Tabu Search Heuristic Pattern Identifier (TSHPI) enhances the edge detection using SUSAN Filter. Feature Selection is performed to improvise the canny edge method. Deep Learning algorithm is used for classification of pre-trained neural networks to find a greater number of edge pixels. The implementation results show that the Britwari proposed technique (SUSAN Filter Tabu Search Heuristic Pattern Identifier Hill Climbing) reached better accuracy than the traditional Canny Edge Detection algorithms. The results produced better feature set selection using edge detection in MRI images.

Birth of the Innovative Overdrive Technology for Liquid Crystal: Paving the Way for Practical Use of LCD Televisions

This article describes our experience developing innovative display technologies with the aim of providing hints for researchers to break away from conventional wisdom. In the 1990s, we focused mainly on liquid crystal display (LCD) technologies for creating and developing the new flat-panel TV market, despite claims that the motion blur problem for LCD TVs could not be solved without materials featuring ultrafast response times. We then discovered that motion blur is not due to a binary response, as was commonly believed at the time, but rather a drastically degraded gray-level response and decreased driving voltage due to electrostatic capacity change according to dynamic rotation of liquid crystal molecules. On the basis of a novel image-lag mechanism, we invented the overdrive method to emphasize the voltage applied to the liquid crystal for only a certain period according to change in picture brightness for high-speed response LCD TVs. This overdrive technology is now a de facto standard technology for LCD TVs, though the time-to-market exceeded 13 years. This article describes why so much time was required and how many issues were resolved to realize this revolutionary innovation.

Sympathetic ANS modulation of pupil diameter in emotional scene perception: Effects of hedonic content, brightness, and contrast.

A series of studies investigated the effects of hedonic content, brightness, and contrast on pupil diameter during free viewing of natural scenes, assessing the amplitude of the initial light reflex and subsequent sustained pupil diameter change. Hedonic picture content varied from highly arousing scenes of erotica and violence to scenes depicting nature, babies, loss, contamination, food, and more. Despite equivalent overall picture brightness and contrast, pupil diameter still varied as a function of the local brightness of central vision at fixation. Statistical (Experiment 1) and methodological (Experiment 2, 3) solutions produced complementary data indicating that scenes of erotica and violence reliably attenuate the amplitude of the initial light reflex and prompt enhanced late diameter pupil changes, compared to other scene contents. A principal components analysis supported the hypothesis that a single sympathetically mediated process enhances pupil dilation during picture viewing, modulating both initial constriction and late diameter changes. Rather than being a subtle index of "liking," pupil diameter is primarily sensitive to events that reliably elicit measurable sympathetic nervous system activity.

Brightness differences influence the evaluation of affective pictures

We explored the possibility of a general brightness bias: brighter pictures are evaluated more positively, while darker pictures are evaluated more negatively. In Study 1 we found that positive pictures are brighter than negative pictures in two affective picture databases (the IAPS and the GAPED). Study 2 revealed that because researchers select affective pictures on the extremity of their affective rating without controlling for brightness differences, pictures used in positive conditions of experiments were on average brighter than those used in negative conditions. Going beyond correlational support for our hypothesis, Studies 3 and 4 showed that brighter versions of neutral pictures were evaluated more positively than darker versions of the same picture. Study 5 revealed that people categorised positive words more quickly than negative words after a bright picture prime, and vice versa for negative pictures. Together, these studies provide strong support for the hypotheses that picture brightness influences evaluations.

Flicker Compensation for Archived Film Sequences Using a Segmentation-Based Nonlinear Model

A new approach for the compensation of temporal brightness variations (commonly referred to as flicker) in archived film sequences is presented. The proposed method uses fundamental principles of photographic image registration to provide adaptation to temporal and spatial variations of picture brightness. The main novelty of this work is the use of spatial segmentation to identify regions of homogeneous brightness for which reliable estimation of flicker parameters can be obtained. Additionally our scheme incorporates an efficient mechanism for the compensation of long duration film sequences while it addresses problems arising from varying scene motion and illumination using a novel motion-compensated grey-level tracing approach. We present experimental evidence which suggests that our method offers high levels of performance and compares favourably with competing state-of-the-art techniques.

Nonlinear flicker compensation for archived film sequences using motion-compensated graylevel tracing

We present a novel approach for the compensation of temporal brightness variations (commonly referred to as flicker) in archived film sequences. The proposed method is motivated by fundamental principles of photographic image registration and provides a substantial level of adaptation to temporal but also spatial variations of picture brightness. Additionally, our scheme provides an efficient mechanism for the adaptive estimation of flicker compensation profile, which makes it suitable for the compensation of long duration film sequences while it addresses problems arising from scene motion and illumination using a novel motion-compensated graylevel tracing approach. We present experimental evidence which suggests that our method offers high levels of performance and compares favorably with competing state-of-the-art techniques for flicker compensation.

リアルタイム画質評価装置

Digital video compression schemes have been evaluated to determine which is the most suitable for storaging and transmitting broadcasting contents. Various types of digital compression devices have been proposed and developed for the transmitting and storaging video images, and some of these are now being applied to broadcasting applications. We investigated the application of digital video-compression techniques to digital-broadcasting contribution, distribution, and transmission, and conducted a subjective evaluation of cascaded combinations for broadcasting systems. On the basis of this work, we have developed a system for assessing the quality of compressed digital pictures, in which picture degradation is calculated in realtime and takes account of human visual perception. In this system, noise sensitivities considered in spatiotemporal frequencies in relation to picture brightness. This approach improves the accuracy of picture quality assessment for many types of degradations in comparison with the conventional picture quality scale method.

Prospects of Employing Metal-Vapor Pulsed Lasers for TV Picture Projection on Large Screens

The possibility of using metal-vapor lasers and picture brightness enhancers for improving the sharpness of TV picture projection on a large screen is demonstrated.

Studies of the Influence of Display Size and Picture Brightness on the Preferred Viewing Distance for HDTV Programs

The results of two experiments carried out to evaluate the preferred viewing distance for HDTV programs are reported. Although screen brightness and the degree of movement in the scene can influence the choice, screen size was found to be the dominant parameter. The ratio of the viewing distance preferences to the picture height (H) tends to decrease with the size of the display and follows a hyperbolic law. For displays up to 32 in. the preferred viewing distance is greater than 5 H; to obtain preferences smaller than 4H, displays greater thn 70 in. are required

Technical Reprint: An Improved Law of Contrast Gradient for High Definition Television

A new law of contrast gradient is proposed for high definition television (HDTV) to replace the present “gamma” law, approximating to logarithmic at high picture brightness and linear at low brightness. The resulting video signal better approximates the subjective picture intensity and has up to 3 dB better resistance to spurious transmission artifacts, quantisation distortion and noise.

Compressor function for analogue HDTV component signals

The optimum compressor function for analogue HDTV component signals was determined by ascertaining the threshold of noise perception depending on the picture brightness in the range between 2 and 330 cd/m 2. The result turned out to be very similar to a logarithmic function. A processor-controlled, digital predistortion unit and a complementary correction unit facilitated the realization of a logarithmic compressor function and a gamma law function having an exponent of 0.45. The measurement of the threshold of noise perception for distorted video signals gave further evidence for uniform visual distribution of transmission noise over the brightness range by the logarithmic compressor function. The gamma law is less suitable for this purpose. This result was also supported by a demonstration with a natural test picture. The results of these tests show that the Weber-Fechner law is valid for the perception of noise in nearly the whole range of brightness, which was under consideration.

An experimental analysis of discriminability and bias in eye-gaze judgment

Following signal detection theory, the gazing of a videotaped confederate was judged by 12 subjects under four combinations of distance from the monitor and picture brightness. Separate measures of discriminability and judgment criterion, or bias, were derived. Eye gaze discriminability declined with both distance and brightness. Overestimation of the amount of eye gaze increased with distance and declining brightness, supporting Stephenson and Rutter's hypothesis that increased difficulty in discrimination will produce such a guessing bias.

Theoretical analysis of distortion of simultaneous transmission systems for picture and narrowband signals

AbstractThis paper presents formulas for calculation of the distortion noise in picture and subcarrier FM transmission. The distortion is calculated from the transmission channel characteristics at the sideband of the FM wave which is expanded in Bessel function. FM and PSK are considered as the subcarrier modulation. The spectral models for the picture brightness signals and color signals are approximated by e‐aΔ at frequency Δ.The main results include: (1) the calculation of the distortion due to the differential gain (DG); (2) the calculation of 16 different kinds of distortions; and (3) the application to TV‐speech multibroadcasting, two‐picture simultaneous transmission, and picture‐telephone simultaneous transmission.

A Simplified Derivation of Frei's Histogram Hyperbolization for Image Enhancement

Frei has recently introduced a new technique (histogram hyperbolization) for image enhancement by the manipulation of the picture brightness levels. An alternative derivation of Frei's result, both simpler and more general, is presented.

An evaluation of the image-intensifier scintillation camera with some comparisons to the single crystal camera.

The newly developed Ter-Pogossian image-intensifier scintillation camera (11) (Picker Magnacamera)3 and the widely used Anger single crystal camera4 (1) represent two qualitatively different systems for imaging radioactive events in man. This report presents an objective evaluation of the Magnacamera, with comparisons of the major parameters of these two cameras in static and dynamic scanning situations. General Description of the Ter-Pogossian and Anger Cameras The Magnacamera system consists of a collimated special image-intensifier tube, an Orthicon television tube, and data-recording systems as shown in Figure 1. Radioactive events occurring in the input crystal of the intensifier are amplified in intensity and presented as a small brighter image on the output phosphor as in the conventional radiographic image-amplifier. The output phosphor is optically coupled to the Orthicon where the image is converted into an electronic television signal for “live” display on a TV monitor and on an oscilloscope, from either of which it can be recorded photographically. Moreover, the image can be simultaneously stored on a Videotape recorder at the rate of 60 television frames per second. This allows selective replay through the TV monitor and a variable persistence or standard oscilloscope. Cinescintigraphs can be obtained from either the television monitor or the oscilloscope. Two audio channels on the videotape allow simultaneous or subsequent recording of audio information. Two multichannel collimators are available for the Magnacamera; each is of parallel-hole design and two inches thick. The “coarse” collimator has 700 holes, each about 1/4 inch in width, with septal thickness of 0.006 inch. The “fine” or higher resolution collimator has 2,611 holes, each about 1/8 inch in width, with septal thickness of 0.003 inch. The “fine” collimator has a lower efficiency and requires approximately four times the input activity of the “coarse” collimator to achieve the same picture brightness. The Pho/Gamma system contains a collimated 11-inch diameter, ½ inch thick sodium iodide scintillation crystal optically coupled to a hexagonal arrangement of 19 photomultiplier tubes. Areas within the crystal are “viewed” by the photomultiplier tubes; a scintillation event in any one area is divided proportionally among the 19 photomultiplier tubes, then summed for the X, Y coordinates by an analogue computer which determines its position. The pulse corresponding to this scintillation is reproduced on an oscilloscope in the same relative position that it occupied in the crystal. A pulse-height analyzer is available to filter the pulses and select the energy range to be displayed on the oscilloscope.

A New High-Efficiency Parallax Mask Color Tube

The electron transmission through the parallax masks of present-day tricolor tubes is about 12 per cent, thus placing a limit on picture brightness. This paper describes a new tube employing a parallax mask maintained at a potential much lower than that of the screen and a collector mesh maintained at anode potential intermediate to the screen and mask potentials; the brightness of the tube is increased 3-4 fold by virtue of enlarged mesh holes and the ensuing post-deflection focusing. In addition, secondary emission from the mask, which would dilute color, is minimized. In contrast to other post-accelerating tubes, the mask holes and fluorescent screen dots are uniformly spaced over the entire target area. Nineteen-inch round and twenty-four-inch rectangular tubes incorporating the new principle have been built.

Pictorial Display in Aircraft Navigation and Landing

The 15-year general plan formulated by the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics for developing and installing a comprehensive air-navigation system in the United States requires, among other things, ground and airborne situation This display is to appear on the ground and in aircraft cockpits, and is to be used in the traffic-control zone, during landing, and to control taxiing on the surface of the airport. Displays for traffic control and instrument landing are illustrated. It is shown that, in traffic control, the picture can be used merely as a means of monitoring some other method of control and of enabling the pilot to avoid collisions with other aircraft; or the picture can constitute the primary method of presenting traffic-control instructions to the pilot. Moving-block and fixed-block traffic-control patterns were flown by many pilots in a teleran Link trainer with favorable results. Teleran is discussed to indicate the nature and solution of some problems typical of pictorial display in aviation. Developments are described pertaining to self-identification in the picture, use of graphechon storage tubes, altitude coding, and picture brightness. After additional and varied developments, requiring several years for completion, it should be possible to select optimum methods for providing pictorial display.

A Type of Light Valve for Television Reproduction

The desirability of a light valve for the reproduction of television pictures is discussed, and the use of a suspension of opaque platelike particles for this purpose is shown to offer the particular advantages that the electron beam would be only a control mechanism and the picture brightness would be limited only by the light source and lens system. The theory of operation of such a suspension is described and it is demonstrated that inertial effects may be neglected and that the rate of orientation of the particles is independent of particle size and is a function of the viscosity and dielectric constant of the suspending medium and of the square of the applied voltage. The contrast ratio obtained may be made very high, although the optical efficiency will decline as the contrast ratio rises. It is found that suspension resistivity must be considered in practical application of the light valve, for if the field is applied through an insulating wall the valve will respond only to changes in potential of the outside of this wall, since leakage will prevent a constant wall potential from maintaining a field across the suspension. From the results of tests, the conclusions are drawn that the fundamental optical behavior of the suspensions considered is in accordance with the predictions of a theory based on simple assumptions, and that the suspensions fulfill the basic requirements of a television light valve.