Group Of Phytochemicals Research Articles

First report, phytochemical screening, and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities of Macrolepiota mastoidea (Fr.) Singer mushroom extract in the Southwest region of Brazil

The Agaricales family is rich in species of edible macrofungi. Macrolepiota mastoidea is a representative of this group, found in various regions of the world, including Brazil. It is an edible species with several recorded biological activities. This study aimed to report the first findings on M. mastoidea and its phytochemical screening, as well as its antioxidant activity and acetylcholinesterase inhibition in a 70% (v/v) hydroethanolic extract from fresh mushrooms. M. mastoidea was collected from a Cerrado area in the Southwest of Goiás, Brazil. The hydroethanolic extract was produced, and the phytochemical screening was conducted for various phytochemical groups. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH free radical model, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity was determined using Electrophorus electricus type VI. The results showed the presence of various phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, sugars, flavonoids, and tannins. The DPPH reduction activity was IC50 305.16 µg mL-1, and acetylcholinesterase inhibition was 72%. Macrolepiota mastoidea demonstrated potential for further pharmacological studies with promising biological activities.

Comprehensive Insights Into the Combinatorial Uses of Selected Phytochemicals in Colorectal Cancer Prevention and Treatment: Isothiocyanates, Quinones, Carotenoids, and Alkaloids.

Despite the advancement in cancer diagnosis and treatment, colorectal cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Given the high recurrence rate of colorectal cancer even after surgical resection, chemotherapy has been clinically used to improve the treatment outcomes of colorectal cancer. However, chemotherapy is well-known for its toxic side effects. Thus, phytochemicals have been widely studied in recent years as preventive and therapeutic agents for colorectal cancer owing to their relatively low toxicity. Moreover, combinatorial uses of phytochemicals with other natural compounds or with drugs may amplify the positive outcomes of colorectal cancer prevention and treatment by intervening in multiple signaling pathways and targets. This review summarized the combinatorial use of several well-studied groups of phytochemicals, that is, isothiocyanates, quinones, carotenoids, and alkaloids, in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer, and suggested it as a potential approach to improve the anticancer efficacy of single compounds and minimize the toxic side effects associated with conventional drugs. Notably, we generalized the invitro, invivo, and clinical experiments-based molecular mechanisms whereby the selected phytochemicals in combination with other compounds exerted anti-colorectal cancer effects by inhibiting cancer cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, cell invasion, and tumor growth. Overall, this review provides a reference and new perspective to propel further advancements in research and development of preventative and therapeutic strategies for colorectal cancer.

Phytochemical prospecting, vitamins, total phenolics and flavonoids, and antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase activities of Scleroderma citrinum Persoon (Sc) mushroom extract

Scleroderma is a genus of Gasteromycetes and Basidiomycota mushrooms in tropical and subtropical regions. This study aimed to evaluate the ethanolic extract of the mushroom Scleroderma citrinum regarding phytochemical prospecting, vitamin, phenolic, and total flavonoid content, and antioxidant (FRAP and DPPH) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition activities. Fruiting bodies of S. citrinum were collected and the ethanolic extract was produced by maceration. Phytochemical prospecting was performed for several phytochemical groups using colorimetric means; the content of vitamins A, B, C, D, and E was obtained qualitatively by colorimetric methods, the content of phenolic and flavonoids by the colorimetric method and quantification by spectrophotometry. The spectrophotometric method performed the antioxidant activity in reducing FRAP and DPPH radicals by spectrophotometry and the acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity. Seventeen positive phytochemical groups were observed, the qualitative presence of vitamins of the A, B, and D complexes, 195.03 mg GAE g-1 of total phenolics, 93.10 mg QE g-1 of total flavonoids, FRAP reduction of 3.941 µM TE g-1, DPPH reduction of 127.78 µg mL-1 and AChE inhibition of 55.6%. The extract of the mushroom Scleroderma citrinum proved to be rich in phytocompounds, vitamins, and important biological antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition effects.

Comparative phytochemical profile and biological activity of three Terminalia species as alternative antimicrobial therapies

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMedicinal plants can help combat antibiotic resistance by providing novel, active molecules. Three plant species of the Terminalia genus are widely used in traditional medicine in the Mouhoun region for the treatment of cutaneous and respiratory diseases. Therefore, it is important to determine the ethnopharmacological potential of bark extracts from the trunks of these three Terminalia species. Aim of the studyThis study compared the phytochemical and biological activities of extracts from three Terminalia species to determine their ethnopharmacology. Materials and methodsThe medicinal properties of the extracts were assessed based on their ability to inhibit the growth of the following microorganisms: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis. The significant interest in these medicinal plants among the local communities were elucidated by their antioxidant properties and phytochemical composition, along with the detection key bioactive compounds. Major phytochemical groups and phenolic compounds were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector. These phytochemical findings were validated by evaluating the antioxidant capacity of the extracts using DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays. ResultsHydroethanolic, ethanolic, and hexane extracts from the bark of three Terminalia species inhibited the growth of both bacteria and fungi, as evidenced by their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs).The findings showed that Terminalia species were most effective against various tested bacteria and fungi, with MICs ranging from 0.1 to 6.25 mg/mL. Terminalia avicennioides, Terminalia macroptera, and Terminalia laxiflora extracts demonstrated 50 % inhibition of DPPH at concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 0.6 mg/mL. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of several families of chemical compounds, such as total phenolics and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds identified by HPLC in ethanolic extracts of T. avicennioides, such as isorhamnetin, quercetin, and ferulic acid, are recognised for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. ConclusionThese findings establish an ethnobotany for these three Terminalia species, with their chromatographic characteristics facilitating the identification of key molecules of interest. The ethanolic extract of T. avicennioides can be used in phytomedicinal formulations against bacterial (P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) and fungal (C. albicans and C. glabrata) infections, both of which are recurrently recorded in certain skin and respiratory tract diseases.

Phytochemical Analysis and Toxicity Test of Secondary Metabolite Compounds in Methanol Extract from Tuber of Belajang Keissi’ (Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng)

The tuber of Stephania venosa (Blume) Spreng, locally known as Belajang Keissi’, belongs to the Menispermaceae family and is traditionally used in Indonesia for treating diabetes mellitus, as a nerve tonic, and as an anti-cancer remedy. This plant is recognized for its bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties. The objective of this study was to analyze the phytochemical content and evaluate the toxicity of the methanol extract of Stephania venosa tubers to explore its potential as an anticancer agent. The study involved sample preparation, extraction by maceration, phytochemical group testing using specific reagents, and toxicity assessment through the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids as the major secondary metabolites, while the toxicity test showed that the extract exhibited significant lethality to Artemia salina larvae, with an LC50 value of 14.92 ppm. This result indicates high toxicity, meeting the threshold of bioactivity for potential therapeutic applications (LC50 ≤ 1000 ppm). The mechanism of toxicity is hypothesized to involve the interference of alkaloids with the neural and digestive systems of the larvae. This study highlights the potential of Stephania venosa tubers as a source of bioactive compounds for antibacterial, antifungal, or anticancer development, warranting further isolation and advanced pharmacological testing to confirm its therapeutic applications.

Unveiling the Longevity Potential of Natural Phytochemicals: A Comprehensive Review of Active Ingredients in Dietary Plants and Herbs.

Ancient humans used dietary plants and herbs to treat disease and to pursue eternal life. Today, phytochemicals in dietary plants and herbs have been shown to be the active ingredients, some of which have antiaging and longevity-promoting effects. Here, we summarize 210 antiaging phytochemicals in dietary plants and herbs, systematically classify them into 8 groups. We found that all groups of phytochemicals can be categorized into six areas that regulate organism longevity: ROS levels, nutrient sensing network, mitochondria, autophagy, gut microbiota, and lipid metabolism. We review the role of these processes in aging and the molecular mechanism of the health benefits through phytochemical-mediated regulation. Among these, how phytochemicals promote longevity through the gut microbiota and lipid metabolism is rarely highlighted in the field. Our understanding of the mechanisms of phytochemicals based on the above six aspects may provide a theoretical basis for the further development of antiaging drugs and new insights into the promotion of human longevity.

In vitro inhibition of Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum, the causal agent of banana Xanthomonas Wilt, using medicinal plant extracts from North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

Banana Wilt caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm), has emerged as a significant threat to food security in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Currently, the only means of combatting this biotic constraint is through best agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of medicinal plants used in the Kivu provinces in inhibiting Xvm. Three in vitro experiments were conducted at laboratories of Uganda's National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in South Kivu. The bacterial samples were collected from infected field-grown banana plants in South Kivu and isolated on Yeast Extract Peptone Agar (YPGA). Pure Xvm colonies were used for identification via i) Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with specific primers and, ii) greenhouse inoculation trials. A completely randomized design was used for the three inhibition tests (1) on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) using disc diffusion with 10 plant extracts; (2) in liquid YPG Broth using 10 plant extracts; and (3) on MHA using disc diffusion with 19 plant extracts. The first two trials used plant extracts diluted in petroleum ether, while the third trial used 19 plant extracts diluted in methanol. After maceration, filtration, and solvent evaporation, 10 mg of extract was diluted in 80 µl of distilled water + 10 µl of Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Ten µl of this solution was impregnated on perforated discs of Whatman filter paper. Zingiber officinale (ginger) and Ricinus communis (castor) were the most effective plant extracts in suppressing Xvm. Of the thirteen plant species identified as effective against the pathogen, the Myrtaceae and Euphorbiaceae families were the most represented. Based on these results, evaluating the effectiveness of the most promising plant extracts in disinfecting the metal blades of garden tools is recommended. In addition, various phytochemical groups present in plant extracts could be evaluated for their effectiveness in suppressing Xvm, especially phenols and tannins.

The Chemical Structure and Clinical Significance of Phenolic Compounds

The biological activities and clinical significance of phenolic compounds are heavily dependent on their chemical structure. The great variety of phenolics, flavonoids in particular, accounts for the myriad ways they benefit health, such as through their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects. However, more research is necessary to fill the knowledge gaps related to the action mechanisms, bioavailability, and synergistic effects of these compounds with the mounting interest in phenolic compounds from a practical standpoint; acquiring an appreciation for structure-activity relationships and clinical applications will be imperative in fully realizing them to promote human health. Phenolic compounds form a significant group of phytochemicals known for their antioxidative properties and potential health advantages; they are majorly obtained from plant sources like fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. This review paper presents an up-to-date summary relating to different plant-extracted phenolic compounds: sources, types—emphasizing health effects—and identified knowledge lacunae that should receive future probe.

Investigating Seasonal Variation in The Phytochemical and Antioxidant Capacities of Different Sphagnum Taxa

This study investigated the phytochemical content and antioxidant activities of four Sphagnum taxa (S. centrale, S. palustre, S. teres and, S. auriculatum) collected from the Black Sea region of Turkey during two different seasons. The phytochemical groups in the methanol extracts of Sphagnum taxa were identified using qualitative screening methods. The total phenol content of these taxa was quantitatively determined using Folin-ciocalteu reagent with gallic acid equivalents as the standard their antioxidant activities were evaluated by 1,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging ability (DPPH), the CUPRAC test, and phosphomolybdenum assay. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the methanol extracts showed that phenols, tannins, and saponins were present in the extracts, whereas alkaloids and flavonoids were absent. The highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity was observed in 100 µgmL-1 S. teres methanol extract (74.47±0.001% in the first season, September 2021 and 75.37±0.002% in the second season, May 2022). The highest total antioxidant capacity was found in 100 µgmL-1 S. palustre extract (81.00±0.027% in the first season and 84.87±0.002% in the second season). The results of our experiment showed that Sphagnum taxa collected in spring had higher antioxidant activity than those collected in autumn.

Identification of a polyphenol O-methyltransferase with broad substrate flexibility in Streptomyces albidoflavus J1074

Flavonoids are a large and important group of phytochemicals with a great variety of bioactivities. The addition of methyl groups during biosynthesis of flavonoids and other polyphenols enhances their bioactivities and increases their stability. In a previous study of our research group, we detected a novel flavonoid O-methyltransferase activity in Streptomyces albidoflavus J1074, which led to the heterologous biosynthesis of homohesperetin from hesperetin in feeding cultures. In this study, we identify the O-methyltransferase responsible for the generation of this methylated flavonoid through the construction of a knockout mutant of the gene XNR_0417, which was selected after a blast analysis using the sequence of a caffeic acid 3′-O-methyltransferase from Zea mays against the genome of S. albidoflavus J1074. This mutant strain, S. albidoflavus ∆XNR_0417, was no longer able to produce homohesperetin after hesperetin feeding. Subsequently, we carried out a genetic complementation of the mutant strain in order to confirm that the enzyme encoded by XNR_0417 is responsible for the observed O-methyltransferase activity. This new strain, S. albidoflavus SP43-XNR_0417, was able to produce not only homohesperetin from hesperetin, but also different mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-methylated derivatives on other flavanones, flavones and stilbenes, revealing a broad substrate flexibility. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted using the purified enzyme on the substrates previously tested in vivo, demonstrating doubtless the capability of XNR_0417 to generate various methylated derivatives.

Phytochemical screening and evaluation of antibacterial, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, and anxiolytic effects of Adiantum philippense leaf extracts

Adiantum philippense (AP) is a source of various important phytochemicals and has been traditionally used to cure many diseases, including dysentery, ulcers, fevers, cooling, and elephantiasis. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects of AP using a number of in vitro and in vivo test protocols. For this, dried leaves were extracted by the Soxhlet extractor using ethanol. The crude ethanol extract was then fractionated by treating with chloroform and n-hexane. A preliminary phytochemical screening was done for its crude extracts. The antibacterial activity of ethanol, chloroform, and n-hexane extracts of AP was tested against 10 pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of 500 µg/disc. The ethanol extract showed significant activity against Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) bacteria. In mice, the chloroform extracts showed significant (p <0.05) antipyretic and hypoglycemic effects, while the ethanol extract exerted significant anxiolytic effects on mice. The results obtained from this study indicate that AP leaf extracts contain important phytochemical groups and exert antibacterial, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, and anxiolytic effects. Further studies are required to isolate the bioactive compounds responsible for these claimed biological activities.

Evaluation of the Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivity of South African Bulbine Natalensis Under Simultaneous Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperatures

The secondary metabolism in medicinal plants are responsible for their protection against environmental factors and the health-promoting benefits they provide to users. The purpose of this study was to assess the responses of the secondary metabolic system of B. natalensis and its influence on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The phytochemical analyses, antioxidant and antibacterial assays were conducted from using harvested leaves, underground stems and roots from whole plants exposed to simultaneous elevated CO2 and temperatures over eight days in a heatwave simulation. Most of the phytochemical groups were present in the leaves, however majority of the tested compounds had consistent presence throughout the plants in all treatments. The underground stems possessed a greater total phenolic, tannin and proanthocyanidin contents than the leaves and roots under elevated CO2 and temperatures. The leaves had a comparatively better antioxidant activity from the treatment than control. Overall, there was consistency in the antibacterial activity in both control and experimental conditions. The tannins and phenolics had greater concentrations throughout the plants under elevated conditions overall, which could indicate their leading role in plant defence and the improvement and maintenance of the medicinal activity of B. natalensis. The responses of the plant parts of B. natalensis under elevated CO2 and temperatures provides newfound insights on the physiological roles plant organs play on the overall productivity and medicinal activity of the species.

Maternal Polyphenols and Offspring Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health.

The convergence of cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic disorders at the pathophysiological level has led to the recognition of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, which represents a significant global health challenge. Polyphenols, a group of phytochemicals, have demonstrated potential health-promoting effects. This review highlights the impact of maternal polyphenol supplementation on the CKM health of offspring. Initially, we summarize the interconnections between polyphenols and each aspect of CKM syndrome. We then discuss in vivo studies that have investigated the use of polyphenols during pregnancy and breastfeeding, focusing on their role in preventing CKM syndrome in offspring. Additionally, we explore the common mechanisms underlying the protective effects of maternal polyphenol supplementation. Overall, this review underscores the potential of early-life polyphenol interventions in safeguarding against CKM syndrome in offspring. It emphasizes the importance of continued research to advance our understanding and facilitate the clinical translation of these interventions.

A Systematic Review on Biochemical Perspectives on Natural Products in Wound Healing: Exploring Phytochemicals in Tissue Repair and Scar Prevention.

Wound healing is a critical process in tissue repair following injury, and traditional herbal therapies have long been utilized to facilitate this process. This review delves into the mechanistic understanding of the significant contribution of pharmacologically demonstrated natural products in wound healing. Natural products, often perceived as complex yet safely consumed compared to synthetic chemicals, play a crucial role in enhancing the wound-healing process. Drawing upon a comprehensive search strategy utilizing databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, this review synthesizes evidence on the role of natural products in wound healing. While the exact pharmacological mechanisms of secondary metabolites in wound healing remain to be fully elucidated, compounds from alkaloids, phenols, terpenes, and other sources are explored here to delineate their specific roles in wound repair. Each phytochemical group exerts distinct actions in tissue repair, with some displaying multifaceted roles in various pathways, potentially enhancing their therapeutic value, supported by reported safety profiles. Additionally, these compounds exhibit promise in the prevention of keloids and scars. Their potential alongside economic feasibility may propel them towards pharmaceutical product development. Several isolated compounds, including chlorogenic acid, thymol, and eugenol from natural sources, are undergoing investigation in clinical trials, with many reaching advanced stages. This review provides mechanistic insights into the significant role of pharmacologically demonstrated natural products in wound healing processes.

Phytochemicals and Nanotechnology: A Powerful Combination against Breast Cancer.

Considerable advancements have been made in breast cancer therapeutics in the past few decades. However, the advent of chemo-resistance and adverse drug reactions coupled with tumor metastasis and recurrence posed a serious threat to combat this lethal disease. Novel anti-cancer agents, as well as new therapeutic strategies, are needed to complement conventional breast cancer therapies. The quest for developing novel anti-cancer drugs caused an upsurge in exploring and harnessing natural compounds, especially phytochemicals. Various research groups have explored and documented the anti-cancer potential of wide variety of phytochemical groups including flavonoids (curcumin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin, apigenin, genistein epigallocatechin gallate), stilbenes (resveratrol), carotenoids (crocin, lycopene, lutein), and anthraquinone (Emodin). However, low chemical stability, poor water solubility, and short systemic half-life impede their clinical utility. The implication of nano-technological approaches to decode the pharmacokinetic challenges associated with phytochemical usage, as well as selective drug targeting, have markedly enhanced the pre-clinical anti-cancer activity, thus aiding in their clinical translation. This review documented the recent advances in utilizing phytochemicals for breast cancer prevention and lipidbased nanotechnological approaches for circumventing their pharmacokinetic concerns to enhance their systemic availability, cytotoxicity, and targeted delivery against breast cancer alone as well as in combination with conventional therapeutic agents.

Polyphenol-Mediated Modulation of Non-Coding RNAs: A New Therapeutic Approach for Hypertension - A Review.

Hypertension (HTN) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. Conventional pharmacological treatments have been effective but are often accompanied by side effects and do not address all pathological aspects of the disease. Recent advances in molecular biology have identified non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as key regulators in the pathogenesis of hypertension. These ncRNAs influence various cellular processes, such as gene expression, vascular tone, and inflammation, making them promising targets for therapeutic intervention. This review explores the potential of polyphenols, a diverse group of phytochemicals with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in modulating ncRNA expression and function. We discuss how polyphenols, such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin impact the regulation of ncRNAs, particularly focusing on their roles in reducing oxidative stress, improving endothelial function, and ameliorating vascular remodeling associated with hypertension. The review synthesizes current evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies, highlighting significant findings and the mechanisms by which polyphenols exert their effects on ncRNA-mediated pathways. Moreover, we address the challenges of translating these findings into clinical applications, including issues related to bioavailability, dosing, and the complex interactions of polyphenols with other cellular components. Future directions for research are suggested, with an emphasis on the need for comprehensive clinical trials to establish the efficacy of polyphenol-based therapies targeting ncRNAs in hypertension management. By targeting ncRNAs, polyphenols offer a novel therapeutic strategy that could enhance the treatment landscape for hypertension and potentially other cardiovascular conditions.

Antibacterial Activity, Toxicity and Drug-Likeness Profiles of Woodfordia fruticosa-Derived Metabolites Using Computational-Aided Drug Design Platform

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the phytoconstituents reported from Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz leaf and flower extracts using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, along with some existing phytochemicals, to explore their potential antibacterial properties through molecular docking studies. Followed by bio-assay-guided leave and flower extraction with two solvent systems, i.e., methanol (polar) and petroleum ether (non-polar), was used and further subjected to GC-MS to identify and quantify various secondary metabolites. Based on spectral intensity and volume area, a total of 28 compounds (P1 to P28) have been selected from GC-MS analyses, and an additional 14 compounds (P29 to P42) from previous reports were selected for molecular docking studies against DNA gyrase subunit B (GryB) of Escherichia coli (PDB ID: 7P2M) and Staphylococcus aureus (PDB ID: 5D7R) with novobiocin as the standard. Further, docking score or binding affinity (kcal/mol.) of each ligand were investigated, where the 4,5-dihydro-4,4-undeca methylene-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazin-6-one (P20) with a docking score of -8.4 kcal/mol., from the GC-MS-derived group and the chrysophanol-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (P37) with a docking score of -9.7 kcal/mol., from existing phytochemical groups were reported as potential antibacterial. The predicted toxicity and drug-ability profiles also suggested that GC-MS-derived candidates displayed comparatively higher non-toxic profiles but lower drug-likeness profiles than existing groups. This integrative approach explores the phytochemical profiles of W. fruticosa responsible for antibacterial activity of the crude extracts and providing insights into in selection of lead antibacterial agent through cost-effective computer-aided drug design platform to accelerate antibacterial drug discovery with higher chance of experimental success.

Phenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins in Solanum lasiocarpum from Borneo: In vitro antioxidant activity and phytochemical profiling via LCMS Q-TOF

Phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins are compounds that reported play important roles in plant defence mechanism system. Antioxidant activity is mostly derived from these phytochemical groups, which have a wide range of pharmaceutical properties, including antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-allergy, anti-fertility, hypoglycemic, anti-histamine, antioxidant, antiviral, analgesic, anti-ulcerogenic, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, immuno-secretory, cardiovascular, anti-platelet aggregation, antibacterial, anticancer, and hepatoprotective activities. However, these compounds in Solanum lasiocarpum from Borneo areas are remaining unclear. In this experiment, we performed comprehensive evaluation on effect of extraction solvents on phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanin's contents and further on the scavenging activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate, DPPH; 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), ABTS; and ferric-reducing antioxidant power, FRAP). High phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents be found in low polar solvent. Antioxidant assay showed acetone was higher activity with IC50 of 6.36 mg/mL compared to methanol (12.1 mg/mL) and hexane (17.8 mg/mL). Furthermore, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry quadrupole-time of flight (LCMS Q-TOF) mass spectrometer detected N-Acryloylglycine, butoctamide hydrogen succinate, eruberin B, emmotin A and N-Cyclohexanecarbonylpentadecylamine that important in natural polymers, serve as sleep disorders treatment agents, anti-fibrotic property, immunomodulatory activity, and act as differentiator between N-palmitoylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NPAA) compared to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), respectively. The limitation of this research is the assessment of antioxidant properties related to the polarity of the extraction solvent. Polar solvents may exhibit high scavenging activity, but phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins are found in higher concentrations in non-polar solvents. We encourage further investigation into phytochemical profiles due to the abundance from non-polar solvents.

Phytochemical Testing Methodologies and Principles for Preliminary Screening/ Qualitative Testing

Plants are basically biosynthetic factories that contain various pathways that produce phytochemicals with the help of different parts of the cell while specialized cells or tissues hoard and use them as needed. Human population has used this to their advantage for centuries. Aims: This review article aims to provide a comprehensive guide to qualitative phytochemical tests, focusing on their principles, procedures, and interpretation of results. Scope of Review: This review covers qualitative tests for major phytochemical groups, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenols. Methodology: Various qualitative tests are compiled and described, detailing the chemical principles underpinning each test and the expected outcomes for the identification of phytochemicals. Summary of Findings: Qualitative phytochemical tests are highlighted for their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility, making them valuable tools, particularly in resource-limited settings. These tests provide baseline information on phytochemical profiles and serve as initial screening tools that can lead to more detailed studies. Conclusion: While advanced analytical techniques exist, qualitative methods remain essential for initial phytochemical screening due to their practical advantages. This review emphasizes the importance of these classical techniques in both research and practical applications.

Phytofabrication of Silver Nanoparticles Using Pomegranate Juice Extract for Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

AbstractIn the current research, monowave‐assisted biosynthesis of AgNPs utilising aqueous Pomegranate Juice extract (PJE) for antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. The synthetic approach used for the biosynthesis of AgNPs was simple, affordable and eco‐friendly. UV‐Visible, DLS, FTIR, XRD, FE‐SEM and HR‐TEM techniques were used to characterize the synthesized AgNPs. The DLS technique confirmed the monodispersed nature and zeta potential of −25.8 mV. FTIR technique revealed that OH functional groups of phytochemicals were crucial for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. FESEM and HRTEM techniques confirmed that biosynthesized AgNPs appeared spherical and triangular. XRD analysis resulted in 18.04 nm size of AgNPs. The antioxidant capacityof biosynthesized AgNPs was analysed via DPPH (IC50 35.20 μg/mL), ABTS (IC50 37.77 μg/mL), FRAP (4.37 mM Fe(II)/mL at 90 μg/mL) and total antioxidant (77.16 g AAE/mL at 90 μg/mL) assays. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloesporioides, Colletotrichum graminicola and antibacterial activity against Xanthomonas axonopodis, Klebsiella aerogenes at 50 μg/mL. Owing to these studies, synthesized AgNPs may be valuable in the future for biomedical and agricultural applications.