Phytocenotic Structure Research Articles

Diversity of Birch and Alder Forests in the Kostanay Region of Kazakhstan

This study delves into the phytocenotic structure and biodiversity of forest ecosystems dominated by species of the family Betulaceae (Betula pendula, Betula pubescens, and Alnus glutinosa) in the Kostanay region of Kazakhstan. The research is a significant step toward understanding the influence of environmental factors, particularly hydrological regimes and soil conditions, on the formation and functioning of these forest communities. Field studies were conducted across multiple plots, where detailed geobotanical descriptions and analyses of species diversity were performed. The results underscore the significant species diversity, with 146 vascular plant species identified across various forest types, and are of great importance. Birch forests exhibit higher species diversity than alder forests, with the highest diversity observed in plots with favourable moisture conditions. The study concludes that the hydrological regime is critical in shaping these forest ecosystems’ phytocenotic structure and productivity. These conclusions underline the importance of biodiversity conservation and sustainable forest management in the region, making the implications of this research significant and far reaching.

Syntaxonomic notes on the order Ledo palustris–Laricetalia (Siberian boreal cryo-mesophilous larch forests): validation and description

Validation and description of new syntaxa of the boreal light coniferous forests of North Asia in the Braun-Blanquet system was carried out in accordance with the latest 4th edition of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. These are the alliance Ledo palustris–Laricion cajanderi Ermakov all. nov. and the order Ledo palustris–Laricetalia cajanderi Ermakov ord. nov. For all these syntaxa, the diagnostic species, peculiarities of ecology and phytocenotic structure, as well as geographical area are indicated. Prodromus of the validated order Ledo palustris–Laricetalia cajanderi is presented.

Tropical Invaders Egeria densa Planch., Pistia stratiotes L., and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in Aquatic Ecosystems of Kyiv

Results of the study of the southern tropical macrophytes (<i>Egeria densa, Pistia stratiotes</i>, and <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>) occurring in water bodies of Kyiv under conditions of temperate continental climate are given in the paper. Different ways of the invasion of these alien species and their ecology were investigated: the history of their appearance in water bodies of Ukraine, the peculiarities of phytocenotic structure of their communities, production and morphometric parameters in local populations, and invasive behavior. It has been found that the studied species are capable of producing significant phytomass: <i>Egeria densa </i>-to 0.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, <i>Pistia stratiotes</i> - to 6 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, whereas <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> - to 13 kg/m<sup>2</sup> of net phytomass. The severity of production parameter variations within local populations is indicative of plasticity under conditions of the region of investigations, and also of the capability of the studied plants to adapt to the conditions of the secondary area of distribution.

КОМПЛЕКСНА ОЦІНКА СКВЕРУ ІМ. І. ЧЕРНЯХОВСЬКОГО М. УМАНЬ ЧЕРКАСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ ТА ПРОПОЗИЦІЇ ЩОДО ЙОГО ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ

The article presents an analysis of the dendrological composition, spatial and phytocenotic structure of the plantations of I. Chernyakhovsky park in Uman, Cherkasy region. During plantation inventory in the park were found 18 taxa of trees, 2 species of shrubs and 3 species of perennial flowering plants. The dendrological structure of the park is mainly represented by the genera Aceraceae (17,1 %), Tiliaceae (17,6 %), Rosaceae (4,8 %), Hippocastanaceae (1,7 %), the share of other genera is insignificant. The main tree species in the groups are Aesculus hippocastanum L. The accompanying species are Styphnolobium japonicum L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Tilia cordata L. and others. The composition of the park is dominated by simple groups. Green plantations make up 76.2% and occupy a significant part of the park's territory, 36.4% belong to artificial coverings. The project of reconstruction of the territory envisages increase of species composition and improvement of decorative qualities of the park plantations. For this purpose we suggest using the most ornamental plants (Picea pungens f. "Glauca", Larix decidua f. "Pendul", Picea omorika L., Picea abies f. "Ohlendorffii", Catalpa bignonioides L., Platanus occidentalis L., Prunus serrulata f. "Kiku shidare", Stachys lanata, Juniperus communis f. "Repanda", Buxus microphylla f. "Folker", Rhododendron impeditum L., etc.).

EVALUATION OF CHAKVI RED SOILS AND SECONDARY PHYTOCOENOSES DEVELOPED ON THEM

The given work envisages results of physical-chemical parameters of red soils in Chakvi (Adjara A.R., Georgia) and multi-element analysis for the purpose of identification and evaluation of their chemical composition and modern fertility level. Besides, in the given work the present conditions of naturally formed co-societies are reviewed which are resulted from irrational usage of phyto-landscapes of seaside Adjara, their anthropogenic influence and abandoning and neglecting agricultural land plots; the peculiarities for development of secondary phytocenoses being formed via mutual participation of aborigine and adventitious species are studied. The research has showed that research soils are acidic; they are poor in general humus and nitrogen. From macro-elements K, Mg, P are with minimum concentration and Cd, Cr, Hg, Li, Sb, Se, Ti, Tl, V, Pb are beyond the permissible concentration norm. The concentrations of microelements As, Ba, Cu does not exceed MPC. Phyto-cenotic structure is formed in parallel with growth of coniferous plants via gradual introduction of cenotic inter-relations which is differentiated like rows. Formed secondary phytocenosis are characterized with high potential of species of foreign origin (adventitious). At present stage of restoration successive change in serial phytocenosis totally 63 families, 137 breeds, 191 species from which local is 61 and 130 of a foreign origin are described.

On the state of the pedunculate oak plants (Quercus robur L.) of the orenburg climatype

The degradation of oak forests is an acute problem throughout the territory of the Russian Federation. Pedunculate oak is a valuable and durable tree species. The stability of oak forests is largely determined by biotypic characteristics. However, in recent years, anthropogenic impact is the main reason for the drying out of oak forests, which leads to the death of resistant pedunculate oak climatypes. The article presents the results of a study of pure stands of low-stemmed pedunculate oak on the territory of the Orenburg region. The silvicultural characteristics of plantings are given, their phytocenotic structure is described. It was found that in dry oak forests and oak undergrowth the stand was characterized by a low growth class, in fresh oak forests the highest growth class was noted. The plant density varied significantly from 0.3 to 0.7. In dry oak forests, the density index tended to decrease with age. The maximum plant density was observed at the junction of ripe and overmature ages, at the age of 60 years. The state of pure pedunculate oak stands on the territory of the Orenburg region can be assessed at the moment as satisfactory, but requires significant measures to promote seed reforestation.

Current state of populations of Centaurea bipinnatifida in Ulytau Mountains (Karaganda region)

The concept of conservation of biological diversity implies the need to study the state of plant populations that grow limited in nature and have a tendency to decline. In the Karaganda region, the list of rare species and local narrow endemics includes Centaurea bipinnatifida, whose habitation is confined to the Ulytau Mountains. To assess the state of 3 populations of this species, their ecological and phytocenotic structure, botanical features, morphometric indicators of plants, and the ratio of ontogenesis phases were studied. This species is confined to steppe and meadow-steppe areas in the foothills of Ulytau, less often lives along crushed and rocky gentle slopes. It was determined that the species composition of communities had from 41 to 51 species. The largest number of species is concentrated in families Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Poaceaeб and Fabaceae. Mesophytes dominated among ecological groups, herbaceous perennials predominated among life forms. The analysis of the morphometric parameters and age spectrum of Centaurea bipinnatifida made it possible to determine that the entire population is characterized as stable young and medium-age with a predominance of young or medium-age generative plants. Based on the field surveys one can recommend the development of a population monitoring program to maintain their structure and preserve the species under natural conditions.

Biological aspects of functioning of field protective forest belts in conditions of climate change

In today’s conditions, one of the most actual problems of the agricultural sphere, which occupies 70% of the territory of Ukraine and determines its agricultural potential, is the stability and increasing of the sustainability of agroecosystems. Creating and restoring of a system of field protective forest plantations is one of the most radical ways to maintain the sustainability of agro-ecosystems, increasing of their buffering by partially restoring forest biogeocenosis, which are an integral part of natural landscapes. The aim is to assess the species composition of field protective forest belts, to conduct a comparative analysis of the phytocenotic structure of plant diversity and to identify the main signs of forest biocenosis formation in field protective forest belts as a guarantee of their biological stability The research was conducted through the study of scientific materials of well-known scientists on the biological aspects of the functioning of field protective forest belts in conditions of the climate change. Also, the characteristics and main features of field protective forest belts, their species composition and their vertical location in the structure of the biogeocenosis are given. The value of each component of the food supply chain, which provides the cycle of substances and energy, is considered. Such processes contribute to the development of forest biocenosis, which in turn is a stable self-regulating plantation. Field protective forest belts form a stable vegetation cover, climatic conditions are ecological factors that have a direct impact on the environment and are home to animals, plants, viruses and fungi. The diversity of species in field protective forest belts is directly related to the lifespan of plant communities. Therefore, the younger the field protective forest belts are, the more diverse and intense the life in them is. Therefore, field protective forest belts help to increase the species of flora and fauna in ecosystems and agroecosystems.

Cultured flora of the Dendrological Park “Askania Nova”: a current state and main factors of influence

The paper describes the composition of introduced species that form the collection fund of the Dendrological Park «Askania Nova», groups of arboreal plants are identified in connection with their ecological resistance. Information about the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on plant life is given, pest-resistant species are proposed for use. The tendencies of transformation of phytocenotic structure of the old park' s stands are noted. The directions of work on preservation of collection plantations and rare plants of different protection levels are described.

Current state of populations of Rhodiola rosea L. (Crassulaceae) in East Kazakhstan

BackgroundBased on world experience, first, a modern assessment of the flora is needed to develop strategies for the conservation of ecosystems of rare and endangered plant species. A regional and global biodiversity strategy should focus on assessing the current state of bioresources. To preserve the biodiversity of the species and its habitat, we evaluated botanical features, ontogenetic phases, the ecological and phytocenotic structure of the rare and endangered of Rhodiola rosea L. (golden rose root) populations from the highlands of Eastern Kazakhstan.ResultsR. rosea in the study region lives on damp mossy rocks, rocky slopes, overgrown moraines and along the banks of mountain rivers in the upper limit of cedar-larch forests, subalpine and alpine belts, in the altitude limit of 1700–2400 m. In the studied region, R. rosea begins to vegetate in May–June, blooms in June–July, the fruits ripen in August. The species is encountered in the high mountain ranges of the Kazakh Altai and Saur-Tarabagatai. Unfavorable habitat conditions for the species are overgrown by sedge-grass and birch-moss communities. The most common species at sites with R. rosea are: Schulzia crinita, Achillea ledebourii, Doronicum altaicum, Macropodium nivale, Hylotelephium telephium, Rhodiola algida, Carex capillaris, C. aterrima. Ontogenetic study revealed that all age-related phases were present, with the exception of the senile states. Individual life expectancy shown to be 50–55 years. The analysis of the species composition in the communities with R. rosea showed that the leading families in terms of the number of accompanying species are Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae and Caryophyllaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae; while the most dominant genera are: Carex, Aconitum, Dracocephalum, Festuca, Pedicularis, Poa, Salix; the ecological groups are dominated by psychrophytes, mesophytes mesopsychrophytes; the Asian, Eurasian, and Holarctic groups are the most represented groups. Dominant life forms according to Serebyakov were rod-rooted, brush-rooted, short-rooted and long-rooted grasses, while based on Raunkiaer’s groups the overwhelming majority consisted of Hemincryptophytes (74%).ConclusionsThe R. rosea populations of Kazakhstan represent an important gene stock of the species. Our study provides new insights into the species’ biology thus contributes to the conservation of biodiversity on a wide spatial scale.

Эколого-фитоценотическая приуроченность и сезонный ритм развития Paeonia anomala L. в Восточном Казахстане

В статье приведено описание эколого-биологических особенностей, фитоценотической структуры и сезонного ритма развития популяций Paeonia anomala L. на территории Казахстанского Алтая в Восточно-Казахстанской области. По результатам исследований выявлены закономерности приуроченности вида к экологическим и геоморфологическим условиям среды обитания, выявлены лимитирующие факторы, обусловливающие редкость вида, и даны рекомендации по сохранению естественных популяций вида. Установлено, что P. anomala в исследуемом регионе растет по крутым лесным икустарниковым склонам северной экспозиции, зарастающим курумам, днищам межгорных логов, долинам рек в высотном диапазоне700–1850 м над ур. м. Наиболее оптимальные условия обитания для P. anomala— кедрово-лиственничные разреженные леса. Возрастной спектр популяций пиона уклоняющегося характеризуется абсолютным максимумом генеративных особей. Популяции в загущенных лесных и кустарниковых местах обитания на юго-западных микросклонах находятся в неблагоприятных для вида экологических условиях. Лимитирующими факторами, обусловливающими редкость вида, являются сбор букетов, заготовка лекарственного сырья, выпас скота и низкая конкурентная способность сеянцев на ранних этапах развития, а также массовое уничтожение семян грызунами. Для сохранения естественных популяций пиона уклоняющегося на Западном Алтае необходимы строгая охрана вида от обрывания на букеты, запрет на заготовки лекарственного сырья, а также разработка промышленных технологий выращивания вида в культуре.

Important characteristics and features of steppes within the Trans-Asian mountain belt (Pamir-Anadyr)

The steppes occupy an important place in the vegetation of Eurasia. The steppe biome of the continent, along with zonal types on the plains of Europe and Asia, is diverse and richly represented in the vegetation of the mountains of Asia. Among the latter, the most significant are the mountain systems of the Trans-Asian mountain belt (TAMB), stretched from the southwest to the northeast over a vast area from the greatest Pamir – Tien Shan mountain range to the Chukotka-Anadyr plateau in the zone of the Arctic tundra of Asia. The article provides a brief analysis of typological diversity, an overview and reflections on the steppes of boreal Eurasia, elongated in the mountainous zone of Asia in a wide geographical range both in latitudinal (37-670 N) and in longitudinal dimensions (72-1630 E). They differ significantly in the mountains of various climatic sectors; they are especially pronounced in the floristic composition and phytocenotic structure of extrazonal steppe phenomena and in longitudinal vicariates – from the mountains of Central Asia to the subarctic of North Asia.

Приемы ускоренного восстановления продуктивности деградированных кормовых угодий зоны неустойчивого увлажнения Центрального Предкавказья

Abstract. The purpose of the research is to study is to establish the effectiveness of different methods of grassing old-aged degraded haylands with the participation of species of cereals and legumes recommended for agrophytocenoses of the zone of unstable moisture. The methodological basis of the approach to restoring the productivity of degraded haylands on saline leached chernozems was the improvement of their phytocenotic structure, based on the coenotic usefulness of the dominant species of legumes and grasses. Results. Highly plastic species of legumes and grasses have been identified, which allow forming productive haymaking on the site of degraded old-growth grass stand for 10 years of its use. The legume-cereal agrophytocenosis formed on the cenotic basis contributed to the production of energy-saturated feed (0.74–0.76 feed units per 1 kg of dry matter with a content of 14.6–15.8 % crude protein). The conducted studies of methods for improving the grass stand did not reveal a significant advantage of the amelioration over the simplificated improvement (accelerated grassing). With accelerated grassing with the use of disking with sowing of perennial grasses in the treated turf, the productivity of the grass stand was slightly lower compared to the amelioration, but due to the reduction of technological costs, this method is more economically justified compared to the traditional method of tillage. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the conditions of the zone of unstable humidification of the Central Ciscaucasia in a comparative aspect, two methods of improving degenerated low – productive the grass amelioration and simplificated improvement (accelerated grassing) against the background of the use of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers with the participation of dominant species of cereals and legumes of perennial grasses recommended for their introduction into the plant communities of this zone were studied.

Typological structure and age composition of beach stands in the mountainous Crimea

The features of the typological structure, age composition and territorial distribution of beech stands in the Mountainous Crimea were studied. It is shown that nowadays beech forests grow in the range of altitudes from 400-500 to 1300-1400 m above sea level on an area of 34.9 thousand hectares, which is 13.4% of the forested territory of the peninsula. The age structure of beech stands is characterized by the cyclical process of renewal of indigenous stands, which is determined by the implementation of favorable natural factors - the level of seed yield and weather conditions during the formation of seed renewal generation, the frequency of which is 40-50 years. Based on the analysis of the ecological spectrum of the species composition of the grass layer, it is established that the forest growing conditions in the beech stands in the central part of the Main Ridge of the Crimean Mountains should be characterized as fresh sudubravas and beech forests. The density of beech young growth in ecotopes in this area varies from 0.5 to 4 thousand pieces per 1 ha. In areas where the light regime improves, the young trees grow in the form of small bunches, often forming groups of young plants around the trunks of adult trees. Using satellite images of the Landsat 8 space sensing system, it was revealed that at present, in the central part of the beech forests of the Mountainous Crimea, significant areas are completely devoid of forest vegetation, or are covered with sparse woodlands, in the phytocenotic structure of which herbaceous plants predominate.

Extrazonal Steppe Phenomena in the Mountains of Southern Siberia: Features of Spatial Organization and Centers of the Latest Speciation and Cenogenesis

Steppes play an essential role in the vegetation of mountains of Southern Siberia (SS). However, they significantly differ in mountains of different climatic facies; these features are particularly pronounced in the spatial and phytocenotic structure of extrazonal steppe phenomena, namely, in ecotones of adjacent altitudinal belts. These steppe manifestations in landscapes are termed uburs in the geography of Inner Asia. The exposure combinations of forest and steppe communities in the vegetation of the mountain forest-steppe belt are most complex; the structure of this transitional belt is differentiated into two categories of subbelts: peristeppe and periforest ones, which, in turn, are differentiated into lower and upper variants. The role of steppes in the structure of vegetation of the exposure forest steppe in the mountains of a semihumid climatic facies is not limited by the boundaries of the peristeppe and periforest subbelts; steppe communities as extrazonal phenomena penetrate deep into the forest belt in the form of steppe and stepoid mosaics along ubur steps. The proportion of steppes is very low in the forest belt (from 20 to 5% or less). They include both developed steppe communities and stepoids with the inclusion of forest–shrub, subalpine, and mountain–tundra species. The imposition of the altitudinal and exposure gradients is expressed in the species and cenotic diversity of steppes, as well as in their spatial organization. Processes of speciation, often combined with populations of relict plant species, are intensively manifested in these original ecotones of mountain steppes.

Природні процеси розвитку та взаємовідносини компонентів садово-паркових екосистем в урбанізованому середовищі

Розкрито особливості формування зелених насаджень урбанізованих екосистем. Визначено видовий склад лісопаркових і паркових насаджень міста Львова та їх просторовий розподіл. Досліджено та узагальнено фітоценотичні особливості міських насаджень, зокрема, їх флористичну, вікову та екологічну структури, а також візуально-естетичні якості. Встановлено, що процеси урбанізації спричинили формування в лісопаркових і паркових насадженнях Львова нових рослинних асоціацій та появу у фітоценозах інтродукованих деревних видів. Встановлено, що видова різноманітність трав'яного вкриття лісопаркових і паркових зон безпосередньо залежить від топографічних, мікрокліматичних і ґрунтових умов місцевості, а також від видового складу деревного намету та його зімкнутості. Проаналізовано мікрокліматичні характеристики різних за видовим складом фітоценозів лісопаркових і паркових насаджень. З'ясовано, що найбільш контрастними показниками мікрокліматичних особливостей лісопаркових і паркових фітоценозів, порівняно із показниками відкритого простору, характеризуються насадження із щільним наметом з перевагою у складі Carpinus betulus L., Quercus rubra Du Roi, Аcer platanoides L., Acer pseudoplatanus L. та Quercus robur L. За особливостями мікрокліматичних показників у лісопаркових і паркових фітоценозах та відкритого простору виділено три групи рослинних асоціацій: за різницею температур і вологістю повітря – "холодні-вологі", "помірні" та "теплі-сухі"; за вітровим режимом – "комфортні", "середнього комфорту" та "некомфортні"; за освітленістю надґрунтової поверхні: "темні", "середньої освітленості" та "світлі". Встановлено, що більш прогрітим є верхній шар ґрунтового покриву у фітоценозах "теплого-сухого" угруповання з перевагою у складі Pinus sylvestris L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Betulla pendula Roth., Larix decidua Mill. та Аcer negundo L. Визначено, що проективне трав'яне вкриття у рослинних асоціаціях, віднесених до груп "темних", або зовсім відсутнє, або не перевищує 5 %, а у "світлих" фітоценозах становить 95-100 %. Видове фіторізноманіття у "світлих" і "теплих-сухих" фітоценозах є вищим порівно із фітоценозами "середньої освітленості" і "помірних", а природне поновлення деревних видів у "темних" і "холодних-вологих" рослинних угрупованнях зазвичай відсутнє. Охарактеризовано групи рослинних асоціацій за шкалою естетичної цінності та санітарно-гігієнічними умовами згідно з виділеними кліматопами. Висвітлено значення відновлення фітоценотичної структури лісопаркових і паркових насаджень в оптимізації зелених зон урбанізованих екосистем.

Diversity of Pinus sibirica forest types in different bioclimatic sectors of Sayan Mountains

The typological diversity of the three climatic facies of Siberian pine forests is considered in various bioclimatic sectors of the Prienisseysky Sayans. In each of the Sayan bioclimatic sectors, Siberian pine forests have a number of characteristic features of floristic composition and phytocenotic structure, restoration-age dynamics, productivity, and renewal process.

Thinning-Based Formation of Siberian Pine Forests in the Dark Chern Zone of Western Sayan

We have tested management practices at monitoring plots of the Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, in Ermakovo station (Western Sayan) to develop Siberian pine forests (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) from young coniferous–deciduous forests that were formed in the place of clearcuttings in tall-grass–fern fir and Siberian pine forests in the low-mountain dark Chern zone. The dynamics of all layers and structural elements of the communities were studied from 1966 to 2014 at two experimental monitoring plots (each with an area of 2500 m2) and compared to the control. The article considers the case of admitting the complete lighting of Siberian pine undergrowth at first thinning. This practice proved to be optimal for further forest-management recommendations. Siberian pine gained competitive advantages over aspen or fir after the first thinning for a short period until the dominant species (aspen, birch, or fir) started to actively regenerate. Repeated thinning made Siberian pine steadily dominant in stands. Our experiment has shown that highly productive Siberian pine forests can be formed for 50 years under the unique natural and climate conditions of the low-mountain Chern zone of the Western Sayan, while the natural course of succession could not yield this result even after 200 or more years. These forests are comparable to indigenous dark Siberian pine forests with respect to their density (0.4–0.6) and wood stock (182 m3/ha at the age of 70–80 years and 270 m3/ha at the age of 80–90 years); however, the managed stands yield many more nuts (about 300 kg/ha) at the age of 70–90 years. Thinning induced the growth of a stand dominated by Siberian pine, as well as the formation of a phytocenotic structure similar to indigenous dark Siberian pine forests, i.e., a structure with a high diversity.

Оцінювання сучасного стану парку села Іванівка Уманського району та проект його реконструкції

Встановлено, що насадження парку потребують покращення, оскільки деревні насадження одноманітні, значна кількість дерев представлена гіркокаштаном звичайним (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), що уражується мінуючою міллю, інші дерева також ослаблі, трапляється омела. За межами парку простежується велика кількість омели. Мережа доріжок розвинена слабо, малі архітектурні форми представлені у незначній кількості, на території парку присутні аварійні дерева. Розроблено проект реконструкції парку, який охоплює консервацію дупел, санітарне обрізування та рубання дерев і кущів, формування кущового ярусу у структурі насадження, розширення дорожньо-стежкової мережі. Запроектовано створення кількох рокаріїв з використанням листяних і хвойних кущів, різних трав'яних багаторічників, зокрема й цибулькових. Підібрано асортимент для рокаріїв, щоб він виглядав декоративним протягом року. Заплановано кілька групових посадок із хвойних рослин та солітерів – ялини колючої (Рісеа abies (L.) H. Karst.) та сосни звичайної (Pinus sylvestris L.). Запропоновано встановити елементи благоустрою, такі як: садові лавки, альтанка, ліхтарі, урни для сміття. Навколо альтанки запропоновано створення квітників постійного квітування – міксбордерів. В озелененні використано елементи топіарного мистецтва, а саме: композиції зі стриженого самшиту вічнозеленого (Buxus sempervirens L.) у вигляді куль, а також елементи фітопластики. Композиції з куль самшиту вічнозеленого урізноманітнюємо багаторічником – гостою подорожниковидною (Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch.). Рекомендовано частину парку реконструювати за типом регулярного планування, а частину – за типом пейзажного.

Современная организация лесных сообществ с участием широколиственных пород в зоне широколиственно-хвойных лесов (на примере Московской области)

This study aimed at an investigation of the structure, ecology and mapping of mixed communities with the participation of spruce, pine and broad-leave trees in one of the regions of broad-leave–coniferous zone. Despite the long history of the nature use of the study area, including forestry practices (Kurnayev, 1968; Rysin, Saveliyeva, 2007; Arkhipova, 2014; Belyaeva, Popov, 2016), the communities kept the main features of the indigenous forests of the broad-leave–coniferous zone ­— the tree species polydominance of the stands, the multilayer structure of communities and the high species diversity. In the course of field works in the southwestern part of the Moscow Region (2000–2016) 120 relevés were made. Spatial structure, species composition as well as cover values (%) of all vascular plants and bryophytes were recorded in each stand. The relevés were analysed following the ecology-phytocenotic classification approach and methods of multivariate statistical analysis that allowed correctly to differentiate communities according the broad-leave species participation. The accuracy of the classification based on the results of discriminant analysis was 95.8 %. Evaluation of the similarity of the selected units was carried out with the help of cluster analysis (Fig. 12). Clustering into groups is performed according to the activity index of species (A) (Malyshev, 1973) within the allocated syntaxon using Euclidean distance and Ward’s method. The classification results are corrected by DCA ordination in PC-ORD 5.0 (McCune, Mefford, 2006) (Fig. 1). Spatial mapping of forest cover was carried out on the basis of ground data, Landsat satellite images (Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM +, 8 OLI_TIRS), digital elevation (DEM) and statistical methods (Puzachenko et al., 2014; Chernenkova et al., 2015) (Fig. 13 а, б). The obtained data and the developed classification refine the existing understanding of the phytocenotic structure of the forest cover of the broad-leave–coniferous zone. Three forest formation groups with different shares of broad-leave species in the canopy with seven groups of associations were described: a) coniferous forests with broad-leave species (small- and broad-herb spruce forests with oak and lime (1)); broad-herb spruce forests with oak and lime (2); small- and broad-herb pine forests with spruce, lime, oak and hazel (3); broad-herb pine forests with lime, oak and hazel (4)), b) broad-leave–coniferous forests (broad-herb spruce–broad-leave forests (5)), and c) broad-leave forests (broad-herb oak forests (6), broad-herb lime forests (7)). In the row of discussed syntaxa from 1 to 7 group, the change in the ratio of coniferous and broad-leave species of the tree layer (A) reflects re­gular decrease in the participation of spruce in the plant cover (from 66 to 6 %; Fig. 3 A1, A2) and an increase in oak and lime more than threefold (from 15 to 65 %; Fig. 4 a). Nemoral species predominate in the composition of ground layers, the cove­rage of which increases (from 40 to 80 %) in the range from 1 to 7 group, the coverage of the boreal group varies from 55 to 8 % (Fig. 11) while maintaining the presence of these species, even in nemoral lime and oak forests. In forests with equal share of broad-leave and coniferous trees (group 5) the nemoral species predominate in herb layer. In oak forests (group 6) the species of the nitro group are maximally represented, which is natural for oak forests occurring on rich soils, and also having abundant undergrowth of hazel. Practically in all studied groups the presence of both coniferous (in particular, spruce) and broad-leave trees in undergrowth (B) and ground layer (C) were present in equal proportions (Fig. 3). This does not confirm the unambiguity of the enrichment with nemoral species and increase in their cover in complex spruce and pine forests in connection with the climate warming in this region, but rather indicates on natural change of the main tree species in the cenopopulations. Further development of the stand and the formation of coni­ferous or broad-leave communities is conditioned by landscape. It is proved that the distribution of different types of communities is statistically significant due to the relief. According to the results of the analysis of remote information, the distribution areas of coniferous forests with broad-leave species, mixed and broad-leave forest areas for the study region are represented equally. The largest massifs of broad-leave–coniferous forests are located in the central and western parts of the study area, while in the eastern one the broad-leave forests predominate, that is a confirmation of the zonal ecotone (along the Pakhra River: Petrov, Kuzenkova, 1968) from broad-leave–coniferous forests to broad-leave forests.