Phytic Acid Content Research Articles

The effect of cold plasma pretreatment on GABA, γ‐oryzanol, phytic acid, phenolics, and antioxidant capacity in brown rice during germination

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesGermination pretreatment is an effective way to improve the nutritional quality and sensory quality of germinated brown rice (GBR). Cold plasma pretreatment (CPP) has been demonstrated to improve the physicochemical properties of GBR. The effects of CPP on reducing phytic acid and improving nutrient composition in GBR have not been evaluated, and there are few studies on the changes of phytic acid and phytase, especially the changes of the forms and compositions of γ‐oryzanol, phenolics, and flavonoids in GBR with CPP. Therefore, this study evaluated the changes of phytase, phytic acid, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ‐oryzanol, flavonoids, phenolics, and antioxidant activity in GBR with or without CPP.FindingsThe phytic acid content in CPP‐treated GBR for germination of 72 h was lower (7.60 mg/g, dry basis weight [DW]) than that in untreated GBR (9.01 mg/g DW). At the same germination time, the phytase activity and GABA, total γ‐oryzanol contents in CPP‐treated GBR were higher than those in untreated GBR. However, total flavonoids and phenolics levels, flavonoid compositions and phenolic acids contents, and T‐AOC and DPPH antioxidant capacity in CPP‐treated GBR were lower than those of untreated GBR.ConclusionsThese results indicated that CPP for brown rice was an effective method for decreasing the phytic acid and enhancing GABA and γ‐oryzanol in GBR compared with non‐CPP of brown rice for germination.Significance and noveltyCPP is beneficial to reduce phytic acid and improve the GABA and γ‐oryzanol contents of GBR, which provides a theoretical basis for producing functional and nutritious GBR foods.

Proximate, Physico-Chemical, Nutritive and Anti-Nutritive Assessment of Raw, Boiled and Roasted Kernels of <i>Anacardium occidentale</i> L. var. W210

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an evergreen perennial tree, originated from Brazil and now widely grown in the tropics. Cashew is a wonder tree crop, where almost all parts of the tree ranging from roots to apples and nuts are used in various fields. The aim of the present investigation is to analyse the kernels (nuts), var. W210 for understanding its proximate, physico-chemical, nutritive and anti-nutritive aspects in three forms, viz., raw, roasted and boiled state. The roasted samples are comparatively rich in crude carbohydrate (43.26±0.86 g), crude protein (22.80±1.22 g) and calorific value (498.32±1.64 k. cal). Highest lipid and fibre content is reported in raw sample as (33.02±0.94 g) and (8.56±1.62 g) respectively. Moisture content (16.65 ±1.88 g) is the highest to be reported in boiled sample. From the results, it has been clearly understood, that the minerals except iron, are rich in roasted than the other two forms. Roasted sample showed the maximum value of nitrogen (3.66±0.47 g), potassium of about 676.3±0.86 mg, calcium of 75.5±0.44 mg, magnesium of 355.4±0.50 mg and phosphorus of 398.6±1.78 mg/100 g. The iron content was high in raw sample of about 7.73±0.77 mg comparatively. The physico-chemical analysis shows that the total ash content was high in roasted sample which is recorded as 3.05±0.82 g. Other parameters such as acid insoluble ash, water-soluble extractive, alcohol soluble extractive values are found higher in roasted state. The results of anti-nutrient analysis gives a transparent idea that the raw sample has high content of phytic acid (0.445±0.004%), tannins (0.787±0.005%), saponins (0.101±0.003%) and oxalate (0.099±0.004%). The study addresses the nutritional and the anti-nutritional aspect of A. occidentale in its three forms and from the results obtained, we can conclude that the roasted form of seeds are found to be nutritionally superior for consumption as foods for humans.

Effect of phytase corn addition on ethanol yield and distillers' dried grains with soluble profile in corn dry‐grind process

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPhytase as a feed additive improves the bioavailable phosphorus content of the poultry diet, thereby decreasing dependence on externally added phosphorus. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding phytase corn on ethanol yield and distillers' dried grains with soluble (DDGS) composition during a corn dry‐grind process.FindingsPhytase corn at 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% w/w of fermentable corn was added during the dry‐grind process. Upon fermentation, the ethanol yield was observed to be in the range of 17.9%–18.9% v/v compared to control (17.7% v/v), representing an 1%–6.5% increase in ethanol yield. Relative to the corn that was introduced at the beginning of the fermentation, the DDGS obtained from the control corn or phytase corn addition all showed a threefold increase in oil, protein, and neutral detergent fiber content. However, the phytic acid content of the DDGS was reduced from 0.45% w/w (control) to 0.13% w/w (phytase treatments).ConclusionAdding phytase corn in a dry‐grind process improves the ethanol yield and reduces phytate‐bound phosphorus content.Significance and NoveltyPhytase corn addition will improve the ethanol yield, DDGS nutritional quality in a corn dry‐grind process, and reduce dependence on phosphorus supplementation.

Lactobacillus-fermented wheat bran, as an economic fish feed ingredient, enhanced dephytinization, micronutrients bioavailability, and tilapia performance in a biofloc system

Fermentation of animal feed has been approved for its contribution to the nutritional quality, lowering feed costs and pollution when treated with appropriate microorganisms. Fermentation could significantly improve micronutrients bioavailability of aquafeed. Therefore we aimed to use the wheat bran as an economic feed for tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) in a biofloc system after fermentation with dephytating Lactobacillus sp. Lactobacillus rhamnosus KU985435 was selected according to phytase production and growth intensity as it showed good enzyme activity (343 U/L) and growth intensity (2 × 1010 CFU/ml). Total protein, carbohydrates, and antioxidants were higher in the fermented wheat bran. In contrast, a potential reduction in phytic acid content was detected (from 4.2 to 0.07%) compared to the control. The green edible alga, Chlorella vulgaris, was added twice daily to improve fish growth and health. Final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio were significantly higher for fish received fermented wheat bran compared to control. Also, crude protein content was higher, and crude fat was lower in the whole fish body. Interestingly, fish fed with fermented wheat bran recorded the highest values of hemoglobin and RBCs count with the lowest values of cholesterol and triglycerides. Finally, histopathological examination of fish bones significantly confirmed restoring the normal trabecular thickness and interconnectivity with narrow inter-trabecular space and mineralization of most trabeculae. In conclusion, wheat bran could be incorporated as an economic fish feed after fermentation with the appropriate dephytating lactobacilli.

The influence of high pressure processing and germination on anti-nutrients contents, in vitro amino acid release and mineral digestibility of soybeans

To study the effects of germination and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the digestibility of nutrients and anti-nutrient contents. soybeans were treated by germination and HPP for 5 and 10 min at 300, 450 and 600 MPa. The bioaccessibility of minerals (Fe, Zn, Ca), free amino acids (FAA) and starch was determined. The inhibitory activities of phytic acid, tannin and trypsin inhibition activity were studied. The results showed that HPP significantly improved FAA release. The in vitro starch digestibility (IVSD) increased by 2.42 times after germination. Germination and 450 MPa/10 min treatments significantly increased Fe digestibility by 2.07 and 2.06 times, respectively (P < 0.05). Germination and HPP significantly increased Zn digestibility by 2.50 and 1.51 times (P < 0.05), respectively, and HPP increased digestibility of Ca 1.91 times on average. The phytic acid content decreased by 52.4 % and 6.1 % after germination and 300 MPa treatments (P < 0.05), respectively. For tannin, 450 MPa/10 min decreased its content (P < 0.05). The trypsin inhibitor content was reduced by 22.3 % and 10.76 % by germination and 450 MPa/5 min (P < 0.05), respectively. Therefore, the obtained results contribute to enhancing mineral digestibility, releasing FAA, reducing anti-nutrition factors and expanding the utilization of soybeans as food ingredients in the food industry.

Mashing quality and nutritional content of lentil and bean malts

Malting is a steeping, germination, and kilning technique used to produce barley malt, which is used in brewing technology. However, basic aspects of malting can be applied to a wide range of plant seeds. The goal of this study was to determine whether malting under appropriate physiological conditions could be applied to legume seeds (lentils and beans) and to determine the properties of acquired malts. The study found that, despite their poor mashing quality, legume seed malts have increased friability, higher protein content, lower starch content, and lower phytic acid concentration.

Understanding natural genetic variation for grain phytic acid content and functional marker development for phytic acid-related genes in rice

BackgroundThe nutritional value of rice can be improved by developing varieties with optimum levels of grain phytic acid (PA). Artificial low-PA mutants with impaired PA biosynthesis have been developed in rice through induced mutagenesis. However, low-PA mutant stocks with drastically reduced grain PA content have poor breeding potential, and their use in rice breeding is restricted due to their detrimental pleiotropic effects, which include decreased seed viability, low grain weight, and low seed yield. Therefore, it is necessary to take advantage of the natural variation in grain PA content in order to reduce the PA content to an ideal level without compromising the crop's agronomic performance. Natural genetic diversity in grain PA content has not been thoroughly examined among elite genetic stocks. Additionally, given grain PA content as a quantitative trait driven by polygenes, DNA marker-assisted selection may be required for manipulation of such a trait; however, informative DNA markers for PA content have not yet been identified in rice. Here we investigated and dissected natural genetic variation and genetic variability components for grain PA content in rice varieties cultivated in Eastern and North-Eastern India during the last 50 years. We developed novel gene-based markers for the low-PA-related candidate genes in rice germplasm, and their allelic diversity and association with natural variation in grain PA content were studied.ResultsA wide (0.3-2.8%), significant variation for grain PA content, with decade-wise and ecology-wise differences, was observed among rice varieties. Significant genotype x environment interaction suggested polygenic inheritance. The novel candidate gene-based markers detected 43 alleles in the rice varieties. The new markers were found highly informative as indicated by PIC values (0.11–0.65; average: 0.34) and coverage of total diversity. Marker alleles developed from two putative transporter genes viz., SPDT and OsPT8 were significantly associated with grain PA variation assayed on the panel. A 201 bp allele at the 3’ UTR of SPDT gene was negatively associated with grain PA content and explained 7.84% of the phenotypic variation. A rare allele in the coding sequence of OsPT8 gene was positively associated with grain PA content which explained phenotypic variation of 18.49%.ConclusionNatural variation in grain PA content is substantial and is mostly controlled by genetic factors. The unique DNA markers linked with PA content have significant potential as genomic resources for the development of low-PA rice varieties through genomics-assisted breeding procedures.

Mutation of GmIPK1 Gene Using CRISPR/Cas9 Reduced Phytic Acid Content in Soybean Seeds.

Phytic acid (PA) acts as an antinutrient substance in cereal grains, disturbing the bioavailability of micronutrients, such as iron and zinc, in humans, causing malnutrition. GmIPK1 encodes the inositol 1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate 2-kinase enzyme, which converts myo-inopsitol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate (IP5) to myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (IP6) in soybean (Glycine max L.). In this study, for developing soybean with low PA levels, we attempted to edit the GmIPK1 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to introduce mutations into the GmIPK1 gene with guide RNAs in soybean (cv. Kwangankong). The GmIPK1 gene was disrupted using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, with sgRNA-1 and sgRNA-4 targeting the second and third exon, respectively. Several soybean Gmipk1 gene-edited lines were obtained in the T0 generation at editing frequencies of 0.1–84.3%. Sequencing analysis revealed various indel patterns with the deletion of 1–9 nucleotides and insertions of 1 nucleotide in several soybean lines (T0). Finally, we confirmed two sgRNA-4 Gmipk1 gene-edited homozygote soybean T1 plants (line #21-2: 5 bp deletion; line #21-3: 1 bp insertion) by PPT leaf coating assay and PCR analysis. Analysis of soybean Gmipk1 gene-edited lines indicated a reduction in PA content in soybean T2 seeds but did not show any defects in plant growth and seed development.

Synergistic inhibition mechanism of phosphate and phytic acid on carbon steel in carbonated concrete pore solutions containing chlorides

Synergistic inhibition performance of trisodium phosphate (TSP) and phytic acid (PA) on chloride-induced corrosion of Q235 carbon steel in carbonated concrete pore solutions was investigated using electrochemical measurements, XPS, AFM and SEM/EDS. At the optimum concentration ratio of TSP and PA, the mixed inhibitor showed an inhibition efficiency of 89.8 % after long-term chloride exposure due to the progressive formation of a protective oxide film with specific bilayer structure on the steel surface, and the corresponding synergistic inhibition mechanism was proposed. However, the excessive content of PA could compete with TSP, thereby leading to an antagonistic effect with reduced inhibition efficiencies.

Investigation on Influencing Mechanism of Processing Parameters on Corrosion Resistance and Zinc Content of Anodic Coatings Developed on Magnesium Alloys in Near-Neutral Solutions

In near-neutral solutions, the effects of NH4HF2, H3PO4, phytic acid (IP6), and EDTA-ZnNa2 concentration on corrosion resistance and the Zn amount of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coatings were revealed by an orthogonal experiment. The influencing order of four factors on coating corrosion resistance is EDTA-ZnNa2 &gt; NH4HF2 &gt; IP6 &gt; H3PO4, while the sequence on the Zn amount is ranked as EDTA-ZnNa2 &gt; NH4HF2 &gt; H3PO4 &gt; IP6. The fabricated Zn-containing coatings exhibit excellent corrosion resistance, and their icorr values are two orders of magnitude lower than that of the WE43 substrate, while the highest Zn amount achieves 4.12 wt.%. P and F compete to take part in coating formation, and Zn ions enter into anodic coatings by diffusion. Coating corrosion resistance is jointly determined by surface characteristics, which will provide the important theoretical foundation for fabricating Zn-containing coating with high corrosion resistance.

Foliar spray of combined metal-oxide nanoparticles alters the accumulation, translocation and health risk of Cd in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Nanotechnology is promising for improving sustainable crop production and ensuring food safety due to its unique properties and minimum environmental impacts. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of foliar combined metal-oxide nanoparticles (NPs, 100 mg/L) on cadmium (Cd) accumulation, translocation and exposure risk in wheat under field condition. Results showed that ZnO NPs combined with MgO or Fe3O4 NPs significantly increased the grain yield (13.8% and 14.8%) and straw biomass (16.9% and 18.4%) as compared to the control. Co-applied ZnO NPs with MgO, TiO2 or CeO2 NPs enhanced Cd uptake in aboveground wheat (12.4%−16.9%), while ZnO NPs combined with MnO2, CuO, Fe3O4 or Fe2O3 NPs remarkably reduced Cd concentration in wheat grains (23.8%−33.6%). According to the Cd bioaccessibility and daily intake, the health risk of Cd in wheat grains was significantly decreased by 36.1%−48.1% under ZnO NPs in combination with Fe3O4, Fe2O3, CuO or MnO2 NPs treatment. In addition, foliar spray of combined NPs also improved the nutritional quality of wheat grains by increasing micronutrients (Ca, S, Zn, Fe, B), protein content and reducing phytic acid content, especially in the combination of ZnO and MnO2 NPs. Taken together, this work demonstrates a feasible approach to achieve higher Cd removal efficiency and lower Cd levels and health risks in wheat grains with a tailored combination of metal-oxide NPs.

Characterization of pinto and cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces from western Himalayan Kashmir for yield and quality

The present study aimed to characterize pinto and cranberry bean landraces of Kashmir valley. A set of 30 genotypes including 16 pinto and 12 cranberry type bean landraces and two checks viz., Shalimar Rajmash-1 (SR-1) and Shalimar French Bean-1 (SFB-1) were evaluated for seven qualitative and 10 quantitative traits.&nbsp; There was a substantial variation among 30 accessions (28 landraces and 2 checks) evaluated for all the traits.&nbsp; Out of 28 landrace accessions, 13 were bushy type and 15 were pole type.&nbsp; Pods were predominantly green and seed colour was predominantly brown with characteristic mottling of varying colour shades.&nbsp; Out of 30 accessions, 16 were medium sized with oval seeds. There was substantial variability as depicted by a wide range for both morphological and seed quality traits pertaining to water absorption as well as protein content and phytic acid. The heat map revealed that seed yield had a significant correlation with the number of pods per plant (0.505), followed by seed length (0.455) and seeds per pod (0.414). Similarly, water absorption percentage was significantly correlated with hydration coefficient followed by seed wet weight and hydration capacity but was negatively correlated with hard shell percentage and coat proportion. Principal component analysis based on the seed yield and related traits concentrated the variability in the first three components for morphological traits and four components for seed quality traits explaining 67.23 % and 78.60 % variation, respectively.&nbsp; A number of desirable genotypes could be identified based on consistent performance for various maturity, yield and seed quality traits including high protein and low phytic acid content. Keywords: Common bean, Western Himalayas, Pinto beans, Cranberry beans, Cooking quality, Seed protein, Phytic acid &nbsp;

Phytic Acid and Micronutrient Profiling of a Few Ethnic Rice Products of Assam, India

Background: Different ethnic rice products are obtained from specialty rice varieties of Assam, India. A unique characteristic of these rice products is that the products can be used instantly. Considering lack of study relating to biochemical changes during processing, the present study was conducted. Methods: The specialty rice products (bhaja bora, hurum, sandahguri, Korai, flaked rice and komal chaul including two intermediate forms in preparation of bhaja bora and hurum) prepared through traditional method and their respective raw forms were collected in Jorhat, Assam. The phytic acid, total phenols and a few minerals were estimated with standard methods. Result: Among the products, the phytic acid phosphorus and total phenol content ranged between 92.74-272.65 mg/100 g and 61.67-69.59 mg catechol equivalent/100 g, respectively. The total ash (%) and the minerals (mg/100 g) like sodium, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, zinc and iron ranged between 0.84-1.34, 37.33-56.67, 11.32-20.67, 64.32-134.33, 250.26-333.45, 3.24-4.08 and 2.47- 6.91, respectively. The higher concentration of total ash, iron and zinc were observed in the products than their respective raw forms. However, the observation of decrease in phytic acid content in all these products reveals that the processing may improve availability of certain minerals.

Bioavailability of Nutrients in a Fonio (Digitaria exilis) Ricebean (Vigna umbellata) Based Complementary Food

Purpose: This study was carried out to assess the bioavailability of nutrients in a fonio/ricebean based complementary food.&#x0D; Methodology: Treated fonio (Digitaria exilis)/sprouted (72h) ricebean (Vigna umbellata) composite were processed into four complementary diets. FNBN-70:30:30:30(Fonio: ricebean: dried carrot: crayfish). A similar blend containing in addition 20g of milk (FNBP), a third blend that contained unsprouted and undehulled ricebean (FNBU) and the fourth that contained only fonio and ricebean (FNBM) were also formulated. These were analyzed for antinutrients, phytochemicals and viscosity using standard methods.&#x0D; Findings: There were slight variations in the trypsin inhibitor (1.16-1.78 Tiu/g), phytic (0.12-0.17%) and tannic acid (0.048-0.067%) contents of the samples. Cooking, soaking, sprouting and dehulling might have accounted for the observed low values of these antinutrients suggesting high bioavailability of the nutrients in the diets. The residual phytochemicals were equally low with sample FNBU having the highest values (alkaloid – 028%, flavonoid – 0.35%) and saponin 0.53%) among the samples which can be attributed to the non-sprouting and non-dehulling of the ricebean. The formulated diets showed low viscosities ranging from 84.21-85.77cP due probably to the thinning effect of amylases activated during sprouting. Decreased viscosity indicated increased nutrient density. The results showed high availability of the nutrients and low bulk/high nutrient density of the diets which showed suitability of the diets to argument nutrient and energy intake in children.&#x0D; Recommendation: Fonio/ricebean complementary food should substitute commercial complementary food

Divergence for nutritional traits in cultivated and wild pigeonpea genotypes from India and Africa

AbstractThe untapped divergence of pigeonpea has remained unutilized for ages. Pigeonpea is an important natural resource with a great divergence that can be explored in the field of sustainable agricultural development. This study was undertaken to assess the nutritional divergence available in 104 cultivated and wild pigeonpea genotypes from India and Africa. Pigeonpea is studied to identify suitable genotypic groups to enhance nutritional traits for future breeding programs. Genotypes of pigeonpea exhibited highly significant differences in terms of seed iron and, zinc concentrations, protein content, phytic acid levels, lipid content, moisture content, fiber content and seed weight. Our D2 analysis grouped 104 different pigeonpea accessions into eleven clusters. Five of the eight characters including seed phytic acid levels, iron, fiber, lipid and protein contents were the predominant characters that contributed towards the pigeonpea's total divergence. Cluster II exhibited the maximum seed iron concentration. Cluster IV exhibited the maximum seed zinc concentration, lipid and moisture content; it exhibited the least phytic acid and fiber content which is desirable with regards to the bioavailability of iron and zinc. The accessions in clusters II, III, IV, V and XI are diverse and have desirable content levels of traits found beneficial for enhancing seed iron and zinc concentrations in pigeonpea. A D2 analysis revealed that Indo‐African C. cajan, C. platycarpus and R. rothii had the maximum mean seed iron concentration and R. bracteata had the maximum mean seed zinc concentration. The promising genotypes identified in the present study can contribute towards selecting suitable starting material for biofortification in pigeonpea improvement programmes.

Study on spatio‐temporal variation mechanism of phytic acid contents of wheat grains

SummaryThis study aimed to understand the spatio‐temporal variation mechanism of phytic acid in wheat. Firstly, phytic acid contents of wheat from the main producing areas in China were investigated. Then in combination with statistical methods, the effects of the geographical origin, variety, harvest year, their interactions as well as different irrigation frequency on phytic acid contents of wheat were comprehensively analysed based on field experiments. Furthermore, the structure of phytic acid in wheat was analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The phytic acid contents of wheat in China ranged from 6.262 to 9.872 g kg−1. All the factors had significant effects on phytic acid contents of wheat. The characteristic spectra related to phytic acid in wheat included 3348, 1156, 1081, 1019, 927 and 861 cm−1. The variety had the greatest impact on phytic acid contents of wheat. This study could provide reference for breeding wheat with low phytic acid contents.

CRISPR-Based Genome Editing for Nutrient Enrichment in Crops: A Promising Approach Toward Global Food Security.

The global malnutrition burden imparts long-term developmental, economic, social, and medical consequences to individuals, communities, and countries. The current developments in biotechnology have infused biofortification in several food crops to fight malnutrition. However, these methods are not sustainable and suffer from several limitations, which are being solved by the CRISPR-Cas-based system of genome editing. The pin-pointed approach of CRISPR-based genome editing has made it a top-notch method due to targeted gene editing, thus making it free from ethical issues faced by transgenic crops. The CRISPR-Cas genome-editing tool has been extensively used in crop improvement programs due to its more straightforward design, low methodology cost, high efficiency, good reproducibility, and quick cycle. The system is now being utilized in the biofortification of cereal crops such as rice, wheat, barley, and maize, including vegetable crops such as potato and tomato. The CRISPR-Cas-based crop genome editing has been utilized in imparting/producing qualitative enhancement in aroma, shelf life, sweetness, and quantitative improvement in starch, protein, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), oleic acid, anthocyanin, phytic acid, gluten, and steroidal glycoalkaloid contents. Some varieties have even been modified to become disease and stress-resistant. Thus, the present review critically discusses CRISPR-Cas genome editing-based biofortification of crops for imparting nutraceutical properties.

Novel crackers incorporated with carob and green lentil flours: Physicochemical, textural, and sensory attributes

This study investigated the impacts of the use of carob flour (CF) and CF + green lentil flour (GLF; 50:50, w/w) at 0% (control), 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% levels on the quality and sensory properties of crackers. Crackers made from CF + GLF showed higher L* and hue values and lower a* values than crackers made from CF at the same addition levels. The inclusion of CF and CF + GLF had no significant (p < .05) effects on the diameter, thickness, and spread ratio values. The addition of 12% CF and “6%CF + 6%GLF” decreased the hardness values of crackers from 12.09 N to 4.80 N and 4.48 N, respectively. Compared to the control, the inclusion of 12% CF and “6%CF + 6%GLF” elicited greater ash content. Crackers enriched with “3%CF + 3%GLF”, “4.5%CF + 4.5%GLF,” and “6%CF + 6%GLF” had higher protein amounts than crackers enriched with 6%, 9%, and 12% CF. While crackers containing 12% CF had considerably lower phytic acid concentration (97.1 mg/100 g) than the control (184.1 mg/100 g), incorporation of “6%CF + 6%GLF” increased it (256.1 mg/100 g). Compared to the control, increasing levels of CF and CF + GLF gradually enhanced the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of crackers. Moreover, crackers made from CF had stronger antioxidant properties than crackers made from CF + GLF. The highest acceptability scores were observed in the control and crackers containing 3% and 6% CF and “1.5%CF + 1.5%GLF” and “3%CF + 3%GLF.” Based on the findings, CF + GLF (up to 12%) has the potential to produce acceptable nutritious crackers with strong antioxidant properties and possible health benefits. Novelty impact statement Carob is a functional ingredient with rich polyphenol and dietary fiber content. Green lentil contains high amounts of proteins, fibers, and phytochemicals. The findings of the study revealed that novel cracker formulations containing carob and green lentil flours could represent a healthy option in the food industry.

Improving Yield Components and Desirable Eating Quality of Two Wheat Genotypes Using Si and NanoSi Particles under Heat Stress.

Global climate change is a significant challenge that will significantly lower crop yield and staple grain quality. The present investigation was conducted to assess the effects of the foliar application of either Si (1.5 mM) or Si nanoparticles (1.66 mM) on the yield and grain quality attributes of two wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.), cv. Shandweel 1 and cv. Gemmeiza 9, planted at normal sowing date and late sowing date (heat stress). Si and Si nanoparticles markedly mitigated the observed decline in yield and reduced the heat stress intensity index value at late sowing dates, and improved yield quality via the decreased level of protein, particularly glutenin, as well as the lowered activity of α-amylase in wheat grains, which is considered a step in improving grain quality. Moreover, Si and nanoSi significantly increased the oil absorption capacity (OAC) of the flour of stressed wheat grains. In addition, both silicon and nanosilicon provoked an increase in cellulose, pectin, total phenols, flavonoid, oxalic acid, total antioxidant power, starch and soluble protein contents, as well as Ca and K levels, in heat-stressed wheat straw, concomitant with a decrease in lignin and phytic acid contents. In conclusion, the pronounced positive effects associated with improving yield quantity and quality were observed in stressed Si-treated wheat compared with Si nanoparticle-treated ones, particularly in cv. Gemmeiza 9.

Effect of growing environments on the minerals and proximate composition of urdbeans (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)

Urdbean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) is an abundantly grown and profusely consumed south-Asian pulse crop. It has enormous scope in the international food industry, being a high-value and low-carbon footprint source of several nutrients and micronutrients. The present study was conducted in a set of urdbean genotypes of diverse origins - to validate high sources for iron and zinc concentrations in urdbean based on replicated field trials, to determine the effect of growing environment on these traits, to quantify phytic acid concentration, to quantify fats, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, protein content and to generate Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy profile of these urdbean genotypes. Analysis of variance showed that genotypic effects were significant (p < 0.05) at all locations for iron and zinc concentrations. The mean value of Fe and Zn concentrations were 97.1 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg, respectively, over the locations. Fe and Zn concentration ranged between 86.7 (LBG-787) to 116 (WBU-108) mg/kg and 11.2 (VBN-7) to 18.2 (IPU99–79) mg/kg, respectively. Moisture, protein, fat, ash, total fiber, and total carbohydrate contents were 11.5, 25.3, 1.1, 2.95, 13.9, 57.5%, respectively. The phytic acid content was stable over the locations, ranging from 13.7 mg/g to 14 mg/g for the 20 tested urdbean genotypes. In this study, genotype, PLU 429, which had Fe concentration ranging between 81.6 and 93.5 mg/kg, is a superior genotype with the lowest PA content (10 mg/g) over the three test locations. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy profiling detected three urdbean- specific sharp peaks between 4000 and 3500 wave numbers. Among these, two peaks (3724, 3625 wave numbers) were due to free O-H stretching of alcohols. In GGEBiplot analysis, the most stable urdbean genotypes with high Fe concentration were PU-30 (102 mg/kg) and Shekhar 2 (105 mg/kg), and for Zinc concentration, WBU137–2 (15.2 mg/kg) and UH85–5 (15.4 mg/kg) were having high concentration as well as comparatively higher stability. In conclusion, urdbeans were identified as stable sources of high iron and zinc concentrations, and a lower anti-nutrient concentration may help breed for nutrient-dense urdbean cultivar.