To evaluate the effectiveness of therapeutic physical exercise (TPE) interventions on the physical functioning, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life (QoL) of children undergoing treatment for cancer. Systematic review: databases were searched in April 2023. Selection criteria: children (<18years old) undergoing treatment for cancer or a malignant neoplasm, randomized controlled trial design, utilization of TPE, and including physical and psychosocial outcomes. Internal validity was measured with Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Seven randomized controlled trials were included. Most studies showed that strength, fatigue, and QoL improved after the intervention. Cardiorespiratory capacity through 6-minute walk test and physical activity levels were better in the experimental groups. No changes were noted in other variables. This review supports the importance of a TPE program during cancer treatment, with the aim of maintaining physical capacities and counteracting physical inactivity.