Developmental Research Articles

Association of the previous experience of maternal migration absence with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in their school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in Anhui, China

BackgroundNon-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) emerged as an escalating health concern in youths worldwide, particularly in the vulnerable. In China, a burgeoning internal migration in human history has been tearing families apart, generating a surging number of left-behind children (LBC) with a lack of parental supervision. Despite the empirical acknowledgment of parental migration as a risk predictor of the NSSI among LBC, there remains a lack of understanding of the specific role of the maternal migration experience.ObjectiveThis study sought to determine the association of maternal migration experience and its characteristics in terms of age at initiation and length with 12-month NSSI among school-aged children.Participants and settingData were collected by a self-administrated questionnaire survey conducted among a school-based sample of students in the Anhui province, China.MethodsA total of 2476 participants were analyzed, and the Chi-squared tests and binary logistic regression analysis were employed.ResultsCompared with children whose father is currently migrating and the mother never migrated for work (FM-MN), children whose father never migrated but the mother previously migrated for work (FN-MP, OR = 2.21, 95% CI [1.27–3.84], p < 0.01) and children whose father is currently migrating and the mother previously migrated for work (FM-MP, OR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.00–2.13], p < 0.05) evidenced greater odds of the prevalence of 12-month NSSI. And also, a significantly higher risk for 12-month NSSI was found among FN-MP and FM-MP compared with children whose parents lived in the household and neither had ever migrated for work (FN-MN). For those children with maternal migration experience, while controlling for the paternal migration characteristics, there was no difference between before and after school age at initiation of migration in the risk of NSSI, nor were there any differences across 1–3, 4–6, and more than 6 years of maternal migration lengthConclusionsFindings suggested the potential long-term effect of the experience of maternal migration on children and provided implications for the early identification and prevention of school-aged children at risk for NSSI, particularly within the maternal migrant family context.

Millet Cultivation in North-east Hill Region of India: A Review

The millets are climate resilient, most efficient in use of water, adopted to grown in marginal and sub marginal area, suitably grown in hilly and rainfed area, nutrient dense and having low carbon and water footprint. Considering their significance in present context of agriculture, it is important to know about their region-specific cultivation practices and intervention in it. The North East Hill (NEH) region is known for its diversity in terms of soil and climatic condition as well as crop and plant diversity. The marginal and sub-marginal area with different slope, topography and soil related constraints for production, the millets will be one of the important options for arable crop cultivation. The production practices followed by the farmers and recommended practices were highly diverse due to different agro-climatic condition. At the same time, in several locations production practices were even not developed due to cultivation on very less area with less economic impact at regional or state agriculture. Hence it is informative and knowledge impacting exercise to review the production practices followed and interventions made at institutional and stakeholders level for millets cultivation in NEH region. The present review summarizes the interventions in production practices such as seed and sowing requirement, nutrient, water and weed management as well as insect-pest and disease management in context of NEH region. Besides that, interventions from NEH region at post-harvest and value addition were also discussed in this review. The cost effective and high enumerative interventions in production processes such as substitution of low yielding upland rice cultivation partly or completely with millets, transplanting, fertilization, micronutrient foliar feeding, use of herbicide for weed management and promotion/ up gradation of millets cultivation in new areas (North-East Hill region) are important at production level. The interventions at policy level such as promotion for incorporation of millets in public distribution system, inclusion of millets in school age children diet and different schemes related with supply of nutritious food to children and adolescence are important for NEH region. Increase in diversity of product prepared from millets, initiation of organic seed production of millets, exploring export potential of traditional products prepared from millets to different domestic and international market are important interventions at policy level. At research level, the standardization of production practices for different states in NEH region was initiated and need to be further emphasized rather than using recommendation as it is from other part of India.

Game-based physical education learning to improve basic manipulative movement skills in primary school children

Physical education plays an important role in the development of children's motor skills, especially at primary school age. Basic manipulative movement exercises that focus on object manipulation, ball games and other games can accelerate the development of hand-eye coordination and gross motor skills. This study aims to develop and implement an effective game-based physical education learning model to improve the basic manipulative movement skills of primary school children. The type of research used is pre-experimental research, one group pre-test post-test design. The study population consisted of students aged 9-10 years of grade 4 in Palembang City, with a sample of grade 4A total 25 students who participated in game-based learning for 8 sessions. The results of this study indicate that the use of the game model in learning has a significant effect on the improvement of learners' manipulative movement skills. Educators and coaches are advised to use the game model as the main tool in children's motor development, with adaptations based on learners' initial abilities.

Динамика развития мотивационно-потребностной сферы во второй фазе младшего школьного возраста

&lt;p&gt;The article presents the results of a study based on the principle of a longitudinal study, which reveals the dynamics of the development of educational motivation and broad social motivation in children. The study involved 44 children aged 9-10years (27 boys and 17 girls) who studied in the 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; grade in the 2022-2023 academic year and in the 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; grade in the 2023-2024 academic year. In the study of motivation, the methods "The level of motivation of teaching" and "Subjective position", the method of motivational preferences "Goldfish" and the method "Golden Age" were used. It is shown that children at the end of primary school age are characterized by a combination of object and subject positions in relation to education; the changes occurring at this time in educational motivation are traced&amp;ndash; a decrease in its level from 3&lt;sup&gt;rd&lt;/sup&gt; to 4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; grade. The relative stability of motivation with a broader social context has been established. There are only two trends &amp;ndash; a weakening of "children's" desires (possession of things, toys, etc.) and an increased focus on achieving emotional and material well-being. The correlations between the indicators of educational and broad social motivation are revealed. In particular, a perspective and optimal subjective position in relation to education correlates with a focus on the future, the realization of one's goals, friendship with peers and concern for the well-being of the teacher.&lt;/p&gt;

Parent-Implemented Interventions for Children with Special Needs in Türkiye: An Analysis of Single-Subject Research Studies

This article summarizes single-subject research studies that investigated the impact of interventions implemented by parents or family members of children with special needs living in Türkiye. In this study, 22 research studies conducted between 2013 and 2023 were analyzed in terms of their participants, methodological characteristics, characteristics of the training program implemented, and outcomes. Most of the child participants were boys, and most of the children were of school age. Mothers dominated parental involvement, but siblings also played an important role. The most frequently used design in the research methods was a multiple probe across participants design. While intervention fidelity data are reported in many research studies, implementation fidelity data are often omitted. The outcomes of the reviewed research show that parents successfully implemented the intervention and taught target skills to their children after the intervention they performed. However, generalization and maintenance findings were limited. The lack of clear reporting of parent training procedures makes it difficult to draw inferences about the effectiveness of the training. In general, although there is methodological diversity in the research reviewed, there is a need to be more rigorous about the clarity of the processes.

Influences of Cultural Factors on Vaccination Practices Among Parents Prior to School Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Influences of Cultural Factors on Vaccination Practices Among Parents Prior to School Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

CHI3L1 in Multiple Sclerosis—From Bench to Clinic

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with a complex and not fully understood etiopathological background involving inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. CHI3L1 has been implicated in pathological conditions such as inflammation, injury, and neurodegeneration, and is likely to play a role in the physiological development of the CNS. CHI3L1 is primarily produced by CNS macrophages, microglia, and activated astrocytes. The CHI3L1 expression pattern in MS lesions might support the important role of astrocytes in modulating inflammatory processes in this disease. The potential applications of CHI3L1 as a biomarker in MS are multifactorial. The measurement of CHI3L1 in body fluids might find its role in the early diagnosis of MS. In further stages, the monitoring of CHI3L1 levels might provide information on disease severity and progression, enabling a better adjustment of therapeutic strategies. Importantly, CHI3L1 might potentially serve as a marker of ongoing glial activation, reflecting the dynamic response of the CNS cells to the inflammatory processes in MS. Although preliminary findings have been promising, further research is needed to validate the utility of CHI3L1 measurements in the diagnosis and prediction of the progression of MS. Additionally, comparisons with other biomarkers might be useful in clinical practice.

Islam Dan Hak Anak: Tanggung Jawab Keluarga Dan Sekolah Dalam Pembentukan Akhlak Anak Usia Dini

Morals can reflect personality as well as can describe a character that contains goodness called good morals or noble morals, and contains badness called bad morals or noble morals. Noble morals, and bad morals are called bad morals or despicable morals. Despicable morals. Aiming to provide knowledge to parents and teachers to see the character education that exists in pre-school children before they enter elementary school. Elementary school age. In this case, teachers and parents, especially teachers, play a very important role in strengthening character education for students. Play a role in strengthening character education for their students, where teachers must exemplify what is conveyed and will be imitated by their students. The importance of the role of Islam in the formation of early childhood morals through the responsibility of family and school. Responsibility of family and school. The method used in this research is approach (Library Research). With the results of the research The role of parents and teachers in realising Islamic character has a reciprocal relationship. Islamic character has a reciprocal relationship. Family as the basis for initial formation while the school as a complement to children's character education

Fungsi Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Kota Kupang Terhadap Eksploitasi Anak Dibawah Umur Sebagai Pekerja Informal

Exploitation according to Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection is divided into physical, social, sexual and economic exploitation. With the existence of children who work, this is a violation of the right to child protection and child growth and development, which should be at that age the child is still in school and gets a proper education. The phenomenon of underage labor almost occurs in all regions of Indonesia. One of the children's problems that must receive special attention is the issue of child labor. This issue has become global because so many children around the world are already working at school age. In fact, the issue of child labor is not just an issue of children carrying out work with wages, but it is very closely related to exploitation, dangerous work, inhibition of access to education and hindering the physical, psychological and social development of children, even in certain cases and forms of child labor have entered as the qualification of children who work in the most intolerable situations (the intolerable form of child labor). This research is an empirical research that uses primary data and secondary data collected using interview, observation and literature study techniques. The informants in this study are 10 people. The data processing techniques in this study use several techniques, namely editing, coding, tabulation and verification after which the data will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of this study show that (1) the Kupang City Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office needs to increase socialization, supervision, and cooperation with the community to effectively prevent and protect minors from exploitation. (2) Budget factors, apparatus resources, and socialization of child protection to the community are factors that hinder the implementation of the functions of the Kupang City Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office in providing prevention, protection, coaching and empowerment of children.

Age as an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital cataract in children

The onset of congenital cataract is in the sensitive period of eyeball and visual development, and the pathogenic factors and clinical manifestations are diverse. The age of patients seeking medical treatment can range from the neonatal period to adolescence or even adulthood. However, minors are in continuous growth and development with various characteristics at different periods, which makes the diagnosis and treatment of congenital cataract complicated. In this article, the diagnosis and treatment strategies of congenital cataract are expounded according to the characteristics of the disease in infancy, early childhood, pre-school age and school age. It is pointed out that age is an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of congenital cataract, which should be considered in related clinical work and scientific research.

Predictive analysis of lung function in school-age children born with very low birthweight, according to the definition used of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A retrospective observational analysis.

To determine the predictive value of the definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on spirometric parameters of very low birthweight (VLBW) children of school age between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. In this longitudinal retrospective observational study, we analyse a cohort of children admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. All newborns weighing <1500 g and born before 32 weeks of gestational age were included in the study (VLBW newborns). The existence of BPD was established retrospectively according to the definitions proposed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2001 and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2018. Lung function of the school-age cohort was evaluated prospectively as FEV1, FVC, FEF25-75% and FEV1/FVC by spirometry. The predictive analysis was performed by multivariate linear regression. Of the 145 children included in the study cohort, 60 were diagnosed with BPD according to the NIH definition and 36 according to that of the NICHD. Lung function was reduced by about 20% in patients with BPD, irrespective of the definition applied. However, the predictive regression model only produced a statistically significant fit with the spirometric variables when the NIH definition was adopted. Our findings highlight the value of continuing to consider oxygen requirements at 28 days of chronological age in the definition of BPD, in order to obtain higher quality predictions of lung function parameters assessed later, during school age.

Central mechanisms of muscle tone regulation: implications for pain and performance

Muscle tone represents a foundational property of the motor system with the potential to impact musculoskeletal pain and motor performance. Muscle tone is involuntary, dynamically adaptive, interconnected across the body, sensitive to postural demands, and distinct from voluntary control. Research has historically focused on pathological tone, peripheral regulation, and contributions from passive tissues, without consideration of the neural regulation of active tone and its consequences, particularly for neurologically healthy individuals. Indeed, simplistic models based on the stretch reflex, which neglect the central regulation of tone, are still perpetuated today. Recent advances regarding tone are dispersed across different literatures, including animal physiology, pain science, motor control, neurology, and child development. This paper brings together diverse areas of research to construct a conceptual model of the neuroscience underlying active muscle tone. It highlights how multiple tonic drive networks tune the excitability of complex spinal feedback circuits in concert with various sources of sensory feedback and in relation to postural demands, gravity, and arousal levels. The paper also reveals how tonic muscle activity and excitability are disrupted in people with musculoskeletal pain and how tone disorders can lead to marked pain and motor impairment. The paper presents evidence that integrative somatic methods address the central regulation of tone and discusses potential mechanisms and implications for tone rehabilitation to improve pain and performance.

Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence and Its Association With Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Children in Japan.

To investigate urinary incontinence prevalence and its association with neurodevelopmental disorders among children in Japan. A web-based survey was conducted on children aged 5-15 years in Japan. Information on daytime and nocturnal incontinence and neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability, was collected. Responses from 5186 questionnaires (2619 boys, 2517 girls) were evaluated. In total, 505 children had neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, 148 children had daytime urinary incontinence. The incidence of daytime urinary incontinence did not differ significantly according to sex. Daytime urinary incontinence was associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in 33.1% of children. Moreover, 220 children had nocturnal enuresis. Boys had a significantly higher prevalence of nocturnal enuresis than girls in the overall cohort and early elementary school age group. Nocturnal enuresis was associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in 29.1% of children. Children with daytime urinary incontinence or nocturnal enuresis had a significantly higher incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders. The prevalence of concomitant daytime and nocturnal urinary incontinence and neurodevelopmental disorders in children is significant.

Impact of Social Protection Programmes on Reducing Inequality in Education in Sri Lanka: A Matching Estimator Approach

This empirical study examined the impact of social protection programs in reducing inequality in education in Sri Lanka. In the present study, information was collected from 378 randomly selected households with a total of 536 children of school age. Data collection was done through a structured questionnaire, while the selection of the sample was carried out using a combination of purposive and random sampling techniques. Selection was done on purpose, based on two criteria: the poverty ratio and the percentage of informal sector workers. Districts such as Colombo, Nuwara-Eliya, Batticaloa, Puttalam, Anuradhapura, and Rathnapura were selected along with all their Divisional Secretariat divisions and Grama Niladhari divisions. Households from within these areas were selected randomly. It includes social protection programs supporting education with free school uniforms, textbooks, stationery, scholarships, mid-day meals, and milk. The present study identified the use of the Propensity Score Matching technique to identify the impact of social protection programs on reducing educational inequality. The key findings revealed that students who received at least one form of social protection had over a 13 per cent higher probability of attending school frequently when compared with a student who received no social protection. It can be concluded from this that social protection programs ensure regular attendance in school among students who experience a multitude of disadvantages and, therefore, reduce educational inequality. Based on these findings, the research recommends introducing a school-funded scholarship program that would increase the capacity of poor households and promote current social protection programs more efficiently to suit the differing needs of disadvantaged students.

Glucosinolate profiling in Cleome gynandra L. aerial parts based on two extraction methods

Glucosinolates and their degradation products from Cleome gynandra L. are known for their beneficial effects in traditional medical use. As part of daily nutrient intake, the areal parts of this herb are cooked and consumed, whereas the residual water from boiling is discarded. However, it may contain valuable bioactive metabolites. Therefore, we focus our investigations on Cleome gynandra L. for the presence of glucosinolates using two extraction methods (conventional and unconventional) and according to the physiological stage of growth of the plant. The results showed that glucosinolate contents expressed in mg of glucocapparin/g dry matter (mg/g) differed quantitatively according to the extraction method and physiological development stage. Glucocapparin content was 8.24 mg/g dry matter for the methanolic extract (conventional method) compared to 5.01 mg/g dry matter for the aqueous extract at the fruiting stage of the plants. LC-MS and 1H NMR analysis confirmed the identity of the major glucosinolate as glucocapparin. Quantification revealed the same variation trend in glucosinolate content according to the physiological stage of plant growth with the two extraction methods, i.e., 2.58, 4.74, and 5.01 mg glucocapparin/g dry matter for aqueous extracts (unconventional method) and according to the vegetative, flowering, and fruiting stages, respectively. However, it appears that aqueous extracts (cooking wastewater) obtained from areal parts of Cleome gynandra L. could constitute enriched extracts in glucosinolates from Cleome gynandra L. for phytoprotective applications from the fruiting stage.

Effect of Potassium Optimization on Wheat Drought Tolerance in Controlled Conditions

Potassium is an essential nutrient that influences key processes in plants, including osmotic regulation, photosynthesis, and nitrogen assimilation. This study investigated the drought tolerance of wheat (Triticum spp.) plants treated with sufficient potassium (SK, 1 mM) and low potassium (LK, 0.05 mM) under PEG-induced drought stress. Plant physiological development, canopy temperature, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant defense enzymes, and nitrogen assimilation enzymes were assessed. In non-drought conditions, LK increased canopy temperature and reduced dry matter yield and photosynthetic performance, with these effects becoming more pronounced under drought stress. SK-treated plants exhibited higher biomass, chlorophyll content, maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II, and lower canopy temperatures, even under drought conditions. Furthermore, LK restricted the accumulation of key osmotic regulators, including proline, amino acids, and soluble sugars. Under drought stress, LK plants also showed increased hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion levels, while SK plants had lower reactive oxygen species accumulation and higher antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase and superoxide dismutase). Additionally, LK resulted in reduced activity of nitrogen assimilation enzymes (nitrate reductase, NR, and nitrite reductase, NiR) under both normal and drought conditions. In contrast, SK-treated wheat seedlings maintained higher NR and NiR activities and higher soluble protein content during drought stress. These findings underscore the critical role of potassium management in enhancing wheat yield, particularly in water-scarce regions, as optimal potassium supply strengthens essential physiological and biochemical mechanisms that improve plant tolerance to drought stress.

Functional Impairment Related to ADHD From Preschool to School Age.

Children with ADHD often experience functional impairments across various aspects of daily life. This study addresses the dearth of longitudinal research on functional impairment trajectories from preschool to school age in children with symptoms of ADHD and comorbid disorders. We investigated the extent to which functional impairments were associated with ADHD symptoms, along with behavioral and anxiety symptoms, from age 3.5 to 8 years. Utilizing parent- and teacher-reported data, we analyzed associations between global impairment, and dimension scores (e.g., family; child quality of life (QoL); learning; play/leisure activities; and friends) and symptoms at ages 3.5 and 8 years (n = 783). The mean parent global impairment score increased from 0.31 (standard deviation (SD) = 0.40) to 0.83 (SD = 0.63) from 3.5 to 8 years, while the teacher impairment scores slightly decreased. Specific parent impairment dimension scores, particularly QoL, learning, and friends, significantly increased. Preschool ADHD and comorbid behavioral symptoms reported by parents weakly predicted impairment at 8 years. By age 8 years, impairment and symptoms exhibited moderate to strong correlations for all impairment dimensions. Parents reported greater child impairment during school age across settings compared to preschool, while teachers' impairment profiles remained consistent across ages. These findings suggest that parents perceive impairment as more pronounced at age 8 years and more strongly associated with symptoms of both ADHD and comorbid disorders than at age 3.5 years. Notably, for teachers, a robust correlation between inattention symptoms and learning impairment was observed, with substantially higher impairment scores reported for boys compared to girls.

Juvenile toxicity of atropine sulfate eye drops in young rats

Objectives This study was to investigate the effects of atropine sulphate eye drops (ASED)on the development of partial systems in young rats and their toxic reactions following repeated eye-drop administration over a period of 40 days. Methods SD rats of 20 days old were randomly assigned to control group, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.04% ASED groups, with 60 females and 25 males per group. ASED was given by eye drops from PND21 onwards and normal saline was given in the control group at 10 μL/eye once a day for 40 days, in both right and left eyes. Rats of ASED groups were instilled with eye drops at the 10 μL/day per eye, from postnatal day 21 (PND21) to PND60 for 40 consecutive days. The clinical observation, body weight, food intake, physical development, physiological development, reproductive development, ophthalmic examination, intraocular pressure, and axial length of the rats were examined during the study period. Results ASED at concentrations of 0.01, 0.02, 0.04%, dose levels of 0.002, 0.004, 0.008 mg/day per rat, had no toxicological effects on the clinical observation, body weight, food intake, physical development, physiological development, reproductive development, ophthalmic examination, intraocular pressure, and axial length in rats. Conclusion The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of ASED in young SD rats equivalent to human over 2 years old was 0.008 mg/day at a concentration of 0.4 mg/mL.

Delineating resilience in children with cleft lip and palate (CL/P): a cross-sectional study

BackgroundResilience refers to an individual’s ability to thrive despite adversity. Children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) face numerous challenges during school age due to speech and aesthetic differences compared to typically developing (TD) children. This study aims to compare the resilience levels between Malaysian children with CL/P and TD children, utilizing the Malay-translated Resilience Scale-10 (RS-10)© ([Wagnild, Resilience scale for children (RS10) user’s guide 2015, n.d]).ResultsA total of 121 Malaysian children comprising 52 CL/P and 69 TD children between the ages of 7 to 12 years participated in this study. Among the children with CL/P, 49 exhibited intelligible speech with mild to moderate differences, while three had severely reduced intelligibility. Participants completed the RS-10 online with parental assistance. The total mean scores of resilience for TD and CL/P were 30.80 ± 4.28 and 33.15 ± 6.01 respectively. The t-test results showed no significant differences in resilience scores between groups and across genders. The analysis of variance showed no significant difference between age groups. Regression analysis revealed that age and group were marginally significant predictors of resilience scores. Specifically, each additional year of age was associated with a 0.47-point reduction in RS-10 scores highlighting coping difficulties associated with CL/P in older children.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the resilience of Malaysian children with CL/P, showing they can achieve resilience levels similar to their TD peers, particularly when speech outcomes are favourable.

Molecular allergen sensitization drives phenotypes of severe asthma in children: Evidence from a megacity cohort (SAMP).

Several major sensitization profiles have been described in children with asthma, but it remains unclear how these profiles relate to asthma phenotypes. The aim of this study was to determine allergenic sensitization profiles in a megacity cohort (SAMP). This was a cross-sectional analysis performed from 2011 to 2015 including preschool and school-age children with severe and moderate asthma from the SAMP cohort. We performed ALEX multiplex array and carried out cluster analysis. Data from 367 children were analyzed: 224 of preschool age and 143 of school age, respectively 84 (38%) and 114 (80%) presented at least one allergic sensitization. At preschool age, three clusters were identified: Cluster 1, Few sensitizations to inhaled allergen molecular families and non-type 2 (T2) inflammation (n = 61); Cluster 2, Predominant sensitization to HDM molecular families (n = 16); Cluster 3, Severe asthma with multiple sensitizations to inhaled and food allergen molecular families (n = 7). At school age, five clusters were identified: Cluster 1, Few sensitizations to inhaled allergen molecular families and non-T2 inflammation (n = 43); Cluster 2, Predominant sensitization to HDM molecular families (n = 31); Cluster 3, Predominant sensitization to PR-10 protein family (n = 25); Cluster 4, Severe asthma with predominant sensitization to tropomyosin family (n = 11); Cluster 5, Severe asthma with multiple sensitizations to inhaled and food allergen molecular families (n = 4). These results underline the heterogeneity of sensitization profiles in severe allergic childhood asthma. The most severe asthma phenotypes were associated with multiple sensitizations to both inhaled and food allergen molecular families as expected, and to the tropomyosin molecular family, a novel finding.