Physiological Adaptation Processes Research Articles

Key Genes FECH and ALAS2 under Acute High-Altitude Exposure: A Gene Expression and Network Analysis Based on Expression Profile Data.

High-altitude acclimatization refers to the physiological adjustments and adaptation processes by which the human body gradually adapts to the hypoxic conditions of high altitudes after entering such environments. This study analyzed three mRNA expression profile datasets from the GEO database, focusing on 93 healthy residents from low altitudes (≤1400 m). Peripheral blood samples were collected for analysis on the third day after these individuals rapidly ascended to higher altitudes (3000-5300 m). The analysis identified significant differential expression in 382 genes, with 361 genes upregulated and 21 downregulated. Further, gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the top-ranked enriched pathways are upregulated, involving blood gas transport, erythrocyte development and differentiation, and heme biosynthetic process. Network analysis highlighted ten key genes, namely, SLC4A1, FECH, EPB42, SNCA, GATA1, KLF1, GYPB, ALAS2, DMTN, and GYPA. Analysis revealed that two of these key genes, FECH and ALAS2, play a critical role in the heme biosynthetic process, which is pivotal in the development and maturation of red blood cells. These findings provide new insights into the key gene mechanisms of high-altitude acclimatization and identify potential biomarkers and targets for personalized acclimatization strategies.

Genetic variability of aquaporin expression in maize: From eQTLs to a MITE insertion regulating PIP2;5 expression.

Plant aquaporins are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as cellular homeostasis, tissue hydraulics, transpiration, and nutrient supply, and are key players of the response to environmental cues. While varying expression patterns of aquaporin genes have been described across organs, developmental stages, and stress conditions, the underlying regulation mechanisms remain elusive. Hence, this work aimed to shed light on the expression variability of 4 plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) genes in maize (Zea mays) leaves, and its genetic causes, through expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping across a 252-hybrid diversity panel. Significant genetic variability in PIP transcript abundance was observed to different extents depending on the isoforms. The genome-wide association study mapped numerous eQTLs, both local and distant, thus emphasizing the existing natural diversity of PIP gene expression across the studied panel and the potential to reveal regulatory actors and mechanisms. One eQTL associated with PIP2;5 expression variation was characterized. Genomic sequence comparison and in vivo reporter assay attributed, at least partly, the local eQTL to a transposon-containing polymorphism in the PIP2;5 promoter. This work paves the way to the molecular understanding of PIP gene regulation and its possible integration into larger networks regulating physiological and stress adaptation processes.

Strength Simulator Codes for Different Age Groups Considering Physiological Processes of Adaptation in Conditions of Strength Fitness

Topicality. Determination of optimal load parameters in fitness, based on age-related physiological features and adaptive changes of the neuromuscular system, is one of the most debated issues among leading scientists in this field. The research purpose was to develop models of code combinations for strength training of different age groups, considering physiological processes of human body adaptation to a stressful physical stimulus in the conditions of strength fitness. Methods. A comparative analysis of the research results on the effectiveness of using the optimal combination between the parameters of an external physical stimulus and the physiological features of the human body adaptive reactions has been used over the research. The results. It was established that in the process of developing code combinations for different age groups` strength training, the nature of the physiological reactions of their neuromuscular system to a stressful stimulus depend on the features of the load regime and the structure of the exercise program. For adolescence, considering the peculiarities of the physiological process of adaptation, it is used of moderate-intensity activity in combination with a complex of isolation exercises that promotes the processes of intra-muscular and inter-muscular coordination. For youth, in the process of developing code combinations aimed at the development of the main types of strength, the entire range of load modes is actively used. Particular attention is paid to stimuli that contribute to increasing the number of active (FF) motor units. In adulthood, especially in the second period, the content of code combinations to increase strength capabilities changes significantly. In the vast majority, this applies to the parameters of the intensity of load modes, the use of which will selectively affect the hypertrophy of a certain type of muscle fibers within intermuscular coordination. For the elderly, in the process of developing code combinations for strength training, priority is given to the selective activity of agonists during moderate-intensity isolated exercises. Findings. Strength Simulator codes considering physiological processes of the neuromuscular system adaptation to a stressful physical stimulus, is one of the innovative mechanisms for improving the training program of different age groups in the conditions of strength fitness.

Drought Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Impact, Performance and Recent Trends

Drought poses a significant challenge to rice cultivation in Asia's rain-fed regions, which is expected to worsen with climate change. This article presents a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on drought tolerance in rice, based on a literature review of 52 relevant articles. The articles were chosen based on their relevance to the topic of drought tolerance in rice. The selected articles were then analyzed using a qualitative approach to summarize and synthesize their findings into three main sections: impact, performance, and recent trends. The article highlights several key findings on the development of drought-tolerant rice cultivars, including the identification of genes that control responses to water availability, the use of submergence-tolerant varieties in flood-prone lowlands, and the importance of physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptation processes in improving rice's tolerance to drought stress. The article emphasizes the importance of marker-assisted breeding and cultivation in semi-arid and rainfed environments to develop more drought-tolerant cultivars. The development of drought-tolerant rice cultivars is crucial to ensure food security and mitigate the effects of climate change in Asia's rain-fed regions. The article also discusses various types of droughts and their effects on different plant species and drought pressures. As the global population increases, the demand for rice as a dependable food crop also rises. To meet this demand, rice cultivation must be expanded to rainfed areas. However, rice's adaptation mechanisms and habitat make it one of the most challenging crops for breeders to develop drought-tolerant varieties. Overall, this article provides important insights and recommendations to improve rice productivity and address the challenges associated with drought in rice cultivation.

Forms of degeneration of blood cells, their physiological and clinical significance, mechanisms of formation, shadows of cells in blood smears of birds

Relevance. An overview is presented of the patterns of appearance, physiological and clinical significance of shadows of cells, a comparative experimental cytomorphological analysis using the example of polychromatophilic erythroblasts (PolyErythro), shadows of erythroblast (ShadErythro) and undifferentiated shadows cells of in peripheral blood smears of chickens Gallus gallus L.Methods. The studied individuals were divided into four groups (n = 40) depending on the age of the chickens (Postembryonalis — P1, P7, P23, and P42): 1, 7, 23, and 42 days of postembryonic ontogenesis) of a factory herd. ShadErythro apoptotic changes, undifferentiated cell shadows were characterized. Were calculated and characterized the morphophysiological parameters of PolyErythro, ShadErythro and unidentified shadows of cells by high-resolution color microphotographs in blood smears of birds (Pappenheim stained); a total of 158 (n = 158) microphotographs were analyzed.Results. The structured ShadErythro were able in chromatinolized. Unidentified shadows of cells were in a state of cytolysis, fragmentation of the cytoplasm, karyopycnosis and karyorrhexis, chromatin fragmentation, and karyolysis were noted. Structured of ShadErythro and undifferentiated shadows of cells were light purple with a reddish tint. Significant difference in the area of ShadErythro (Sshadow, μm2) was recorded in the ascending area of PolyErythro (Scell, μm2), within 25% (p ≤ 0.001), an increase in the percentage of difference between the minimum and maximum values of the ShadErythro area (Pshad.-cell-differ.-min-max,%) of Pcell-differ.-min-max,% PolyErythro was 36% (p ≤ 0.001). The difference in the percentage difference between the minimum and maximum values of the area of the nucleus of erythroblasts (Pnucleus-differ.-min-max) and the shadows of the nucleus of erythroblasts (Pshad.-nucle.-differ.-min-max) is significantly less than the analogous values (noted above) for cells and shadows erythroblasts, for example, Pnucleus-differ.-min-max exceeded Pshad.-nucle.-differ.-min-max by only 21% (p ≤ 0.001). The percentage of difference between the minimum and maximum values of the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio ShadErythro (PN/C Ratio-shad.-cell) significantly exceeded the analogous value of PolyErythro (PN/C Ratio) within 64% (p ≤ 0.001). At the same time, the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of PolyErythro (N/C Ratio) and ShadErythro (N/C Ratio-shad.-cell) had a relatively minimal difference. The ShadErythro nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C Ratio-shad.-cell) exceeded the PolyErythro nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (N/C Ratio) by only 12% (p ≤ 0.001). ShadErythro is maximally represented in chickens aged P1 — 40% and up to 30% (p ≤ 0.05) in P23. In P7, the amount of ShadErythro decreased by 30% (p ≤ 0.05), in P42, a decrease in ShadErythro to 20% (p ≤ 0.05) was recorded. The described dynamics of ShadErythro is due to physiological adaptive processes in the body of broiler chickens in the early period of postembryonic ontogenesis. The data obtained by us from a comprehensive comparative morphophysiological analysis of forms of degeneration of blood cells will be useful in the clinical diagnosis of animal pathologies, experimental and theoretical studies of cellular adaptations of the functional blood system and the whole organism.

Overlapping action of melatonin and female reproductive hormones-Understand the impact in pregnancy and menopause.

Melatonin is an indolamine secreted to circulation by the pineal gland according to a circadian rhythm. Melatonin levels are higher during nighttime, and the principal function of this hormone is to organize the temporal night and day distribution of physiological adaptive processes. Besides hormonal pineal production, melatonin is synthesized in various organs and tissues like the ovaries or the placenta for local utilization. In addition to its function as a circadian messenger, melatonin is also associated with many physiological functions. For example, melatonin has antioxidant properties and is involved in the regulation of energy and bone metabolism, and reproduction. Melatonin impacts several stages of reproduction and the action across the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis is well described. However, it is not well understood how those actions impact the female reproductive hormones secretion nor the consequent physiological outcomes. Thus, the first part of this chapter describes the regulation of female reproductive hormone synthesis by melatonin. Moreover, melatonin and female reproductive hormones have coincident physiological functions. Life stages like pregnancy or menopause are characterized by alterations in the reproductive hormones secretion that may be associated with certain physiological stages. Therefore, the second part discusses whether melatonin fluctuations could have an overlapping role with reproductive hormones in contributing to clinical outcomes associated with pregnancy and menopause.

Thermal adaptation of southern migrants to the district heating environment in the severe cold area, China: A longitudinally traced investigation

Preference for thermal environments is affected by the thermal histories on their own. A deeper understanding of human thermal adaptation to create comfortable and energy-saving environments is desired. To study the differences in thermal responses of southern migrants and northern locals to district heating environments, a longitudinally traced investigation was performed in the severe cold area, China. 74 freshmen with different thermal histories were invited for six weeks in winter. Physiological parameters and thermal response votes were collected. Results showed that the most significant difference in the thermal neutral temperature between locals and migrants reaches up to 1.1 °C, after acclimation, which decreases to 0.7 °C. Also, southern immigrants are not as sensitive to temperature changes as locals, but the gap is narrowing. Moreover, immigrants tended to wear lighter clothing at the same room temperature compared to natives, who were more flexible in adjusting their clothing. It was also observed that physiological and psychological adaptation processes were not synchronous. The humidity is the leading purpose of physiological discomfort for migrants. Physiological adaptation is a relatively slow process. It concluded that southern immigrants may take approximately 1 week to adapt to the thermal environment with district heating. However, they did not fully adapt to the humid environment until the 6th week. The findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms of thermal adaptation and creating comfortable built environments.

Genome-wide identification of core components of ABA signaling and transcriptome analysis reveals gene circuits involved in castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) response to drought

Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) can withstand long periods of water deficit and high temperatures, and therefore has been recognized as a drought-resistant plant species, allowing the study of gene networks involved in drought response and tolerance. The identification of genes networks related to drought response in this plant may yield important information in the characterization of molecular mechanisms correlating changes in the gene expression with the physiological adaptation processes. In this context, gene families related to abscisic acid (ABA) signaling play a crucial role in developmental and environmental adaptation processes of plants to drought stress. However, the families that function as the core components of ABA signaling, as well as genes networks related to drought response, are not well understood in castor bean. In this study 7 RcPYL, 63 RcPP2C, and 6 RcSnRK2 genes were identified in castor bean genome, which was further supported by chromosomal distribution, gene structure, evolutionary relationships, and conserved motif analyses. The castor bean general expression profile was investigated by RNAseq in root and leaf tissues in response to drought stress. These analyses allowed the identification of genes differentially expressed, including genes from the ABA signaling core, genes related to photosynthesis, cell wall, energy transduction, antioxidant response, and transcription factors. These analyses provide new insights into the core components of ABA signaling in castor bean, allow the identification of several molecular responses associated with the high physiological adaptation of castor bean to drought stress, and contribute to the identification of candidate genes for genetic improvement.

Melatonin in Health and Disease: A Perspective for Livestock Production

Mounting evidence in the literature indicates an important role of endogenous and exogenous melatonin in driving physiological and molecular adaptations in livestock. Melatonin has been extensively studied in seasonally polyestrous animals whereby supplementation studies have been used to adjust circannual rhythms in herds of animals under abnormal photoperiodic conditions. Livestock undergo multiple metabolic and physiological adaptation processes throughout their production cycle which can result in decreased immune response leading to chronic illness, weight loss, or decreased production efficiency; however, melatonin's antioxidant capacity and immunostimulatory properties could alleviate these effects. The cardiovascular system responds to melatonin and depending on receptor type and localization, melatonin can vasodilate or vasoconstrict several systemic arteries, thereby controlling whole animal nutrient partitioning via vascular resistance. Increased incidences of non-communicable diseases in populations exposed to circadian disruption have uncovered novel pathways of neurohormones, such as melatonin, influence health, and disease. Perturbations in immune function can negatively impact the growth and development of livestock which has been examined following melatonin supplementation. Specifically, melatonin can influence nutrient uptake, circulating nutrient profiles, and endocrine profiles controlling economically important livestock growth and development. This review focuses on the physiological, cellular, and molecular implications of melatonin on the health and disease of domesticated food animals.

Multigenerational physiological compensation and body size reduction dampen the effects of warming on copepods

AbstractUnder the current ocean warming scenario, multigenerational studies are essential to address possible adaptive changes in phenotypic traits of copepod populations. In this study, we exposed the calanoid copepod Paracartia grani, reared in the laboratory at 19°C, to warmer conditions (22°C and 25°C) to investigate the changes in key phenotypic traits in the 1st, 10th, and 11th generations. Development rates and adult body size were inversely related to temperature in all generations. We also found a decline in copepod egg size at higher temperatures. Temperature had positive effects on the ingestion and egg production rate of females in the first generation, but the thermal response of the copepods diminished significantly in the consecutive generations. The decrease in thermal effects on feeding and egg production rates after multigenerational exposure cannot be explained only by the shrinkage in body size at warmer temperatures, but also involves the action of physiological compensation. These adaptive processes did not appear to have a significant cost on other traits, such as egg hatching success, gross growth efficiency, and sex ratio. Our findings have implications for the prediction of ocean warming effects on copepod activity rates and highlight the importance of physiological adaptation processes after multigenerational exposure.

Adaptive changes in sensorimotor processing in patients with acute low back pain

In low back pain (LBP), primary care and secondary prevention of recurrent and persistent LBP are not always successful. Enhanced understanding of neural mechanisms of sensorimotor processing and pain modulation in patients with acute LBP is mandatory. This explorative fMRI study investigated sensorimotor processing due to mechanosensory stimulation of the lumbar spine. We studied 19 adult patients with acute LBP (< 4 weeks of an acute episode) and 23 healthy controls. On a numeric rating scale, patients reported moderate mean pain intensity of 4.5 out of 10, while LBP-associated disability indicated mild mean disability. The event-related fMRI analysis yielded no between-group differences. However, the computation of functional connectivity resulted in adaptive changes in networks involved in sensorimotor processing in the patient group: Connectivity strength was decreased in the salience and cerebellar networks but increased in the limbic and parahippocampal networks. Timewise, these results indicate that early connectivity changes might reflect adaptive physiological processes in an episode of acute LBP. These findings raise intriguing questions regarding their role in pain persistence and recurrences of LBP, particularly concerning the multiple consequences of acute LBP pain. Advanced understanding of neural mechanisms of processing non-painful mechanosensations in LBP may also improve therapeutic approaches.

Improving production and fruit quality of tomato under abiotic stress: Genes for the future of tomato breeding for a sustainable agriculture

Climate change and a rising world population make generation of crops with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance and higher nutritive value a priority objective in agriculture. In this review we have summarized recent advances on tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), the most important horticultural species regarding production and nutritional quality. Firstly, the different and complex processes evolved in abiotic stress tolerance are summarized, with special attention on responses to osmotic, oxidative and ionic and nutritional stress, as well as the anatomical changes involved in plant adaptation to abiotic stress. In order to avoid or reduce production loss and improve fruit quality under abiotic stress, it is of utmost importance the identification of tomato key genes involved in abiotic stress long-term tolerance, that is, genes which simple variation determines a significant change not only in vegetative but also in reproductive growth. The functions of the tomato genes known to date affecting fruit yield under abiotic stress are described, including those involved in signal sensing, perception and transduction of abiotic stress, transcription factors and abiotic stress responsive genes. Together with production, fruit quality is crucial in tomato given its so high worldwide consumption per capita . Nutritional compounds as carotenoids and vitamin E are well known antioxidants and abiotic stress induces a secondary oxidative stress to which plants have to react. Although the increased metabolites production under abiotic stress may be due to physiological adaptation processes, advances in this field will go in parallel to the identification of genes improving fruit quality when the plant is grown subjected to stressful conditions. The key genes involved in improvement of nutritional quality of tomato fruit under abiotic stress are reviewed, in particular the main ones involved in accumulation of crucial metabolites in this aspect, such as carotenoids and tocopherols. One of the main bottlenecks in breeding programs nowadays is the strong reduction of phenotypic and genetic diversity in modern germplasm. Therefore, searching of new genetic resources for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance and fruit quality is critical, including sources of natural variation, like wild relatives and traditional varieties or landraces, as well as spontaneous and induced mutants with beneficial effects on these traits. All of them will expand our knowledge on the processes involved in abiotic stress tolerance and fruit quality in tomato. • Adaptation strategies essential to uphold growth through plant life cycle in stress • Long-term stress tolerance genes are critical to reduce yield losses • Increasing fruit quality when growing tomato plants under abiotic stress conditions • Finding new genetic resources for improvement of tomato fruit yield and quality

High similarities in dorsal fin ratios of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Caribbean Sea

AbstractDorsal fins, one of the most notable dolphin's physical features, play important kinematic and hydrodynamic roles and are related to physiological and environmental adaptation processes. Differences in dorsal fin shape have been recently associated with geographic variation, habitat specialization between ecotypes, and ontogenetic factors. We studied dorsal fin variation across several common bottlenose dolphin populations in the Caribbean. A total of 252 dorsal fin photographs from eight coastal regions in the Caribbean were selected for analysis. Dolphin dorsal fin proportions were compared among regions and compared with data previously collected from Holbox, Mexico. Dorsal fin models were constructed for each region. We found that across the Caribbean, coastal bottlenose dolphins exhibit low variation in dorsal fin shape, with the most common dorsal fin pattern having low and triangular shapes, two traits that greatly contrast with the oceanic ecotype. Also, significant differences in overall dorsal fin proportions found among some adjacent groups support the hypothesis that subgroups could be present even within extremely short geographical distances ‐ as has been previously documented. The results of this study can be implemented in population monitoring efforts worldwide, as it uses free software and provides a step‐by‐step guideline to analyze the data.

Hubungan Hipertensi dengan Pembesaran Jantung pada Pasien di Ruang Perawatan

Hypertension is an increase in the pulse rate so that the systolic blood pressure is 130 mmHg or more and the diastolic pressure is 80 or more or more mmHg. The enlargement of the heart or cardiomegaly that occurs in hypertension is originally a process of physiological adaptation, but with the continued addition of cardiomegaly it will become a pathological process. Ghiffary AM (2019) research explained that 89% of the samples had cardiomegaly hypertension. And another study conducted by Muhtri (2018) found that out of 60 hypertensive patients, the Cardiothoracic Ratio (CTR) value of all patients was more than 50%, indicating that hypertensive patients tended to improve. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hypertension and heart disease in patients treated in the Asoka treatment room of RSUD dr. La Palaloi Hospital, Maros Regency. This type of research is descriptive analytics with a cross-sectional research approach, where a sample of 154 people took data samples using total sampling with observation sheet instruments in the medical record room of Dr La Palaloi Hospital, Maros Regency. The results showed that there was a relationship between hypertension and heart disease in patients treated in the Asoka treatment room, dr. La Palaloi Hospital, Maros Regency (p = 0.003). Suggestions from this study are expected to dr La Palaloi Hospital, Maros Regency, to further intensify the provision of blood pressure information, especially the incidence of hypertension and cardiomegaly to all patients and the progress of management.

The Innate Chronotoxicity hypothesis: an ubiquitous physiological flaw both unnoticed and inevitable. Could circadian rhythm be an evolutionary mismatch?

The aim of this study is to outline a flaw in a com-monly scarcely considered physiological adaptation process, which, unnoticed, can lead to severe pathologies that range from cancer to autoimmunity. This being circadian rhythm (CR) disruption a common factor in the onset of such diseases, an additional objective of this paper is to assess whether or not CR is advantageous for organisms and in which conditions that may be and, if disadvantageous, to measure its chronotoxicity. The term "chronotoxicity" is here intended to denote the degree to which the environment desynchronizes the CR of an organism. An inductive research approach was adopted to integrate, evaluate and interpret the findings of the existing literature to form and verify a new interpretation in the field of research that in this study was named as "Innate Chronotoxicity" (IC) hypothesis. The analysis of the cited literature provided data to derive four empirical assumptions for the attainment of the IC hypothesis, and namely that: the equatorial region is the only area on our planet that is not chronotoxic for humans because its constant LD cycle corresponds to the human organism's internal clock cycle and may therefore correctly entrain the circadian rhythm; chronotoxicity is therefore innate and inevitable considering that the majority of hu-mans live a long way from the equator and the circadian rhythm is a congenital physiological feature of all humans; the circadian rhythm is an evolutionary mismatch since innate chronotoxicity is inherently a disadvantage; IC intensity increases proportionally to the distance a person lives from the equator. Innate chronotoxicity and its causes have remained unnoticed and undetected even to this day, although this study's fin-dings robustly validate the above four assumptions. If this hypothesis is confirmed through further rigorous research, it bears significant implications for the world's healthcare systems, due to the burden placed on them by the estimated population affected and the severity of the resulting related diseases. To entertain further speculation, in the conclusions it is cautiously suggested an expanded view of the circadian pacemaker tree.

Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Kappaphycus alvarezii (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) in Response to Light of Different Wavelengths and Carbon Dioxide Enrichment.

Rhodophyta (red algae) comprises over 6000 species, however, there have only been a few comparative transcriptomic studies due to their under-representation in genomic databases. Kappaphycus alvarezii, a Gigartinales algae, is a valuable source of carrageenan and is extensively cultivated in many countries. The majority of seaweed farming in Southeast Asia is done in intertidal zones under varying light (i.e., spectra and irradiance) and carbon dioxide (CO2) conditions, which affects the rate of photosynthesis. This study conducted transcriptome profiling to investigate the photosynthetic mechanisms in K. alvarezii exposed to different wavelengths of light (i.e., blue, green, and red light, in comparison to white light) and CO2 availability. We analyzed the responses of photosynthetic protein complexes to light and observed that light of different wavelengths regulates a similar set of photosynthetic apparatuses. Under CO2 enrichment, genes encoding C3 and C4 enzymes were found to be actively transcribed, suggesting the likely shift in the carbon metabolism pathway or the involvement of these genes in adaptive physiological processes. This study contributes to the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in red algae and has implications for the culture and commercial production of these economically valuable macroalgae.

Antiarrhythmic drugs-safety and efficacy during pregnancy.

When deciding on antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) treatment, athorough knowledge of the physiological adaptation processes that occur during pregnancy and their effect on metabolism and the efficacy of AAD is mandatory. Beyond the desired effects of AAD therapy, side effects can occur in pregnant women. Furthermore, potential harm to fetal development-depending on gestational age-needs to be considered. Athorough evaluation of potential risks opposed to expected benefits for mother and fetus should be carried out before initiation of AAD treatment. Regular maternal echocardiography and fetal sonographic examination during pregnancy under AAD treatment are advisable. If possible, serum concentrations of AAD should be measured on aregular basis. Due to electrolyte and volume imbalances after delivery, maternal monitoring is recommended for approximately 48 h under AAD therapy. Current guidelines are based on almost historic analyses, where AAD were often prescribed for other indications than rhythm disorders. In clinical practice, AAD predominantly used during pregnancy are intravenous adenosine for acute treatment of atrioventricular nodal dependent tachycardias, whereas betablockers, sotalol, and flecainide can be orally administered for long-term therapy.

Woody breast myopathy broiler show age-dependent adaptive differential gene expression in Pectoralis major and altered in-vivo triglyceride kinetics in adipogenic tissues

A study was conducted to understand the differentially expressed genes in Pectoralis (P) major under woody breast (WB) myopathy condition in a high yielding broiler strain using RNA-sequencing at the growing (d 21) and finishing (d 42 and d 56) grow-out ages. Follow-up study was conducted to understand the in vivo triglyceride (TG) synthesis (d 49) occurring in adipogenic tissues using deuterium oxide (2H2O) as a metabolic tracer. Results indicated the top physiological systems affected in myopathy broiler were related to the musculo-skeletal system (d 21, 42, and 56) and cardiovascular system (d 42 and 56). Ubiquitin-specific proteases are expressed higher in myopathy broiler at d 21 (OTUD1) and d 42 (SACS) that potentially indicated higher degradation of muscle protein occurring at those ages. While genes related to transcription factors and muscle cell differentiation (ZNF234, BTG2) and muscle growth (IGF1) were upregulated with myopathy broiler suggesting concurrent muscle fiber regeneration. The downregulation of PYGB and MGAM genes related to carbohydrate transport and metabolism at d 42 potentially indicated nutrient-deficient state of myopathy affected fibers; whereas the nutrient-deficient physiological state of cells seemed to be counteracted by up-regulation of genes related to carbohydrate (ALDOB, GPD1L2) at d 56. There was a reduced (P < 0.05) in vivo TG synthesis in liver of the myopathy broiler (0.123 %/hr) compared to non-myopathy broiler (0.197 %/hr). The majority of TG synthesized in liver with myopathy broiler could conceivably be delivered to P. major (rather than to abdominal fat pad storage) to fulfil the increased energy need of muscle cells (via TG lipolysis and fatty acid [FA] oxidation). The increased utilization of FAs in the WB affected muscle could result in reduced secretion of FAs into blood circulation leading to sub-optimal availability of FAs for re-esterification for TG synthesis in liver. Results indicated that myopathy broiler at later age (d 56) of grow-out period were synchronously going through adaptive physiological processes of feedback responses to adverse cellular states.

Oxidative stress-mediated alterations in histone post-translational modifications

Epigenetic regulation of gene expression provides a finely tuned response capacity for cells when undergoing environmental changes. However, in the context of human physiology or disease, any cellular imbalance that modulates homeostasis has the potential to trigger molecular changes that result either in physiological adaptation to a new situation or pathological conditions. These effects are partly due to alterations in the functionality of epigenetic regulators, which cause long-term and often heritable changes in cell lineages. As such, free radicals resulting from unbalanced/extended oxidative stress have been proved to act as modulators of epigenetic agents, resulting in alterations of the epigenetic landscape. In the present review we will focus on the particular effect that oxidative stress and free radicals produce in histone post-translational modifications that contribute to altering the histone code and, consequently, gene expression. The pathological consequences of the changes in this epigenetic layer of regulation of gene expression are thoroughly evidenced by data gathered in many physiological adaptive processes and in human diseases that range from age-related neurodegenerative pathologies to cancer, and that include respiratory syndromes, infertility, and systemic inflammatory conditions like sepsis.

Prenatal Yoga

Pregnancy is a physiological condition. During pregnancy there is discomfort which is a result of the physiological adaptation process of the mother's body system to her pregnancy. Discomfort that is still within normal limits can turn out to be abnormal due to the mother's unpreparedness for her pregnancy. Healthy pregnant women will have an impact on optimal fetal development. Labor preparation also starts from pregnancy. Prental yoga is a promotive and preventive effort to improve the health of the mother so that she can adapt to physical and psychological changes during pregnancy and prepare for labor. Prenatal yoga join by pregnant women starting from the second trimester, done every Tuesday and Friday for 90 minutes. Each session starts with pranayama (breathing) practice, asana practice and kegel exercise. At the end, a relaxation and positive affirmation exercise was carried out. The results achieved in this activity are (1) increased physical fitness of pregnant women. (2) increasing the psychological readiness of mothers.