Physiological Active Compounds Research Articles

Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Study of Vidangadi Churna - An Experimental Study

Herbal medicines are gaining more and more attention all over the world as they have been in use since ancient times and have no side effects if taken under proper supervision. But they have their own limitations as data about standardization and quality control are not widely available. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to revalidate this herbal compound under the lens of advance tools or procedures. Method: Vidangadi Churna was prepared according to the classical reference. Physiochemical and Phytochemical study was performed by proper WHO guidelines and Antimicrobial activity of Vidangadi Churna was tested by Agar well diffusion method. Result and Discussion: In this study Vidangadi Churna showed the presence of phytochemical constituents having antimicrobial properties. This preparation was treated with different reagents and examined under UV light. Different reagents showed different colours of the preparation at different wavelengths. Various physiological active compounds like phenolic compounds, Tannins, Amino acids, alkaloids etc. were found in Vidangadi Churna. Antimicrobial study revealed the activity of this drug on different micro-organisms. Conclusion: Vidangadi Churna is poly-herbal Ayurveda formulation described in Yogratnakar in Kustha Roga Chikitsa Adhyay. By this study it is concluded that Vidangadi churna fulfilled all the standard criteria with effective parameters and it could be used as anti-microbial agent against infections caused by Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Effect of different control applications on Cuscuta campestris, and biochemical content of eggplant

The current study was undertaken to stimulate the physiological resistance and active compounds in eggplant to prevent the development of Cuscuta campestris (Dodder), to reduce its spread in field and also detection of selective herbicide to control it with minimum damage to eggplant fields in Iraq. A field experiment was conducted in Al-Qizuina, province of Najaf during the 2017 growing season to achieve the above aim. Treatments (herbicide and nutrients) were arranged within randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The results showed significant differences among treatments when boric acid gave the greatest leaf content of carbohydrates, phosphorus, boron, total chlorophyll, and growth-promoting hormones (IAA and GA3) in eggplant, fruit content of ascorbic acid and total soluble compounds. However, the Na2SiO3 resulted in higher leaf content of silicon and salicylic acid while urea treatment gave greater nitrogen and protein in the crop. Similarly, treatments of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and K2SO4 were higher in calcium and potassium, respectively. The growth inhibitor hormones (ABA) were greater in the mechanical control treatment, while the total phenols were very high in the sulfosulfuron treatment. Based on the GC–MS analysis of herbicide residues, sulfosulfuron concentration was below the level of detection in the eggplants fruits confirming their safety for human consumption. Using sulfosulfuron with plant nutrients together can enhance resistance in eggplant against C. campestris.

Efficiency of ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region in identifying Cordyceps species

Cordyceps genus is a well-known traditional medicine worldwide. It contains abundant physiological active compounds that were demonstrated to perform benefit in reducing progression of cancer as well as protecting human health. Accurately classifying species in this genus is essential in order to prevent commercial counterfeit medicines. Nowadays, a taxonomic classification of species based on DNA sequences can overcome the existed limitation in identifying by using only morphological characteristics of this genus. DNA barcodes are standard short genomic regions that are universally present in target lineages and has sufficient sequence variation to discriminate species in the genus. A variety of loci has been suggested as DNA barcodes for plants, including genes and non-coding regions in the nuclear and plastid genomes such as psbA-trnH, matK, rbcL, and ITS. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify selected species of Cordyceps genus using DNA barcodes. Seven strains of Cordyceps were collected. Total DNA extraction and purification, PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were performed with standard chemicals and kits. The candidate ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region was amplified and sequenced. Data were analyzed using Bioedit 7.2.6 and MEGA 7 softwares. Analysis of seven obtained DNA barcode sequences of collected samples revealed that the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region provided high species discriminating power for Cordyceps genus. Accordingly, phylogenetic trees based on this DNA barcode exhibited six samples had closed relationship to Cordyceps militaris, while another specimen was the nearest neighbor to Cordyceps sinensis with average similarities at 99.82% and 99.81%, respectively. Our results support the identification of valuable medicinal plant species within Cordyceps genus.

Effect of physiological active compounds on status of prooxidative-antioxidative balance and activity of Krebs cycle enzymes in heart and liver tissues under doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy

A study was conducted to determinate the effects of Tiotriasolin, Qudesan and the precursors of ubiquinone synthesis (EPM-Mg: alpha-tocopherol acetate), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, methionine, Mg2+ ions) on the free radical processes and activity of some Krebs cycle dehydrogenases in rat heart and liver tissues under conditions of doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Administration of doxorubicin intensified the processes of lipid and protein oxidation and suppressed antioxidant enzymes activity in liver and heart tissues. Administration of metabolic correctional drugs caused a decrease the negative effect of doxorubicin on antioxidant system of heart and liver tissues due to increased activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase and inhibition of free radical processes. Doxorubicin administration caused an increase activity of both dehydrogenases in cardiomyocytes, which can be explained by triggering compensatory mechanisms in organ’s cells. The intake of metabolic drugs decreases the negative effect of anthracycline and approximates the dehydrogenase activity, which is close to the control values. In contrast to heart tissues, doxorubicin administration did not cause significant changes in the activity of energy enzymes in liver tissues, which may be due to the presence in the cells of liver a relatively powerful antioxidant defense system (capable in this experimental conditions effectively counteract doxorubicin-induced free radical processes). Administration of Qudesan and EPM-Mg caused a significant increase of alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities, which indicates the positive effect of these substances on work of the cell energy system.

Whole-genome sequence of purple non-sulfur bacteria, Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain MBTLJ-8 with improved CO2 reduction capacity

Rhodobacter sphaeroides consists of two chromosomes and many plasmids and incorporates many environmentally important functional gene. Rhodobacter sphaeroides MBTLJ-8 was derived from R. sphaeroides 2.4.1 using chemical mutagenesis and is characterized by enhanced production of physiological active compounds as well as improved carbon dioxide reduction capacity. We reported the complete genome sequence and characteristics based on genomic information of this bacteria.Therefore, this genome sequence provides elucidation for improved CO2 fixation and enhanced physiological active compounds production, and will be used as the efficient photosynthetic bacteria for the biological CO2 reduction system.

Synthesis of Polyaniline in the Presence of Physiological Active Compounds

Synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of physiological active materials is reported. Infrared absorption, electron spin resonance, and UV-Vis optical absorption spectroscopy measurements for the resultants were carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed the surface structures of the polymer.

Synthesis of Polyaniline in the Presence of Physiological Active Compounds

Synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) in the presence of physiological active materials is reported. Infrared absorption, electron spin resonance, and UV-Vis optical absorption spectroscopy measurements for the resultants were carried out. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations revealed the surface structures of the polymer.

Physicochemical and phytochemical standardization of berries of Myrtus communis Linn.

Purpose:Herbal medicines are gaining more and more attention all over the world due to their long historical clinical practice and less side effects. The major limitation with herbal medicines is that the lack of standardization technique. Initially, the crude drugs were identified by comparison only with the standard description available.Materials and Methods:Standardization of drugs means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality and purity. The quality control standards of various medicinal plants, used in indigenous system of medicine, are significant nowadays in view of commercialization of formulations based on medicinal plants. The quality of herbal drugs is the sum of all factors, which contribute directly or indirectly to the safety, effectiveness, and acceptability of the product. Lack of quality control can affect the efficacy and safety of drugs that may lead to health problems in the consumers. Standardization of drugs is needed to overcome the problems of adulteration and is most developing field of research now. Therefore, there is an urgent need of standardized drugs having consistent quality.Results:The drug showed the presence of phyto-chemical constituents. Powdered drug was treated with different reagents and examined under UV light. Different reagents showed different colors of the drug at 2 wavelengths. The percentage of physiological active compounds viz. total phenolics, tannins, volatile oil, fixed oil, and alkaloids were also observed.Conclusion:Myrtus communis L. (Family: Myrtaceae) is one of the important drug being used in Unani system of medicine for various therapeutic purposes. In this study, an attempt has been made to study berries of M. communis from physico-chemical and phytochemical standardization point of view.

EFFECT OF PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA 17 ON THE ACCUMULATION OF PHYTOHORMONES IN VERMICOMPOST

The ability of Pseudomonas putida 17 bacteria to produce physiological active compounds was studied. The data provided confirms the biosynthesis of auxin and cytokinin phytohormones by this bacterium. The introduction of P. putida 17 in composted substrate enriched with phosphorites in the beginning of composting provides accumulation of phytohormones in the compost.

Neuronal chemotaxis by optically manipulated liposomes

We probe chemotaxis of single neurons, induced by signalling molecules which were optically delivered from liposomes in the neighbour-hood of the cells. We implemented an optical tweezers setup combined with a micro-dissection system on an inverted microscope platform. Molecules of Netrin-1 protein were encapsulated into micron-sized liposomes and manipulated to micrometric distances from a specific growth cone of a hippocampal neuron by the IR optical tweezers. The molecules were then released by breaking the liposomes with UV laser pulses. Chemotaxis induced by the delivered molecules was confirmed by the migration of the growth cone toward the liposome position. Since the delivery can be manipulated with high temporal and spatial resolution and the number of molecules released can be controlled quite precisely by tuning the liposome size and the solution concentration, this technique opens new opportunities to investigate the effect of physiological active compounds as Netrin-1 to neuronal signalling and guidance, which represents an important issue in neurobiology.

USE OF VACUUM IMPREGNATION FOR MINIMALLY PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

Vacuum impregnation (VI) is a recent development in the osmotic treatment of foods. VI of a porous product consists of exchanging the internal gas or liquid occluded in open pores for an external liquid phase by the action of hydrodynamic mechanisms promoted by pressure changes. This process is carried out by applying vacuum pressure (P1) to the tank which contains the product immersed in a solution for a time (t1) sufficient for it to be de-aired, and subsequently restoring the pressure to atmospheric pressure (P2) while the product remains immersed for time (t2). VI can be useful introducing dissolved or dispersed substances directly into the porous structure of the food matrix. Moreover, VI can increase the mass transfer rate, as a result of shorter diffusive paths after the impregnation step, in processes in which solid-liquid operations are present, such as salting of meats, osmotic dehydration of fruits, oil extraction by liquid solvents and the incorporation of preservatives or additives to food items. VI has broad applications in fruit and vegetable processing and provides many unique advantages. This technique is being investigated to incorporate physiological active compounds (minerals, probiotics, vitamins and firming agents such as hydrocolloids) into the structure of fruits and vegetables. Impregnated products can be commercialized as minimally processed fresh functional foods or can be dried osmotically or by air in order to obtain more stability. In this study, the main factors and responses of fruits and vegetables to VI processing are explained and quality aspects of VI applied to minimally processed fruits and vegetables were discussed.

Calcium and Iron Distribution in Fortified Vacuum-impregnated Fruits Determined by Electron Dispersion X-ray Microanalysis

The results showed that they were located mainly in the intercellular spaces, and their distribution was homoge- The results showed that they were located mainly in the intercellular spaces, and their distribution was homoge- The results showed that they were located mainly in the intercellular spaces, and their distribution was homoge- The results showed that they were located mainly in the intercellular spaces, and their distribution was homoge- neous. A semiempirical relationship has been used to quantify the amount of incorporated calcium by EDXMA. neous. A semiempirical relationship has been used to quantify the amount of incorporated calcium by EDXMA. neous. A semiempirical relationship has been used to quantify the amount of incorporated calcium by EDXMA. neous. A semiempirical relationship has been used to quantify the amount of incorporated calcium by EDXMA. neous. A semiempirical relationship has been used to quantify the amount of incorporated calcium by EDXMA. raditional methods and new technologies can be used to obtain new fortified products. Some of them such as vacuum impreg- nation (VI) are suitable for introducing components included in a liquid phase (solution, suspension, or emulsion) into a porous struc- ture of a solid matrix. This technique is being investigated to incor- porate physiological active compounds (minerals, probiotics, and vitamins) into the structure of fruits and vegetables (Fito and others 2001; Betoret and others 2003). Final products may be identified as functional fresh foods (FFF). In the application of VI to produce FFF, the amount of physiological- ly active compounds depends on the response of the fruit or vegetable tissue to vacuum impregnation (Salvatori and others 1998; Gras and others 2002). This response, which is affected by the viscoelastic be- havior of the fruit tissue, some physicochemical properties of the im- pregnation media, and working conditions, can be assessed using characteristic impregnation parameters such as the volumetric fraction of the incorporated liquid (X), volumetric deformation (), and effec- tive porosity () (Fito and others 1996). The location and distribution of the active compounds incorporated affect some physical and chem- ical properties, as well as some nutritive and sensorial attributes of the impregnated fruit. X-ray microanalysis can be used to analyze very specific regions, giving a reasonable description of the distribution of elements along a plant tissue (Konishi and others 1998). When this technique is applied to FFF, the information may be useful to describe mass transfer phenomena during and after the process. In this work, the response of apple tissue to vacuum impregna- tion with an aqueous solution of sucrose, calcium, and iron is ana- lyzed using the characteristic impregnation parameters. The loca- tion and distribution of the incorporated ions are analyzed by Electron Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (EDXMA). Finally, both the characteristic impregnation parameters and EDXMA are used to quantify the amount of ions incorporated in the impregnated fruit. Materials and Methods

Structure identification for compound I separated and purified from taxoids-produced endophytic fungi (Alternaria. alternata var.taxi 1011)

Endophytic fungi are widely found in almost all kinds of plants. Many endophytic fungi can produce some physiological active compounds, which are same to or analog to those isolated from their hosts. Producing physiological active compounds through microbial fermentation can give a new way to resolve resource limitation and to find out alternative source. Through the methods of organic solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography, compound I was isolated, purified from the liquid fermentation metabolites of the taxoid-produced endophytic fungi (Altemaria. alternata var.taxi 1011 Y. Xiang et LU An-guo) that was screened from the bark ofTaxus. cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc., Compound I was identified as one kind of taxoids type III, based on the analyzing results by using the methods of ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This study provides a completed method for separation and purification of the endophytic fungi as well as structure identification of its fermentation metabolite.