Physiol Behav Research Articles

CagriSema and the link between obesity and type 2 diabetes

In The Lancet, Juan P Frias and colleagues report positive results in a phase 2 trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of co-administered cagrilintide and semaglutide (CagriSema) for type 2 diabetes, 1 Frias JP Deenadayalan S Erichsen L et al. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2023; (published online June 23.)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01163-7 Google Scholar approximately 2 years after a phase 1b study showed early efficacy in the treatment of obesity. 2 Enebo LB Berthelsen KK Kankam M et al. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial. Lancet. 2021; 397: 1736-1748 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar The role of a gut–brain axis in energy balance has been intensely studied since the 1994 discovery of leptin as a hormone produced by adipose tissue in response to feeding. 3 Zhang Y Proenca R Maffei M Barone M Leopold L Friedman JM Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994; 372: 425-432 Crossref PubMed Scopus (11820) Google Scholar In the years that followed, many investigations led to the current understanding of energy regulation to include signalling in the liver and endocrine pancreas through both classic incretins (eg, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1]) and the unique hormone co-secreted with insulin (amylin). Research also showed that abnormal energy balance can be improved by perturbing the axis via altering or bypassing segments of the gastrointestinal tract with bariatric surgery. 4 Ashrafian H le Roux CW Metabolic surgery and gut hormones—a review of bariatric entero-humoral modulation. Physiol Behav. 2009; 97: 620-631 Crossref PubMed Scopus (88) Google Scholar And nearly 30 years later, gut hormone analogues, notably liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide, have been investigated as effective treatments for both type 2 diabetes and obesity. CagriSema is currently also being evaluated as a drug to treat both type 2 diabetes and obesity. Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trialIn people with type 2 diabetes, treatment with CagriSema resulted in clinically relevant improvements in glycaemic control (including CGM parameters). The mean change in HbA1c with CagriSema was greater versus cagrilintide, but not versus semaglutide. Treatment with CagriSema resulted in significantly greater weight loss versus semaglutide and cagrilintide and was well tolerated. These data support further investigation of CagriSema in this population in longer and larger phase 3 studies. Full-Text PDF

Portable pediatric sleep diagnostics: 2 measures closer to reliable home sleep apnea tests for all ages.

Citation:Start J. Portable pediatric sleep diagnostics: 2 measures closer to reliable home sleep apnea tests for all ages. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(4):617–618.

Repeated exposure to and subsequent consumption of sweet taste: Reanalysis of test meal intake data following the repeated consumption of sweet vs non-sweet beverages

This analysis investigated the effects of repeated exposure to sweet versus non-sweet beverages on subsequent intakes of other sweet foods, using the data published in Appleton & Blundell, Physiol Behav, 2007;92:479–486. No evidence for an increase in sweet food intakes following sweet versus non-sweet beverage consumption was found. Some evidence was found for lower sweet food and lower sugar intakes following the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, but these effects may have resulted from the specific test foods used, and did not result in lower sugar intakes when sugars from the beverages and test foods were combined.

The sequel to COVID-19: the antithesis to life

The sequel to COVID-19: the antithesis to life

SAT-096 Later Timing of Energy Intake Associates with Higher Fat Mass in Adults with Overweight and Obesity

Background Emerging literature suggests that later timing of energy intake and sleep are related to obesity (1-3). However, few studies have assessed both meal and sleep timing in adults with obesity, and it is not clear whether eating later in the day is associated with shorter sleep duration or higher adiposity. Understanding whether temporal feeding and sleep patterns are associated with body composition will help in the design of novel weight loss and maintenance interventions aimed at altering the timing of lifestyle behaviors. Methods Thirty-two overweight and obese adults (90% female sex, age 36.4±6.4 years, and BMI=33.4±5.5 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in an ongoing weight loss trial comparing daily caloric restriction to time-restricted feeding. Participants simultaneously wore an activPAL accelerometer on the thigh and an Actiwatch on the non-dominant wrist for 7 days in a free-living environment to assess waking sedentary behavior and nighttime sleep, respectively. A cell phone application (MealLogger) was used to photograph and timestamp all caloric events during the 7-day period to determine daily feeding duration, which was verified using a continuous glucose monitor. Assessments were performed at baseline and will be repeated at 12 weeks following completion of the weight loss intervention. Correlation analyses were performed on baseline data to determine associations among the duration and timing of daily energy intake and sleep. Results are reported as mean±SD. Results On average, participants consumed energy over 11.0±1.9 hours during the day and slept for 7.2±0.7 hours at night. The clock time of the last caloric event averaged 7:54pm ± 93 min. Later meal timing (midpoint of the feeding window) was positively correlated with later sleep timing (midpoint of the sleep window, r = 0.67, P = <0.0001) but did not impact sleep duration. A later feeding midpoint correlated with higher BMI (r = 0.49, P = 0.005) and fat mass (r = 0.55, P = 0.001). Conclusions We used a novel set of methods to show that individuals with overweight and obesity may be eating later into the day. In addition, later meal timing was associated with higher BMI and fat mass. Future studies are needed to compare the timing of energy intake and sleep in normal weight versus obese individuals. These findings support ongoing studies by our group investigating whether restricting energy intake to the early part of the day lowers obesity risk. References (1) McHill et al., Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 Nov;106(5):1213-1219. (2) Baron et al., Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Jul;19(7):1374-81. (3) Garaulet, Gomez-Abellan, Physiol Behav. 2014 Jul;134:44-50. Sources of Research Support: This research has received funding from the NIH

Functional deficits in menopause-associated encephalopathy: a behavioural rodent study.

Event Abstract Back to Event Functional deficits in menopause-associated encephalopathy: a behavioural rodent study. Ming-Sum Yu1, Rudi D'Hooge1 and Ann Van Der Jeugd1* 1 KU Leuven, Belgium In this study, 4-months old ovariectomised (OVX) mice (n = 15) and sham control mice of the same age (n = 15) were used. Following surgery and recovery, all mice were subjected to behavioural tests at 6 months to examine the effects of early menopause on behaviour. The tests examined general exploratory activity, anxiety, depression-like behaviours, object recognition memory, social exploration and sociability, and several forms of learning and memory. Results of the open field test showed that, compared to shams, OVX mice did not spend less time in the centre of the arena (Figure 1. A), but were significantly more reluctant to enter the centre (Figure 1. B). In concordance, in the elevated plus maze test, OVX mice spent significantly less time in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze (Figure 1.C) compared to sham mice. When tested for behavioural despair in the forced swim test, OVX mice were more immobile during the first half of the test, reflecting depression-like behaviors in these mice (Figure 1.D). Tested for cognitive functioning, OVX mice showed a significant decrease in novel-object recognition (Figure 2.A). Interestingly, ovariectomy also tended to affect social memory (Figure 2B.), but this needs further investigation. When tested for spatial learning and memory, OVX miced learned the hidden platform position equally well as shams (Figure 2.C). However, on the second probe trial, when the platform was removed, OVX mice spent less time in the target quadrant (Figure 2.D). This lacking preference for the former target in OVX mice was also reflected in the heat maps (Figure 2.E). Finally, when tested for fear memory in the passive avoidance test, OVX mice showed no difference in memory retention for the fearful event 24hrs later when compared to shams (Figure 2.F). Our findings suggest that menopause is associated with anxiety-like behaviour and cognitive problems. They indicate that our mouse model has menopause-associated encephalopathy-like features. We plan to link these first results to neuroplasticity and neurostructural measurements properties. Figure 1 Figure 2 Acknowledgements KU Leuven internal fund to RD, FWO postdoctoral fellowship to AVdJ References (1) Utian WH. Menopause. 2001 Dec;8(6):398–401. (2) Monteleone P et al. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018 Apr;14(4):199–215. (3) Weber MT et al. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014 Jul;142:90–98. (4) Rocca WA et al. Menopause. 2008 Dec;15(6):1050–1059. (5) Walf AA et al. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004 Jul;78(3):523–529. (6) Lund TD et al. Endocrinology. 2005 Feb;146(2):797–807. (7) de Chaves G et al. Physiol Behav. 2009 Jun 22;97(3-4):420–425. (8) Fratiglioni L et al. Neurology. 1997 Jan;48(1):132–138. (9) Gao S et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998 Sep;55(9):809–815. (10) Ruitenberg A et al. Neurobiol Aging. 2001 Aug;22(4):575–580. (11) Pike CJ et al. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2009 Jul;30(2):239–258. Keywords: Dementia, Menopause, encephalopathy, Learning and Memory (Neurosciences), Emotional behaviors Conference: 13th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience , Brussels, Belgium, 24 May - 24 May, 2019. Presentation Type: Poster presentation Topic: Behavioral/Systems Neuroscience Citation: Yu M, D'Hooge R and Van Der Jeugd A (2019). Functional deficits in menopause-associated encephalopathy: a behavioural rodent study.. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: 13th National Congress of the Belgian Society for Neuroscience . doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2019.96.00043 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 26 Apr 2019; Published Online: 27 Sep 2019. * Correspondence: Dr. Ann Van Der Jeugd, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium, ann.vanderjeugd@psy.kuleuven.be Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Ming-Sum Yu Rudi D'Hooge Ann Van Der Jeugd Google Ming-Sum Yu Rudi D'Hooge Ann Van Der Jeugd Google Scholar Ming-Sum Yu Rudi D'Hooge Ann Van Der Jeugd PubMed Ming-Sum Yu Rudi D'Hooge Ann Van Der Jeugd Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

The Case Files

Figure 1.: AP view of the chest x-ray displaying hemithorax opacification of the left lung (A).FigureFigureA 58-year-old man who lived at a nursing facility came to the emergency department complaining of abdominal pain for three days. His pain was localized to the epigastrium and periumbilical regions. The nursing home staff indicated that he was hypotensive and possibly hypoxic. The patient said he never had similar pain before, which he said pain was mild and constant in severity and did not radiate to the chest, back, pelvis, or shoulders. He also reported nausea but no trauma, falls, vomiting, fever, chills, dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath, trouble walking, or change in bowel movements or urination. He had a history of schizoaffective disorder, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. He said he did not use illicit drugs and that he had quit smoking more than three years before. He used to consume ethanol daily, but had stopped when he was admitted to the nursing home two years earlier. His vital signs were a heart rate of 116 bpm, a blood pressure of 70/42 mm Hg, a temperature of 97.1°F, a respiration rate of 29 bpm, an oxygen saturation of 97% on two L nasal cannula, and pain severity of 2/10. His neck and pharynx were normal, and he had no tenderness to chest or chest wall palpation. His breathing was not labored, but he had decreased bilateral breath sounds. A cardiac exam showed a regular rate and rhythm, he had no peripheral edema, and his peripheral pulses were equal bilaterally. His abdomen was soft, flat, and without organomegaly, and bowel sounds were normo-active. There was mild tenderness in the epigastric region without rebound, and Murphy's sign was negative. Rectal sphincter tone was maintained, and the guaiac test was negative. His skin was warm, dry, and of normal color. The remainder of the examination was normal.Figure 2.: Transverse CT displaying pneumomediastinum in the posterior mediastinum (A).He was taking simvastatin, metformin, insulin detemir/aspart, lactulose, haloperidol, fenofibrate, divalproex, clozapine, chlorpromazine, benztropine, aspirin, and multivitamin-min-iron-FA-vit K. Based on his history and physical exam, the differential diagnosis was narrowed to pneumonia with sepsis, pulmonary embolism, myocardial infarction, and intra-abdominal sepsis.Figure 3.: Coronal cross-section of the abdomen and pelvic CT displaying encroachment of pneumomediastinum into the superior peritoneum (A) and a decompressed small bowel (B).Labo results showed a WBC count of 8.3 k/μL, Hct of 30.5%, Hbg of 10.4 g/dL, RBC count of 3.71 M/μL, lactic acid of 9 mmol/L, PT of 12 s, and troponin of <0.03 ng/dL. An ECG revealed sinus tachycardia without ischemic changes. Chest x-ray showed near-complete left hemithorax opacification (Fig. 1), which was evocative of massive pleural effusion or consolidation of the left lung. The patient at this time had a Glasgow Coma Scale score below 7, and was intubated and placed on a ventilator. Abdominal and pelvic CT revealed pneumomediastinum in the posterior mediastinum (Fig. 2) and with minor extension into the superior peritoneum. (Fig. 3.) Decompressed small bowels were also noted in Figure 3. Imaging revealed a pneumomediastinum and pleural effusion, which are indicative of a lower transmural esophageal tear. The patient was admitted to the ICU for sepsis and hypotension. Surgery was consulted for lower transmural esophageal tear and possible small bowel obstruction. (Fig. 3.) The patient was placed on broad-spectrum antibiotics, and a chest tube was placed on the left side. The esophageal stent was placed though an endoscopic procedure. No small bowel obstruction was found. The diagnosis was actually an adynamic ileus secondary to the esophageal perforation, which was validated when the bowel movement spontaneously returned. The probable cause of esophageal rupture was combining anticholinergic and antipsychotic medications. The anticholinergic effect of these medications resulted in lower esophageal sphincter weakening and led to esophagitis. (Ann Intern Med 2000;133[3]:165.) Antipsychotic medication also causes retching and forceful vomiting. (Comprehensive Hospital Medicine: An Evidence-Based Approach. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.) A combination of the two may have resulted in transmural tear of the lower esophagus, which is known as Boerhaave syndrome. (Ann Surg 1976;183[4]:401; http://bit.ly/2xVoJwn.) A surprising aspect of the case was that the patient displayed pain disproportionate to the severity of the problem. (Integr Physiol Behav Sci 1993;28[2]:118.)

ISOLATION, SLEEP, COGNITION AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES – AN INVESTIOGATION IN THE HUMAN EXPLORATION RESEARCH ANALOG (HERA)

ISOLATION, SLEEP, COGNITION AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES – AN INVESTIOGATION IN THE HUMAN EXPLORATION RESEARCH ANALOG (HERA)

Functional Interrogation of the AgRP Neural Circuits in Control of Appetite, Body Weight, and Behaviors.

Neurons expressing agouti-related protein (AgRP), the so-called hunger neurons, protect mammals from starvation by promoting food-seeking behaviors (Trends Neurosci 36:504-512, 2013). Now an increasing amount of evidence show that these hunger-sensing neurons not only motivate animals to forage and ingest food but also help conserve energy by inhibiting innate processes that demand large amounts of energy such as growth, reproduction, and stress response. It has further been perceived that AgRP neurons transmit signals with negative valence to reward and cognitive centers so as to engage the motivational behavior toward seeking and obtaining foods (Physiol Behav 190:34-42, 2017). Recent advancement in genome editing and neurotechniques unleashed an escalated research of uniquely defined neuronal populations and neural circuits underlying the behavioral regulation of body weight and food responses (Nat Biotechnol 32:347-355, 2014; Proc Natl Acad Sci 113, 2016). In this chapter we will review literatures describing the functional organization of the AgRP circuit and its correlative signaling components that influence ingestive, foraging, motivational, and cognitive responses, a framework that reshaped our thinking toward the new hope and challenges in treatment of obesity and eating disorders.

Sour taste increases swallowing and prolongs hemodynamic responses in the cortical swallowing network.

Sour stimuli have been shown to upregulate swallowing in patients and in healthy volunteers. However, such changes may be dependent on taste-induced increases in salivary flow. Other mechanisms include genetic taster status (Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB, Green BG, Hoffman HJ, Ko CW, Lucchina LA, Weiffenbach JM. Physiol Behav 82: 109-114, 2004) and differences between sour and other tastes. We investigated the effects of taste on swallowing frequency and cortical activation in the swallowing network and whether taster status affected responses. Three-milliliter boluses of sour, sour with slow infusion, sweet, water, and water with infusion were compared on swallowing frequency and hemodynamic responses. The sour conditions increased swallowing frequency, whereas sweet and water did not. Changes in cortical oxygenated hemoglobin (hemodynamic responses) measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy were averaged over 30 trials for each condition per participant in the right and left motor cortex, S1 and supplementary motor area for 30 s following bolus onset. Motion artifact in the hemodynamic response occurred 0-2 s after bolus onset, when the majority of swallows occurred. The peak hemodynamic response 2-7 s after bolus onset did not differ by taste, hemisphere, or cortical location. The mean hemodynamic response 17-22 s after bolus onset was highest in the motor regions of both hemispheres, and greater in the sour and infusion condition than in the water condition. Genetic taster status did not alter changes in swallowing frequency or hemodynamic response. As sour taste significantly increased swallowing and cortical activation equally with and without slow infusion, increases in the cortical swallowing were due to sour taste.

How Community Food Banks Support School Breakfast: Strategies Used and Lessons Learned

Breakfast eating among children has been linked to a variety of positive outcomes such as reduced body mass index, 1 Niemeier H.M. Raynor H.A. Lloyd-Richardson E.E. Rogers M.L. Wing R.R. Fast food consumption and breakfast skipping: Predictors of weight gain from adolescence to adulthood in a nationally representative sample. J Adolesc Health. 2006; 39: 842-849 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (367) Google Scholar improved cognitive function and academic performance, 2 Wesnes K.A. Pincock C. Scholey A. Breakfast is associated with enhanced cognitive function in schoolchildren. An Internet based study. Appetite. 2012; 59: 646-649 Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar , 3 Pivik R.T. Tennal K.B. Chapman S.D. Gu Y. Eating breakfast enhances the efficiency of neural networks engaged during mental arithmetic in school-aged children. Physiol Behav. 2012; 106: 548-555 Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar , 4 Benton D. Jarvis M. The role of breakfast and a midmorning snack on the ability of children to concentrate at school. Physiol Behav. 2007; 90: 382-385 Crossref PubMed Scopus (54) Google Scholar , 5 Kleinman R.E. Hall S. Green H. et al. Diet, breakfast, and academic performance in children. Ann Nutr Metab. 2002; 46: 24-30 Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar , 6 Littlecott HJ, Moore GF, Moore L, Lyons RA, Murphy S. Association between breakfast consumption and educational outcomes in 9-11-year old children. Public Health Nutr. Epub ahead of print 2015 Nov 15. Google Scholar and improved psychological well-being and behavior in school. 7 Brown J.L. Beardslee W.H. Prothrow-Stith D. Impact of School Breakfast on Children’s Health and Learning: An Analysis of the Scientific Research. Sodexo Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD2008http://www.sodexofoundation.org/hunger_us/newsroom/studies/studies/schoolbreakfast.asp Google Scholar Despite the known benefits, it has been reported that up to one-third of school-aged children do not eat breakfast. 8 Rampersaud G.C. Pereira M.A. Girard B.L. Adams J. Metzl J.D. Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005; 105: 743-760 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (834) Google Scholar To improve access to breakfast, the federal School Breakfast Program was authorized to provide free or low-cost breakfast to children living in households at or below 185% of the federal poverty level. 9 US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. School breakfast program: Fact sheet, 2013. http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/SBPFactSheet.pdf. Accessed November 3, 2015. Google Scholar Unfortunately, a variety of barriers continue to prevent the School Breakfast Program from reaching all eligible students. 10 Ritchie LD, Rosen NJ, Fenton K, Au LE, Goldstein LH, Shimada T. School breakfast policy is associated with dietary intake of fourth- and fifth-grade students [published online ahead of print September 30, 2015]. J Acad Nutr Diet. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.020. Google Scholar A. Knoblock-Hahn is a project specialist, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation, Chicago, IL. K. Brown is chief global nutrition strategy officer, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation, Chicago, IL. L. Medrow is a project specialist consultant, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation, Kansas City, KS. A. Murphy is a consultant, Healthy Kids Evaluation Services, Harrietta, MI.

P.2.002 Rac1 GTPase and PAK activities in lateral amygdala constrain fear memory formation

COLOMBO, G., R. AGABIO, G. DIAZ, M. FÀ, C. LOBINA, R. REALI AND G. L. GESSA. γ-Hydroxybutyric acid intake in ethanol-preferring sP and -nonpreferring sNP rats. Physiol Behav 64(2) 197–202, 1998. γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and ethanol share several pharmacological similarities, suggesting that GHB may exert ethanol-like effects in the central nervous system. The present study was designed to test whether selectively bred ethanol-preferring rats would, unlike ethanol-nonpreferring ones, self-administer GHB, consistent with their higher preference for ethanol. Male ethanol-naive Sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) and Sardinian alcohol-nonpreferring (sNP) rats were used. In Experiment 1, GHB solution (1% (w/v) in water) was initially offered as the sole fluid available for 14 consecutive days and then presented under the two-bottle, free-choice regimen, one bottle containing water and the other the GHB solution, for an additional 14 consecutive days. During the free-choice phase, high preference for GHB and intake of pharmacologically relevant daily doses of GHB developed in both rat lines, presumably because the 14-day no-choice period would unmask the reinforcing properties of GHB and lead to acquisition of GHB preference also in the supposedly less susceptible sNP rats. In Experiment 2, the forced GHB drinking phase was reduced to 3 days. Under the subsequent free-choice regimen, daily GHB preference and intake were initially low in both sP and sNP rats; however, after approximately 10 days, GHB preference and intake in sP rats rose progressively and then stabilized to significantly higher levels than in sNP rats throughout the entire free-choice phase. It is likely that episodic binges of GHB intake occurring during the first 10 days resulted in experiencing the reinforcing properties of GHB by sP but not sNP rats. The results of the present study suggest that a) sP rats are genetically more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of both ethanol and GHB than sNP rats; and b) disclosure of the higher sensitivity of sP rats to the reinforcing effects of GHB is a function of the length of the induction procedure. The results are also discussed in terms of differences in GHB receptors contributing to the predisposition to ethanol preference and avoidance, respectively.

Frontal lobe regulation of blood glucose levels: support for the limited capacity model in hostile violence-prone men.

Hostile men have reliably displayed an exaggerated sympathetic stress response across multiple experimental settings, with cardiovascular reactivity for blood pressure and heart rate concurrent with lateralized right frontal lobe stress (Trajanoski et al., in Diabetes Care 19(12):1412–1415, 1996; see Heilman et al., in J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 38(1):69–72, 1975). The current experiment examined frontal lobe regulatory control of glucose in high and low hostile men with concurrent left frontal lobe (Control Oral Word Association Test [verbal]) or right frontal lobe (Ruff Figural Fluency Test [nonverbal]) stress. A significant interaction was found for Group × Condition, F (1,22) = 4.16, p ≤ .05 with glucose levels (mg/dl) of high hostile men significantly elevated as a function of the right frontal stressor (M = 101.37, SD = 13.75) when compared to the verbal stressor (M = 95.79, SD = 11.20). Glucose levels in the low hostile group remained stable for both types of stress. High hostile men made significantly more errors on the right frontal but not the left frontal stressor (M = 17.18, SD = 19.88) when compared to the low hostile men (M = 5.81, SD = 4.33). These findings support our existing frontal capacity model of hostility (Iribarren et al., in J Am Med Assoc 17(19):2546–2551, 2000; McCrimmon et al., in Physiol Behav 67(1):35–39, 1999; Brunner et al., in Diabetes Care 21(4):585–590, 1998), extending the role of the right frontal lobe to regulatory control over glucose mobilization.

Counting the cost: Flexible dementia services and home-based care

International Journal of Therapy and RehabilitationVol. 22, No. 1 OpinionCounting the cost: Flexible dementia services and home-based careRachael PensoRachael PensoSearch for more papers by this authorRachael PensoPublished Online:13 Jan 2015https://doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2015.22.1.8AboutSectionsView articleView Full TextPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail View article References Cavendish (2013) The Cavendish Review: An Independent Review into Healthcare Assistants and Support Workers in the NHS and Social Care Settings. Department of Health, London Google ScholarFratiglioni L, Winblad B, von Strauss E (2007) Prevention of Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Major findings from the Kungsholmen Project. Physiol Behav 92(1–2): 98–104 Crossref, Google ScholarFritze F, Ehrt U, Sønnesyn H et al. (2011) Depression in mild dementia: associations with diagnosis, APOE genotype and clinical features. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 26(10): 1054–61 Crossref, Google ScholarLakey L (2009) Counting the Cost: Caring for People with Dementia on a Hospital Ward. bit.ly/1Byeo5L (accessed 7 January 2015) Google ScholarNational Audit of Intermediate Care (2013) National Audit of Intermediate Care Report 2013. bit.ly/1wU2aOg (accessed 7 January 2015) Google Scholar FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails 2 January 2015Volume 22Issue 1ISSN (online): 1759-779X Metrics History Published online 13 January 2015 Published in print 2 January 2015 Information© MA Healthcare LimitedPDF download

Partial Reinforcement Reduces Vulnerability to Anti-anxiety Self-medication During Appetitive Extinction

Inbred rats from the Roman low-avoidance strain (RLA-I), but not from the Roman high-avoidance strain (RHA-I) increased preference for ethanol after being exposed to sessions of appetitive extinction (Manzo et al. Physiol Behav 2014 123:86-92). RLA-I rats have shown greater sensitivity than RHA-I rats to a variety of anxiogenic situations, including those involving reward loss. Such increased fluid preference did not occur after acquisition (reinforced) sessions or in control groups with postsession access to water, rather than ethanol. Because ethanol has anxiolytic properties in tasks involving reward loss, oral consumption after extinction sessions was interpreted as anti-anxiety or emotional self-medication (ESM). The present research was an attempt to reduce or eliminate the ESM effect in RLA-I rats by giving them 50% partial reinforcement training during the acquisition of an instrumental response, a treatment known to induce resilience to loss-induced anxiety. As expected, partially reinforced RLA-I rats showed a higher resistance to extinction in comparison to continuously reinforced animals, displaying lower ethanol consumption than continuously reinforced rats during the postsession preference test. Partial and continuous control groups receiving water during the preference tests showed no changes in preference. These results suggest that exposure to reward uncertainty typical of partial reinforcement training can reduce ESM in rats genetically selected for high levels of anxiety.

What is the mechanism for the postingestive anorectic effect of aspartame?

The dipeptide intense sweetener aspartame reduces food intake when consumed in a capsule (i.e., without tasting) in amounts as small as those contained in 1–2 servings of a ‘diet’ soft drink (Rogers et al., Physiol Behav 57, 489). This cross-over study (n = 17, 7 women, DEBQ restraint ⩽2.5) tested indirectly the possibility that the mechanism underlying this effect involves the stimulation of sweet taste receptors in the gut (Sclafani, PNAS 104, 14887). Four structurally unrelated intense sweeteners, aspartame (500 mg), acesulfame-K (450 mg), saccharin (330 mg) and sucralose (150 mg) (amounts determined by their relative tasted sweetness intensity), were compared with placebo (500 mg cornflour) for their effects on lunchtime food intake. These capsulated treatments were consumed 1 h before the meal. Mean food intake after placebo was 1045 kcal and 948 kcal after aspartame (p = .033, one-tail). The next lowest intake was after sucralose (1022 kcal, p = .638 versus placebo). The effect size for aspartame is consistent with previous observations. The results for the other sweeteners make it unlikely that sweet taste signalling in the gut mediates the anorectic effect of aspartame. Other findings show that the reduction in appetite after ingestion of aspartame, and after ingestion of its constituent amino acids (phenylalanine and aspartic acid) together, is related to the spike in blood phenylalanine concentration that also occurs after these treatments (Hall et al., Physiol Behav 78, 557). Perhaps, then, the mechanism involves central detection of this change in blood phenylalanine concentration and ensuing activation of neural circuitry controlling satiety.

Short Duration of Sleep Is Associated with Hyperleptinemia in Taiwanese Adults

Higher plasma levels of leptin have been associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between short duration of sleep and hyperleptinemia in Taiwanese adults. We examined the association between duration of sleep and hyperleptinemia in 254 men and women recruited from the physical examination center at a regional hospital in southern Taiwan. Hyperleptinemia was defined as a plasma leptin level of 8.13 ng/mL and above. Short sleep duration was defined as < 6.5 h/day. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between short duration of sleep and hyperleptinemia. In females, short duration of sleep (< 6.5 h/day; OR = 2.15, 95% CI = 0.99-4.78), greater hip circumference (OR = 3.00, CI = 1.13-8.78), higher percent body fat (OR = 1.75, CI = 1.07-2.95), and higher white blood cell counts (OR = 1.67, CI = 1.26-2.28) were associated with an increased risk of hyperleptinemia. In males, greater body weight was significantly associated with an increased risk of hyperleptinemia (OR = 3.55, 95% CI = 1.46-10.23). There was also a trend of association (p = 0.096) between short duration of sleep and an increased risk of hyperleptinemia (OR = 4.98, 95% CI = 0.80-42.40). In this study of healthy Taiwanese adults, short duration of sleep was significantly associated with hyperleptinemia in women, and the association was independent of adiposity.

LongTerm Consequences of immobilization stress

LongTerm Consequences of immobilization stress

The sleep-deprived hippocampus: a loss in translation

it is taken for granted by the scientific and lay communities alike that sleep is a profoundly important physiological process. Yet, because sleep encompasses a constellation of physiological and biochemical changes, ascertaining the function(s) of sleep is a challenge that has vexed inquiring minds

The effect of social facilitation on water consumption in a free-living adults

People tend to drink and eat more when others are present than when alone (De Castro. Physiol Behav 1994;56:445–55). This study investigated the influence of the presence of other people...