Physical Processes Research Articles

Variability of dissolved organic matter sources in the eastern Arabian Sea: impacts of physical and biological processes

Variability of dissolved organic matter sources in the eastern Arabian Sea: impacts of physical and biological processes

Online vs. Supervised Training in Relieving Urinary Incontinence and Diastasis Recti Abdominis in Early Postpartum

Background/Objectives: The postpartum period is marked by numerous physical changes, often leading to pelvic floor disorders (PFD) such as urinary incontinence (UI) and diastasis recti abdominis (DRA). This study aimed to assess the occurrence of UI and DRA in postpartum women and evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy in managing UI and DRA. Methods: A total of 396 women, between the 3rd and 5th postpartum day, were randomized into three groups: control (GrCon), online exercise group (GrOnl), and supervised group (GrSup). GrCon received only education, whereas GrOnl and GrSup had three sessions with exercises with physiotherapist—online or supervised. Data were collected through questionnaires, ICIQ FLUTS, body posture assessments, and DRA measurements. Results: The results showed a significant reduction in UI and DRA symptoms across all groups, with the GrSup group showing the greatest improvement. UI symptoms decreased from 49% during pregnancy to 36.9% postpartum, with GrSup women reporting fewer urological complaints compared to the GrOnl and GrCon groups (p < 0.001). DRA incidence dropped from 76.2% in the early postpartum days to 23.4% at six weeks, with GrSup showing the lowest rates (9.8%). Notably, supervised physiotherapy resulted in a higher frequency (94.7%) and correct performance of PFME (72.2%) compared to the online and control groups. Conclusions: The study concludes that supervised physiotherapy is more effective than online sessions in managing postpartum UI and DRA, emphasizing the importance of guided exercise for better outcomes.

The Relationship of Limitations in Daily Living Activities and Other Health-Related Factors with Early Retirement.

The deterioration in health and functionality in older ages, in addition to biological changes, is affected by physical changes. Therefore, early retirement may become an inevitable choice. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between limitations in daily living activities, mobility, and other health factors with early retirement in workers aged 50-67 in the 4th wave of the SHARE study in Europe. In this prospective cohort study, the working status was examined in 4 waves. The frequency of early retirement was 16.1%; it was higher in male and low-educated people. Those with poor self-perceived health and those with more chronic diseases retired earlier. The frequency of early retirement was 16.0% for those who had no difficulty in basic daily living activities, 22.4% for those who had difficulties (p 0.019), and those who had limitations retired earlier (RR 1.50). Early retirement was higher in those with two or more chronic diseases compared to those without (RR 1.26) and was higher in those who consumed alcohol 5days a week than those who didn't (RR 1.34). A 1-unit increase in BMI increased the risk by 1.02 times. It has been clearly revealed how important basic activities are for early retirement. This new finding is a gain for the literature and will provide new insights intervention studies. Those who had difficulty in instrumental activities and mobility retired early more often, but this wasn't statistically significant. Our findings will contribute to increasing workplace protective approaches, and maintaining a healthy working force for years.

229ThF4 thin films for solid-state nuclear clocks.

After nearly 50 years of searching, the vacuum ultraviolet 229Th nuclear isomeric transition has recently been directly laser excited1,2 and measured with high spectroscopic precision3. Nuclear clocks based on this transition are expected to be more robust4,5 than and may outperform6,7 current optical atomic clocks. These clocks also promise sensitive tests for new physics beyond the standard model5,8-12. In light of these important advances and applications, a substantial increase in the need for 229Th spectroscopy targets in several platforms is anticipated. However, the growth and handling of high-concentration 229Th-doped crystals5 used in previous measurements1-3,13,14 are challenging because of the scarcity and radioactivity of the 229Th material. Here we demonstrate a potentially scalable solution to these problems by performing laser excitation of the nuclear transition in 229ThF4 thin films grown using a physical vapour deposition process, consuming only micrograms of 229Th material. The 229ThF4 thin films are intrinsically compatible with photonics platforms and nanofabrication tools for integration with laser sources and detectors, paving the way for an integrated and field-deployable solid-state nuclear clock with radioactivity up to three orders of magnitude smaller than typical 229Th-doped crystals1-3,13. The high nuclear emitter density in 229ThF4 also potentially enables quantum optics studies in a new regime. Finally, we present the estimation of the performance of a nuclear clock based on a defect-free ThF4 crystal.

Numerical analysis of a FE/SAV scheme for a Caginalp phase field model with mechanical effects in stereolithography

In this work, we propose a phase field model based on a Caginalp system with mechanical effects to study the underlying physical and chemical processes behind stereolithography, which is an additive manufacturing (3D printing) technique that builds objects in a layer-by-layer fashion by using an ultraviolet laser to solidify liquid polymer resins. Existence of weak solutions is established by demonstrating the convergence of a numerical scheme based on a first order scalar auxiliary variable temporal discretization and a finite element spatial discretization. We further establish uniqueness and regularity of solutions, as well as optimal error estimates for the Caginalp system that are supported by numerical simulations. We also present some qualitative two-dimensional simulations of the stereolithography processes captured by the model.

Impact of Biochar Aging on Soil Physicochemical Properties

Biochar undergoes significant transformations in soil as a result of chemical, physical, and biological processes. These alterations can impact its initial properties, influencing both its agronomic effectiveness and its capacity for carbon sequestration. Long-term observations of biochar-aging effects in soil are limited but highly relevant, as they provide a more realistic picture of the agronomic and societal benefits of biochar than short-term studies with relatively “fresh” biochar. This study aimed to describe the aging effects of biochar and their impact on a range of soil properties at a long-term biochar experiment in Bayreuth, Germany. For this purpose, soil and biochar samples were taken 13 years after application (two variants: 1. co-composted and 2. pristine biochar) and compared with a fresh variant in which the same unaged biochar was freshly mixed with the control soil. The soil quality parameters, pH and electrical conductivity, decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during biochar aging. Specifically, the pH dropped from 7.4 in freshly biochar-amended soil to 6.8 in the pristine aged biochar variant and 6.9 in the co-composted aged biochar variant. Electrical conductivity decreased from 217.0 µS cm−1 in the freshly amended soil to 81.1 µS cm−1 in the pristine aged variant and 87.6 µS cm−1 in the co-composted aged variant. Nitrogen retention was enhanced in the soil amended with co-composted aged biochar compared to the pristine aged biochar soil. Total nitrogen (TN) was higher at 1.94 g kg−1 versus 1.57 g kg−1 (p < 0.05), and ammonium-N (NH₄+-N) was slightly elevated at 35.7 mg kg−1 versus 33.0 mg kg−1, although the difference was not statistically significant. The nitrate-N (NO₃−-N) content was significantly lower in all biochar-amended soil variants compared to the control soil. Total carbon (TC) levels decreased during biochar aging in all soil variants. However, the reduction was significantly lower in the co-composted aged biochar soil (25.0 g kg−1) compared to the pristine aged biochar soil (20.5 g kg−1, p < 0.05). This study identified multiple aging effects on biochar following 13 years of exposure in loamy soil. Importantly, the results showed that compared to the amendment of pristine biochar, co-composting did not diminish the TC of the treated soil, and more N could be retained, 13 years after amendment. In fact, co-composting prior to soil application is recommended to fully realize the potential agronomic benefits.

COMBINED ASSOCIATION OF CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH ADOLESCENT INHIBITORY CONTROL

Adolescents undergo intense physical and hormonal changes that impact cognition. Although there is evidence linking cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical exercise to inhibitory control in adolescents, the combined association of these predictors is limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the combined association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) with inhibitory control in adolescents. A total of 180 adolescents (16.7 ± 1.2 years) from IFPB were included in this cross-sectional study. CRF was assessed using the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test, and participants were classified as having “low CRF” or “high CRF.” The Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents was used to categorize participants as either “exercisers” or “sedentary.” Participants were divided into four groups: “low CRF + sedentary,” “low CRF + exercise,” “high CRF + sedentary,” and “high CRF + exercise.” Inhibitory control was assessed using the modified Flanker task (E-Prime v3.0), considering reaction time (RT) and accuracy rate. A generalized gamma model was used to estimate coefficients (β) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between groups, with “High CRF + Exercise” as the reference group, adjusting for confounding variables. The “Sedentary + Low CRF” group showed longer RTs in both the congruent (β = 58.3 ms; 95% CI: 15.1; 100.8; p = 0.007) and incongruent phases (β = 59.2 ms; 95% CI: 14.7; 103.6; p = 0.009) compared to the reference group. No significant differences were found in other group comparisons for either the incongruent or congruent phases (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the negative relationship between CRF and sedentary behavior is associated with poorer inhibitory control performance in adolescents.

A Novel Injectable Polypeptide Nanoparticle Encapsulated siRNA Targeting TGF-β1 and COX-2 for Localized Fat Reduction II: Phase I Clinical Trial.

Rising demand for non-invasive body contouring is driven by aesthetics and the obesity epidemic. Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is the only FDA-approved injectable for fat reduction but can cause side effects and significant local skin reactions (LSR). RNA interference, using small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules, offers targeted fat reduction by silencing genes involved in fat maintenance. STP705, a siRNA injectable targeting TGF-β1 and COX-2, has shown promising preclinical results both invitro and in animal models. To evaluate the safety and tolerability of STP705 for localized fat reduction in subjects undergoing abdominoplasty. This phase I dose-ranging, randomized, vehicle-controlled trial involved eight females undergoing abdominoplasty who received subcutaneous STP705 injections at varying concentrations and volumes in designated abdominal zones. Safety assessments, including physical exams, lab tests, ECGs, and local skin reactions (LSRs), were conducted at baseline and follow-ups. Histopathologic evaluations of biopsies collected during abdominoplasty assessed adipocyte apoptosis and tissue remodeling. STP705 demonstrated a favorable safety profile with no clinically significant changes in lab values, vital signs, or ECGs. Adverse events (AEs) were rare and transient. The incidence, intensity, and duration of LSRs were low throughout the study. Histological analysis revealed adipocyte destruction, fat remodeling, and necrosis. STP705 was safe and very well-tolerated and showed preliminary efficacy in inducing adipocyte apoptosis and tissue remodeling, suggesting a safer alternative or adjunct to existing fat reduction therapies. These findings support further trials to establish the safety and efficacy of STP705 for targeted fat reduction and body contouring. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05422378.

Variability in hot sub-luminous stars and binaries: Machine-learning analysis of Gaia DR3 multi-epoch photometry

Hot sub-luminous stars represent a population of stripped and evolved red giants that is located on the extreme horizontal branch. Since they exhibit a wide range of variability due to pulsations or binary interactions, it is crucial to unveil their intrinsic and extrinsic variability to understand the physical processes of their formation. In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, they overlap with interacting binaries such as cataclysmic variables (CVs). By leveraging the most recent clustering algorithm tools, we investigate the variability of 1,576 candidate hot subdwarf variables using comprehensive data from Gaia DR3 multi-epoch photometry and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observations. We present a novel approach that uses the t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding and the uniform manifold approximation and projection dimensionality reduction algorithms to facilitate the identification and classification of different populations of variable hot subdwarfs and CVs in a large dataset. In addition to the publicly available Gaia time-series statistics table, we adopted additional statistical features that enhanced the performance of the algorithms. The clustering results led to the identification of 85 new hot subdwarf variables based on Gaia and TESS light curves and of 108 new variables based on Gaia light curves alone, including reflection-effect systems, HW Vir, ellipsoidal variables, and high-amplitude pulsating variables. A significant number of known CVs (140) distinctively cluster in the 2D feature space among an additional 152 objects that we consider candidates for new CVs. This study paves the way for more efficient and comprehensive analyses of stellar variability from ground- and space-based observations, and for the application of machine-learning classifications of candidate variable stars in large surveys.

Automated galaxy sizes in Euclid images using the Segment Anything Model

Stellar disk truncations, also referred to as galaxy edges, are key indicators of galactic size, determined by the radial location of the gas density threshold for star formation. This threshold essentially marks the boundary of the luminous matter in a galaxy. Accurately measuring galaxy sizes for millions of galaxies is essential for understanding the physical processes driving galaxy evolution over cosmic time. We aim to explore the potential of the Segment Anything Model (SAM), a foundation model designed for image segmentation, to automatically identify disk truncations in galaxy images. With the Euclid Wide Survey poised to deliver vast datasets, our goal is to assess SAM’s capability to measure galaxy sizes in a fully automated manner. SAM was applied to a labeled dataset of 1,047 disk-like galaxies with $M_* > 10^ at redshifts up to $z 1$, sourced from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) CANDELS fields. We “euclidized” the HST galaxy images by creating composite RGB images, using the F160W (H-band), F125W (J-band), and F814W + F606W (I-band + V-band) HST filters, respectively. Using these processed images as input for SAM, we retrieved various truncation masks for each galaxy image under different configurations of the input data. We find excellent agreement between the galaxy sizes identified by SAM and those measured manually (i.e., by using the radial positions of the stellar disk edges in galaxy light profiles), with an average deviation of approximately $3<!PCT!>$. This error reduces to about $1<!PCT!>$ when excluding problematic cases. Our results highlight the strong potential of SAM for detecting disk truncations and measuring galaxy sizes across large datasets in an automated way. SAM performs well without requiring extensive image preprocessing, labeled training datasets for truncations (used only for validation), fine-tuning, or additional domain-specific adaptations such as transfer learning.

Geological storage of CO 2 in Hungary : the overview of storage potential and the role of natural occurrences

The Pannonian basin system, shared by seven Central-Eastern European countries, is one of the most perspective areas of onshore CO 2 geological storage in Europe. In the Hungarian part of the Pannonian basin system, the storage could be realized in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and saline aquifers comprising dominantly of Upper Miocene basin filling sediments. The estimated overall potential for CO 2 storage exceeds the 10 3 Mt in case of Hungarian part of the Pannonian basin system. The depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs correspond to this potential with limited, but well-defined capacities. However, saline aquifers represent large but indefinite capacities in the region. Furthermore, the accessibility of hydrocarbon fields is geographically limited in contrast to saline aquifers, which are regionally widespread in the Pannonian basin system. Structures that developed in the basin filling Late Miocene strata may also have been CO 2 rich or pure CO 2 -containing natural reservoirs. These natural laboratories represent a unique opportunity to study long-term processes taking place in the reservoir-CO 2 system and can be used to predict physical and chemical processes that are characteristic for the subsurface development during and after CO 2 injection in depleted hydrocarbon or saline aquifer reservoir.

Physical Aging Process in 20-Year-Old Polylactide Bottles

Physical Aging Process in 20-Year-Old Polylactide Bottles

Urea coated with cellulose acetate-lignin composite presents lower loss by ammonia volatilization

Urea is one of the main nitrogen sources used in plant nutrition. During its management, due to chemical, physical, and biological processes, part of N is volatilized in ammonia form, and negatively impacts the environment. When protected with renewable and biodegradable materials, such as lignin (Lig) and cellulose acetate (Ac), urea can reduce ammonia losses. Therefore, this work aimed to develop Lig and Ac composites to cover urea in order to reduce N-urea loss. The lignin was obtained by the acid precipitation of commercial kraft black liquor, corresponding to a 3-6 pH range. Film-forming solutions (Fs) were produced by combining Lig (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 %, w/w, based on Ac), and Ac (2 %, w/w, based on urea). In addition, two reference treatments were included: urea without coating (U) and urea coated only with Ac. In order to obtain the the coatings, the granules were placed in a dish-type granulator, equipped with shovels, sprayed with the Fs, kept in rotation (125 rpm), and dried under hot air flow (~100 ºC). Ammonia volatilization was evaluated in a static capture system (24 h), with 2% boric acid, followed by titration with sulfuric acid (0.005 mol/L). The results revealed that the granules with Ac coating, without and with Lig, reduced volatilization. For the coating without Lig, there was a U reduction of 33.2%. For the coating with Lig, the combination of Ac, 2%, and Lig, 0.9%, was the most effective, compared to urea without coating. The mean reduction in volatilization for this formulation was 58.4%. According to the visual and SEM image evaluations, the coating system developed was satisfactory and presented a thin and uniform layer. Satisfactory adhesion of the films was also observed, both with and without Lig, in the granule surfaces.

Evaluation of the Uricogenic Effect of Hypoxanthine and the Hypoxanthine‐Lowering Process of Shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis)

ABSTRACTOne of the main reasons for hyperuricemia is high purine intake and restricting the intake of high purine food is the main management for avoiding hyperuricemia. This study assesses the uricogenic effect of hypoxanthine and investigates effective physical field processing for reducing hypoxanthine content in shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis). Using mice models, it is demonstrated that hypoxanthine significantly elevates serum uric acid level, highlighting its role as a primary dietary contributor to hyperuricemia. To mitigate this effect, single, dual, and triple processing approaches involving infrared, steam, and microwave heating were evaluated. While single processing methods showed a moderate reduction in purine content, the combined triple processing (high‐intensity microwave + 140°C infrared + 140°C steam) was most effective, achieving a substantial 62.18% reduction in hypoxanthine. This reduction is attributed to the loss of purines during cooking, interconversion between purines, and possible binding of purine compounds to other substances. Further, in vitro digestion experiments confirm that the purine‐reduced shrimp meat exhibits significantly lower uric acid‐raising capacity. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the development of purine‐reduced seafood options, contributing to healthier dietary strategies for hyperuricemia management.

Physical Modelling of Cross-Wedge Rolling of Ball Studs

The publication presents and reviews the results of a physical modelling study of the Cross Wedge Rolling process of ball-studs. The ball-studs was formed in a double system from C45 steel at 1050°C, while the physical modelling process was performed on a scale of 1:2.5 using Primo plasticine as the model material, which was formed at 5°C. For the real tests, steel tools were used, while for the model tests the tools were made of ABS plastic. The experimental tests were followed by measurements of the individual stud steps. The geometrical analysis of the specimens showed that the model material allowed the shape of the forging obtained in the rolling process to be accurately modelled. Based on the physical modelling studies of the Cross Wedge Rolling process of ball-studs, it was concluded that the ball-studs rolling process can be modelled using PRI MO plasticine. Based on the analysis of the physical modelling results obtained, it was concluded that physical modelling allows the Cross Wedge Rolling process to be modelled with a high convergence of the results obtained in real and physical tests.

THERMOMECHANICAL COUPLED MODEL OF COATING SYNTHESIS ON A SUBSTRATE

Among modern combined laser and electron-beam technologies, special attention is paid to those in which composition formation takes place directly in the process of product creation or coating synthesis. In the present work, a coupled model of coating synthesis on a substrate is constructed. When building the model, a sequential transition was carried out from a three-dimensional model of the coating synthesis process on the substrate to a one-dimensional model, which is useful for qualitative analysis. The one-dimensional model takes into account the main physical features of the physical and chemical processes during the synthesis, as well as the coupled nature of the heat transfer and deformation at the same time taking into account the differences in thermophysical and mechanical properties of different materials. When constructing the intermediate analytical solution, it is assumed that the system "substrate-coating" is in a plane stress state. As a result, explicit expressions for the components of stress and strain tensors connected with changes in temperature and composition are obtained. With the help of the obtained analytical solution, the thermokinetic part of the problem is modified and reduced to a more convenient form. Further, the experience accumulated in the field of macrokinetics is used, which allows us to model the processes of creating new materials (e.g., intermetallic or metal matrix composites) in modern technologies from the point of view of controlling the processes of phase formation in the reaction zone by a moving external source. The transition to dimensionless variables revealed complexes and parameters representing relations of characteristic scales of different processes. The parametric study of the model allowed us to establish interesting qualitative effects. It is demonstrated that the quasi-stationary regime is accompanied by physical and chemical processes in the region, which the laser beam had left, due to the heat accumulated in the materials. It is shown that the coupled nature of different processes significantly affects the dynamics of synthesis and the parameters of the quasi-stationary regime.

EXPLICIT-IMPLICIT SCHEMES FOR CALCULATING DYNAMICS OF ELASTOVISCOPLASTIC MEDIA WITH SOFTENING

The paper examines the dynamic behavior of elastoviscoplastic media under the action of an external load. For the case of a linear viscosity function and a nonlinear softening function, an explicit-implicit calculation scheme has been constructed that makes it possible to obtain a numerical solution to the original semilinear hyperbolic problem. This approach does not involve the use of the method of splitting into physical processes. Despite this, an explicit computational algorithm was obtained that can be effectively implemented on modern computing systems.

Ecological restoration orientated application and modification of constructed wetland substrates.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have gained recognition as an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient option for treating municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewater. They treat wastewater by harnessing the combined action of physical, chemical, and biological processes within substrates, plants, and microorganisms, with substrates exerting the greatest influence on the life cycle and purification efficiency of the system. This review provides an in-depth discussion on the development and performance of various substrate types used in CWs, including natural materials, ore-based materials, biomass materials, waste materials, and modified and novel materials. Key substrate modification techniques are summarized in detail, such as acid-base treatment, metal doping, compound modification, and heat treatment, which enhance structural and functional properties to improve pollutant removal. The paper also systematically explores the mechanisms of introducing methods like inorganic electronic enhancement and describes their applications in improving pollutant removal in CW systems. This review provides a holistic evaluation of substrate classification and optimization strategies and a prospective discussion of their challenges and opportunities in practical applications. It contributes to the creation of more efficient and sustainable materials for CW systems and provides theoretical support for selecting and optimizing substrates, thereby driving progress in wastewater treatment technology.

Bacterial biofilm-based bioleaching: Sustainable mitigation and potential management of e-waste pollution.

Significant advances in the electrical and electronic industries have increased the use of electrical and electronic equipment and its environmental emissions. The e-waste landfill disposal has deleterious consequences on human health and environmental sustainability, either directly or indirectly. E-waste containing ferrous and non-ferrous materials can harm the surrounding aquatic and terrestrial environments. Therefore, recycling e-waste and recovering metals from it before landfill disposal is an important part of environmental management. Although various chemical and physical processes are being used predominantly to recover metals from e-waste, the bioleaching process has gained popularity in recent years due to its eco-friendliness and cost-effectiveness. Direct contact between microbes and e-waste is crucial for continuous metal dissolution in the bio-leaching process. Biofilm formation is key for the continuous dissolution of metals from e-waste in contact bioleaching. Critical reviews on microbial activities and their interaction mechanisms on e-waste during metal bioleaching are scarce. Therefore, this review aims to explore the advantages and disadvantages of biofilm formation in contact bioleaching and the practical challenges in regulating them. In this review, sources of e-waste, available metallurgical methods, bioleaching process, and types of bioleaching microbes are summarized. In addition, the significance of biofilm formation in contact bioleaching and the role and correlation between EPS production, cyanide production, and quorum sensing in the biofilm are discussed for continuous metal dissolution. The review reveals that regulation of quorum sensing by exogenous and endogenous processes facilitates biofilm formation, leading to continuous metal dissolution in contact bioleaching.

The question of sustainability through reuse in the case of the population-exchange heritage: a critical look at the reuse types and conservation status of the Bursa churches

ABSTRACT This article examines the architectural and socio-cultural changes of the Bursa churches after the 1923 Population Exchange between Türkiye and Greece. Church architecture emerged in Anatolia in the 4th century CE and continued to develop throughout the Byzantine and Ottoman periods. If the takeover of Anatolian cities by the Ottoman state constituted the first significant historical threshold for the reuse of churches as mosques, the Turkish-Greek Population Exchange in 1923 constituted the second threshold. The Bursa Churches were subjected to physical and socio-cultural changes after 1923. Taking into account the current literature on reuse which highlights adaptive reuse practices that decrease energy use, and carbon emissions and contribute to social, cultural and economic sustainability; this study focuses on the critical evaluation of some early twentieth-century reuse practices of churches in Türkiye in terms of their contribution to the social and economic sustainability framework. As a methodology, to evaluate the social, economic and architectural sustainability of the Bursa churches, four different methods were used, and the data collected was holistically assessed to understand the sustainability of the reuse of the Bursa Churches. The four methods integrally utilized are multiple case studies, literature review and archival research, preparation of architectural drawings and conducting interviews. The results show that the introduction and removal of certain religious architectural elements during the conversion of the monuments vary for each structure. From the viewpoint of architectural conservation and sustainability of the monuments, the change in the social structure resulted in the architectural change as well as the change in the spirit of the place. On the other hand, due to economic reasons, the conversion process in the early years of the Turkish Republic was realized with minimum intervention. The paper ends with suggestions to enhance this unique heritage's social, economic, and physical sustainability.