Physicochemical Research Articles

Influence of Drying Conditions on Physicochemical, Phytochemical, and Antioxidant Properties of Medicinal Plant Stem Xáo Tam Phân (Paramignya trimera) Grown in Vietnam

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant properties of medicinal plant stem Xáo tam phân (Paramignya trimera) as influenced by 11 drying conditions. Xáo tam phân (Paramignya trimera (Oliv.) Guillaum) has been used in fold medicine for cancer prevention and treatment. The preparation of the dried sample is crucial and necessary for further investigation and application. To evaluate the effects of some popular drying methods, namely, sun drying, hot-air drying, microwave drying, infrared drying, and freeze drying on the physicochemical properties, the retention of phytochemical compounds (total saponins, phenolics, and flavonoids), and antioxidant properties (DRSC, CUPRAP, and FRAP) of dried P. trimera stem. Methods: The plant stem Xáo tam phân (Paramignya trimera) was dried by 11 drying conditions: sun drying at 36.6°C; hot-air drying at 60°C, 80°C, and 100°C; microwave drying at 270 W, 450 W, and 720 W; infrared drying at 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C; and freeze drying at -40°C. Results: The results show that among the 11 drying conditions used, hot-air drying at 80°C achieved the highest phytochemical contents of the P. trimera stem in terms of total saponins (28.82 mg EE/g DS), total phenolics (3.71 mg GAE/g DS), and total flavonoids (10.82 mg CE/g DS), and infrared drying at 50°C possessed the greatest antioxidant activity of the P. trimera stem (3.59 and 9.56 mg TE/g DS for DRSC and CUPRAC, respectively); however, both these drying methods had the longest drying time (1.5 to 7.0 h.) and consumed the highest energy (2.10 to 11.77 kWh). In contrast, microwave drying took the shortest drying time (0.1 to 0.4 h.) and consumed the least energy (0.07 to 0.14 kWh), but it still retained moderate levels of phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of the P. trimera stem. Conclusion: The findings achieved from this study recommend using hot-air drying at 80°C for the preparation of the dried sample from the P. trimera plant stem.

Determination of mycotoxin content, microbiological and physicochemical properties and sensory quality during ripening of Erzincan Tulum cheese produced with strain Penicillium roqueforti 41

Erzincan Tulum cheeses were produced from raw sheep milk with traditional homemade rennet as the uninoculated (control) and inoculated with Penicillium roqueforti 41. The cheese was ripened at 4 ± 1 °C for 120 days. All the cheese samples were drilled to achieve oxygenation during the last two stages of the ripening period. The microbiological and physicochemical properties, presence of mycotoxins and sensory characteristics of the Tulum cheeses, which were filled by pressing into the goat skin bags (called tulums) and plastic barrels, were investigated during the ripening period. The coliform bacteria count of the cheeses decreased, and Staphylococcus aureus was not detected (< 2 log CFU/g) in the cheeses. The lowest and highest levels of penicillic acid (PA), roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the cheeses during ripening ranged from 0.01–0.08, 0.01–0.06 and ND–0.06 mg/kg, respectively. Patulin was not detected. It was concluded that the Tulum cheeses were safer in terms of the amount of patulin, PA, roquefortine C, and MPA than those previously reported in the literature. P. roqueforti counts considerably increased during the last two stages of ripening. A new variety of credible mouldy cheese can be manufactured using the P. roqueforti 41 strain. However, a drilling process is needed to provide oxygen for P. roqueforti 41 growth during ripening.

Engineering and physicochemical characterization of a novel, stable, symmetric bispecific antibody with dual target-binding using a common light chain.

Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a major class of antibody therapeutics owing to their substantial potential in disease treatment. While several BsAbs have been successfully approved in recent years, ongoing development efforts continue to focus on optimizing various BsAbs tailored to particular antigens and action mechanisms, aiming to achieve favorable physicochemical properties. BsAbs generally encounter challenges due to their unfavorable physicochemical characteristics and poor manufacturing efficiencies, highlighting the need for optimization to achieve reliable productivity and developability. Herein, we describe the development of a novel symmetric BsAb, REGULGENT™ (N-term/C-term), comprising two Fab domains, using a common light chain. The heavy chain fragment encoded two antigen-binding determinants in one chain. The design and production of REGULGENT™ (N-term/C-term) are simple owing to the use of the same light chain, which does not induce heavy and light chain mispairing, frequently observed with the asymmetric BsAb format. REGULGENT™ (N-term/C-term) exhibited high expression and low aggregation characteristics during cell culture and stress treatment under low pH conditions. Differential scanning calorimetric data indicated that REGULGENT™ molecules had high conformational stability, similar to that of stabilized monoclonal antibodies. Surface plasmon resonance data showed that REGULGENT™ (N-term/C-term) could bind to two antigens simultaneously and exhibited a high affinity for two antigens. In summary, the symmetric BsAb format of REGULGENT™ confers its desirable IgG-like physicochemical properties, thus making it an excellent candidate for commercial development. The findings demonstrate a novel BsAb with substantial development potential for clinical applications.

Nucleoside Scaffolds and Carborane Clusters for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: Developments and Future Perspective.

Nucleosides containing carboranes are one of the most important boron delivery agents for boron neutron capture therapy, BNCT, which are good substrates of hTK1. The development of several nucleosides containing carboranes at early stages led to the discovery of the first generation of 3CTAs by incorporating a hydrocarbon spacer between the thymidine scaffold and carborane cluster and attaching dihydroxylpropyl group on the second carbon (C2) atom of the carborane cluster (e.g., N5 and N5-2OH). Phosphorylation rate, tumor cellular uptake, and retention have been evaluated in parallel to change the length of the tether arm of spacers in these compounds. Many attempts were reported and discussed to overcome the disadvantage of the first generation of 3CTAs by a) incorporating modified spacers between thymidine and carborane clusters, such as ethyleneoxide, polyhydroxyl, triazole, and tetrazole units, b) attaching hydrophilic groups at C2 of the carborane cluster, c) transforming lipophilic closo-carboranes to hydrophilic nidocarborane. The previous modifications represented the second generation of 3CTAs to improve the hydrogen bond formation with the hTK1 active site. Moreover, amino acid prodrugs were developed to enhance biological and physicochemical properties. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of carboranyl thymidine analogues led to the roadmap for the development of the 3rd generation of the 3CTAs for BNCT.

What if you eat nanoplastics? Simulating nanoplastics fate during gastrointestinal digestion

Despite our growing awareness of micro-and nanoplastics presence in food and beverages, the fate of nanoplastics (NPs) in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) remains poorly investigated. Changes of nanoplastics size upon digestive conditions influence the potential of absorption through the intestine. In this study, polymer nanoparticles with different physicochemical properties (size, surface and chemistry) were submitted to gastrointestinal digestion (GID) simulated in vitro. Their agglomeration behaviour was measured with a unique set of analytical approaches, allowing to study NPs’ interactions with the digestive enzymes. Smaller NPs agglomerated more, narrowing the overall particle size distribution of smaller and larger NPs. NPs of different polymers exhibited heteroagglomeration. Digestive enzymes interact with the NPs, forming large but fragile agglomerates. In presence of the enzymes, even acid-functionalized NPs, typically stable in harsh conditions, agglomerated similarly to the non-functionalized PS NPs. These results highlight the role of the GID in increasing the effective size of ingested NPs, potentially reducing their ability to pass through the cell membranes. Our findings address a critical knowledge gap in nanoplastics oral uptake potential, providing a solid technical foundation for their characterization.

Evaluation of waste plastic and waste cooking oil as a potential alternative fuel in diesel engine

The generation of plastic waste and waste cooking oil is a serious environmental concern because of worldwide waste disposal issues. At the same time, increasing demand and contemporary geopolitics make fossil fuels a significant worldwide problem. As a result, there has been an increase in demand for alternate fuel for CI engines. To overcome these twin problems can be addressed by converting waste into liquid fuels. This research explores an intriguing area by mixing waste cooking oil biodiesel and waste plastic oil to create a mixture that remarkably seems like the physico-chemical properties of diesel fuel in a society that is looking for sustainable alternatives. So, in this investigation, a ternary fuel blend of Petro-diesel, waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOB), and waste plastic oil (WPO) was used in the diesel engine. To enhance the properties of fuel, combustion, emission, and performance parameters of diesel engines, a ternary blend of B20P20D60 was employed in the CI engine as an alternative fuel. In the ternary fuel blends, WCOB, WPO, and diesel content were 20%, 20%, and 60%, respectively. The results were compared with conventional diesel fuel, showing that the ternary fuel blend B20P20D60 has an improved brake thermal efficiency of up to 1.71% at 80% loading and reduced emissions (HC, CO, NOx) compared to conventional diesel. Because of this, the ternary blends have significant potential for use in diesel engines.

Alginate-based bio-nanocomposite reinforced with poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) and magnetite graphene oxide for delivery of etoposide and photothermal therapy

Recently, bio-nanocomposite nanogels/hydrogels composed of natural polymers and carbon-based nanomaterials are attracting increasing attention in the fields of nanomedicine and bioengineering due to their unique properties. In this study, we propose the creation of an innovative multifunctional bio-nanocomposite based on alginate graft copolymer with poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide) (SA-g-PHPM) and magnetite graphene oxide (mGO) loaded with etoposide (EPS) for drug delivery and photothermal therapy (PTT). The SA-g-PHPM/mGO bio-nanocomposite was synthesized using an emulsion method and exhibited favorable physicochemical properties. The structural functionalities and surface morphology of the SA-g-PHPM/mGO bio-nanocomposite were comprehensively characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, UV, DLS, TEM/FE-SEM, and AFM analyses. Under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation (808 nm, 1 Wcm-2, 10 min), the SA-g-PHPM/mGO bio-nanocomposite demonstrated the ability to effectively induce a temperature increase exceeding 29 °C. Additionally, exposure to NIR light and magnetic field led to an increased release of EPS whereas an increment in percentage of mGO caused a decreased EPS release. Notably, the synergistic effects of chemotherapy, light-triggered drug release, and PTT collectively contributed to a significant enhancement in lung cancer (H1299) cell death. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the developed SA-g-PHPM/mGO/EPS bio-nanocomposite serves as an efficient vehicle for multimodal therapy in lung cancer.

Biochar from Malt Residue: Toward a Circular Economy for Sustainable Fluoroquinolone Removal in Aqueous Systems

Malt bagasse holds potential as a high-value material, contributing to a circular economy. Biochars were synthesized via pyrolysis (PC-500) and hydrothermal carbonization (HC-150), with one-pot activation using phosphoric acid. Additionally, PC-500 activated with H3PO4 was synthesized for comparison. Various analytical methods were used to characterize the materials. The PC-500 and PCA-500 samples exhibited higher degrees of carbonization, whereas the HC-150 sample retained its functional groups more effectively. Biochars showed higher porosity than biomass, with microspheres present in HC-150. Evaluations were conducted on the removal of fluoroquinolones from water using biochars. Maximum removal efficiency was obtained at pH 8, favoring neutral fluoroquinolone species with a Brønsted acid-base nature. The experimental outcomes were further rationalized by the computational calculation of the physicochemical properties of the adsorbates, in analogy with the structural activity relationship approach in medicinal chemistry. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model proved to be the most suitable for fitting the experimental data, while the Langmuir model effectively described the adsorption isotherms. Ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin showed maximum adsorption capacities (qmax) of 95, 164, and 99mgg-1, respectively, when HC-150 was used. On the other hand, with PC-500, qmax of 57, 12, and 20mgg-1 were obtained for ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and norfloxacin, respectively. Although PCA-500 enhanced adsorption capacity compared to PC-500, the qmax remained lower than the results obtained with HC-500, measuring at 51, 102, and 95mgg-1. These findings emphasize malt bagasse biochar as a viable adsorbent.

Dysprosium-containing Cobalt Sulfide Nanoparticles as Anticancer Drug Carriers.

Among various materials designed for anticancer drug transport, sulfide nanoparticles are uniquely intriguing owing to their spectral characteristics. Exploration of newer nanoscale copper sulfide particles with dysprosium doping is reported herein. It leads to a change in the physicochemical properties of the sulfide nanoparticles and hence the difference in drug release and cytotoxicity. We intend to purport the suitably engineered cobalt sulfide and dysprosium-doped cobalt sulfide nanoparticles that are magnetic and NIR-absorbing, as drug delivery vehicles. The drug loading and release are based on the supramolecular drug complex formation on the surface of the nanoparticles. The nanomaterials are synthesized employing hydrothermal procedures, coated with a biocompatible poly-β-cyclodextrin, and characterized using the methods of diffractometry, microscopy, spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and magnetometry. The sustained drug release is investigated in vitro. 5-Fluorouracil is loaded in the nanocarriers. The empty and 5-fluorouracil-loaded nanocarriers are screened for their anti-breast cancer activity in vitro on MCF-7 cells. The size of the nanoparticles is below 10 nm. They show soft ferromagnetic characteristics. Further, they show broad NIR absorption bands extending up to 1200 nm, with the dysprosium-doped material displaying greater absorbance. The drug 5-fluorouracil is encapsulated in the nanocarriers and released sustainably, with the expulsion duration extending over 10 days. The IC50 of the blank and the drug-loaded cobalt sulfide are 16.24 ± 3.6 and 12.2 ± 2.6 μg mL-1, respectively. For the drug-loaded, dysprosium-doped nanocarrier, the IC50 value is 9.7 ± 0.3 μg mL-1. The ultrasmall nanoparticles possess a size suitable for drug delivery and are dispersed well in the aqueous medium. The release of the loaded 5-fluorouracil is slow and sustained. The anticancer activity of the drug-loaded nanocarrier shows an increase in efficacy, and the cytotoxicity is appreciable due to the controlled release. The nanocarriers show multi-functional characteristics, i.e., magnetic and NIR-absorbing, and are promising drug delivery agents.

Evolution of the CYP2B subfamily gene in primates and its relationship to diet

Herbivores rely heavily on liver enzymes to deal with plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) due to their consumption on plant-based diets, but only a small amount of enzymes have been described based on the genomic level. It is suggested that a multigene subfamily, cytochrome P450 2B (CYP2B), involved in PSMs processing. However, CYP2B subfamily genes of only several rodent species have been characterized, and the copies of CYP2B gene have been compared between the specialist and generalist. Here we investigated the phylogeny of CYP2B subfamily genes in primates with known genome sequences, and related the number of gene to the diet. Furthermore, we compared the CYP2B subfamily genes in two closely related species, Macaca assamensis and Ma. mulatta, which can be viewed as specialist (mainly feeds on Bonia saxatilis) and generalist, respectively, to examine whether the difference of gene number or sequence diversity exists between these two species. The result showed that, most primates have only one CYP2B subfamily gene, although several herbivores have two copies; and both Ma. assamensis and Ma. mulatta have one CYP2B subfamily gene, each with 8 SNPs in them, which is mainly because that multiple SNPs can lead to higher diversity, and further can help deal with various toxins. Physicochemical property prediction indicated that some of these SNPs may cause radical variations between the gene functions. This study is a comprehensive exploration on the evolution of a detoxification enzyme gene subfamily in the primate group, and provides an initial genetic foundation to explore how the closely related species respond to diet from the perspective of P450.

Modulating dual-active sites within one ruthenium nanocluster by engineering electronic metal-support interactions for efficient hydrogen electro-oxidation

Designing non-Pt metal electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) is highly desirable to address the unsustainable use of high-cost and scarce Pt. Although challenging, this study introduces an ultrasmall Ruthenium nanoclusters (Ru NCs)-based electrocatalyst with dual active sites for efficient alkaline HOR. While the selection of Ru is based on its cost-effectiveness, smaller atomic number, and comparable physicochemical properties to Pt, the employment of Mo2C as the support is mainly for establishing strong electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) within the catalyst. This EMSI effect facilitates significant charge redistribution and the formation of efficient dual-active sites within a single Ru NC. Experiments and simulations confirm that the EMSI effect modulates the d-band centers of the Ru NCs at both H-adsorption and OH-adsorption sites, endowing the Ru/Mo2C catalyst with up to 16.6 times and 29.7 times higher mass activity than commercial Pt/C and Ru/C, respectively, as well as enhanced long-term stability and CO resistance. This work provides a paradigm in designing non-Pt metal NCs for alkaline HOR electrocatalysis, underscoring the significance of adjusting the EMSI effect for performance escalation of HOR catalysis.

Study of the Physicochemical Properties of &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;/i&gt; Cell Surface and their Relationship with Soil Salinity of Origin

Study of the Physicochemical Properties of &lt;i&gt;Streptomyces&lt;/i&gt; Cell Surface and their Relationship with Soil Salinity of Origin

Pharmaceutical/Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers - Comprehensive Review, Attentive to Process Parameters and Patent Landscape.

Nanotechnology is a new science and business endeavour with worldwide economic benefits. Growing knowledge of nanomaterial fabrication techniques has increased the focus on nanomaterial preparation for various purposes. Nanofibers are one-dimensional nanomaterials having distinct physicochemical properties and characteristics. Nanofibers are nanomaterial types with a cross-sectional dimension of tens to hundreds of nanometres. They may create high porosity mesh networks with significant interconnections among pores, making them suitable for advanced applications. Electrospinning stands out for its ease of use, flexibility, low cost, and variety among the approaches described in the literature. The most common method for making nanofibers is electrospinning. This article extensively describes and summarizes the impact of various process variables on the fabrication of nanofibers. Special attention has been given to scientific and patent prospection to confirm the research interests in nanofibers.

Interpreting the removal behaviours of aniline and 3,4-diaminotoluene on aromatic carbon-rich magnetic polymer: Statistical modelling, DFT quantitative calculations and new perspectives

The widespread presence of harmful and stubborn amine organic contaminants in aquatic environments motivated the exploration of efficient technologies for alleviating their serious environmental crisis. Herein, the recyclable magnetic Schiff base polymer (Fe3O4-TENE) with satisfactory and promising capacity in treating aniline and 3,4-diaminotoluene as representative amine organic contaminants was fabricated via a simple in-situ polymerization method, which combined the magnetic separability advantage of magnetic oxides with the abundant aromatic carbon content properties of Schiff base polymer. Multiple characterization methods verified the effectiveness of the in-situ polycondensation coating reaction and analyzed the physicochemical properties of Fe3O4-TENE. The Fe3O4-TENE possessed abundant homogeneous reaction sites and excellent regeneration performance, multiple diffusion driving forces and micro-mechanisms co-participated in the removal reaction. The adsorption pathway, underlying reaction mechanism and the most probable bonding system were identified based on the statistical modelling and DFT quantitative calculations. Especially, the visible electrostatic potential molecular and molecular orbitals verified the π-π interaction and electrostatic forces greatly contributed to the removal reaction. The Driving forces – Challenges – Breakthrough – Application framework was proposed for comprehensively assessing the possible environmental application of Fe3O4-TENE. Overall, this work not only provides important insights into the utilization of magnetic polymer composite to alleviate ecological and environmental risks caused by amine organic pollutants, but also contributes to an in-depth excavation of the bonding types and removal mechanisms from both micro and macro perspectives.

Physicochemical and sensory properties of wheat-germinated sorghum-pigeon pea flour blends and their chin-chin-making potential

The effects of the substitution of wheat flour (WF) with Germinated Sorghum Flour (GSF) and Pigeon Peas Flour (PPF) at ratios of 100:00:00; 90:5:5; 80; 10:10 and 70:15:15 respectively in the proximate and mineral composition of the flour blends and the sensory properties of the chin-chin produced from the composite flour using standard methods were evaluated. The substitution reduced the moisture content from 10.55 to 9.18% while ash, fiber, protein, and fat content increased from 5.25 to 8.16%; 0.45 to 1.23%; 8.11 to 14.19%, and 3.37 to 5.42% respectively. An expected decrease in the carbohydrate content was recorded. The addition of GSF and PPF increased the sodium (1.18 - 1.45mg/100g); Potassium (1.48 - 3.49 mg /100g) and magnesium (0.68 - 1.66mg/100g) while zinc which was the most abundant out of all the mineral element assessed decreased from 74.32 - 36.61 mg/100g. The 100% WF Chin- -chin was ranked highest in color, taste, aroma, crispness, and general -acceptability closely followed by chin-chin produced fun 80WF: 10GSF: 10 PPF. This implies that wheat flour, germinated sorghum four and pigeon pea flour blends will produce chin-chin of good nutritional qualities

Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of siddha formulation thoothuvalaiyathi chooranam

Aim And Objective: This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties and phytochemical composition of siddha formulation thoothuvalaiyathi chooranam. Materials And Methods: Thoothuvalaiyathi Chooranam is one Of the Siddha formulation chosen from Sarabenthira vaithya muraigal kasa swasa sikichai , Page No. 153 which is indicated for Eraippu ,Kasam ,swasam, kabarogangkal. The drug prepared as per the Siddha literature. The drug is subjected to physico chemical analysis such as loss on ignition, loss on drying, water soluble ash etc and phytochemical analysis as per the PLIM guidelines. Results And Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of this drug was done such as pH (7.10), Loss on ignition (92.10%), Acid Insoluble ash (5.10±0.100), Water soluble extractive (9.30±0.500), Alcohol soluble extractive (8.10±0.200),Loss on drying (0.90±0.500) .The results revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds, including Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Saponins, Phenols, Triterpenoids, Flavanoids, Proteins and amino acids, Anthocyanin , Tannins.The results indicate the standard quality ,safety and standardization for their use.

Characterization of extracted alpha cellulose from Manihot esculenta (cassava) peels as formulation aid for paracetamol tablet

Background: Alpha-cellulose as a pharmaceutical excipient can be employed as a binding agent in tablet formulation. Cassava peels husk are waste agricultural material and is being investigated for its α-cellulose for use in oral solid pharmaceutical formulation. Purpose: The objective of this study is to extract α-cellulose from cassava peels agro-industrial waste using a standard method, subject the extracted cassava peels cellulose and determine its phytochemical and physicochemical properties of formulated granules of paracetamol. Methods: Alpha-cellulose from cassava peel was extracted using alkali method. The fresh peels were prepared, milled into slurry and de-watered to obtain a coarse wet material, dried, milled and sieved to obtain very fine powdered particles. Phytochemical analysis and characterization of extracted α-cellulose powder were determined. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron micrographs (SEM), and x-ray diffractogram (XRD) analysis of extracted cassava peel cellulose were done. Paracetamol granules was prepared by wet granulation using varying concentrations of the binders. Results: DSC and XRD results revealed a semi-crystalline material with amorphous and crystalline regions. while the SEM showed a lumpy structure and reticular shape. Pre-compression evaluations of the formulated batches of paracetamol granules showed that cassava peels cellulose (CPC) have similar flow properties with those of microcrystalline cellulose BP (MCC) and acacia BP (ACA) powders respectively. The granules have free flow properties with average angles of repose (CPC ≤ 27.60 MCC &lt; 26.90 and ACA ≤ 25.60), compressibility index (CPC ≤ 25, MCC ≤ 23 and ACA ≤ 21.7%), Hausner’s ratio (CPC ≤ 1.32, MCC ≤ 1.31, and ACA ≤ 1.27) respectively. Conclusion: The extracted cassava peel α-cellulose was found ideal as pharmaceutical excipient binder in oral solid dosage forms.

GC–MS metabolomics of French lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L. var capitata) leaves exposed to bisphenol A via the hydroponic media

IntroductionBisphenol A (BPA), an organic compound used to produce polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has become a ubiquitous contaminant due to its high-volume production and constant release to the environment. Plant metabolomics can trace the stress effects induced by environmental contaminants to the variation of specific metabolites, making it an alternative way to study pollutants toxicity to plants. Nevertheless, there is an important knowledge gap in metabolomics applications in this area.ObjectiveEvaluate the influence of BPA in French lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L. var capitata) leaves metabolic profile by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS) using a hydroponic system.MethodsLettuces were cultivated in the laboratory to minimize biological variation and were analyzed 55 days after sowing (considered the plant’s adult stage). Hexanoic and methanolic extracts with and without derivatization were prepared for each sample and analyzed by GC–MS.ResultsThe highest number of metabolites was obtained from the hexanoic extract, followed by the derivatized methanolic extract. Although no physical differences were observed between control and contaminated lettuce leaves, the multivariate analysis determined a statistically significant difference between their metabolic profiles. Pathway analysis of the most affected metabolites showed that galactose metabolism, starch and fructose metabolism and steroid biosynthesis were significantly affected by BPA exposure.ConclusionsThe preparation of different extracts from the same sample permitted the determination of metabolites with different physicochemical properties. BPA alters the leaves energy and membrane metabolism, plant growth could be affected at higher concentrations and exposition times.

Physicochemical and Gel Properties of Citrate Esterified Konjac Glucomannan Prepared with the Assistance of Electron Beam Irradiation

Physicochemical and Gel Properties of Citrate Esterified Konjac Glucomannan Prepared with the Assistance of Electron Beam Irradiation

Assessment of thermochemical, physicochemical, and biochemical properties of purple cabbage powder converted by different drying systems

Assessment of thermochemical, physicochemical, and biochemical properties of purple cabbage powder converted by different drying systems