Physicochemical Properties Of Oil Research Articles

Baru nut oil physicochemical properties, fatty acid and mineral nutritional quality: a high source of oligoelement selenium

Baru nut (Dipteryx alata Vogel) oil obtained by cold pressed machine yielded 24% (mg g–1), primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids (⁓ 79%), with oleic and linoleic acids in the proportion of 2:1. The oxidative stability assessed by Rancimat method, Thermogravimetry analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry revealed thermal stability, which attributed to a higher amount of oleic than linoleic fatty acids, synergistic action of the natural antioxidants and low iodine index. The nutritional qualities were calculated to atherogenic (AI = 0.07), thrombogenic (TI = 0.22) and hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic (HH = 13.77), and physicochemical indices: acidity (0.62), peroxide (9.99), saponification (179.93) were higher, whereas iodine (93.00) and relative density (0.9121) were found between the recommended Codex Alimentarius parameters. Mineral elements were quantified using ICP OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) in decreased order of Mg > Se > Zn > Mn > Al > Cu, whereas As, Co, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Pb < LOD. In addition, this oil showed optimal indices to non-cancer risk (CR < 10–6), and non-carcinogenic: hazard quotient (HQ), and total hazard indices (HI) < 1. Nevertheless, major attention is necessary for children and Se hypersensitive consumers, which baru oil daily consumption quantity was estimated based on selenium (Se) trace element at 0.7964 g kg–1. Thus, we recommend the consumption of baru nut oil for human health promotion and metabolic disease prevention.

Nutritional Value, Fatty Acid and Phytochemical Composition, and Antioxidant Properties of Mysore Fig (Ficus drupacea Thunb.) Fruits.

Ficus drupacea is a fruit-bearing tree that is distributed in Southeast Asia and Australia. The objective of this research was to ascertain the following with regard to ripened fruits: (i) their nutritional value, (ii) their mineral status, (iii) the fatty acid composition of fruit and seed oil, (iv) their phytochemical makeup, and (v) their antioxidant properties. The ripened fruits contained 3.21%, 3.25%, 0.92%, 1.47%, and 2.20% carbohydrate, protein, fat, ash, and fiber, respectively. Fruits had an energy content of 30.18 kcal/100 g. In terms of mineral content, the fruit was rich in potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrogen, with values of 21.03, 13.24, 11.07, and 4.13 mg/g DW. Iron, zinc, manganese, and boron had values of 686.67, 124.33, 114.40, and 35.78 µg/g DW, respectively. The contents of oxalate and phytate were 14.44 and 2.8 mg/g FW, respectively. The fruit and seed oil content were 0.67 and 8.07%, respectively, and the oil's physicochemical properties were comparable to those of fig fruit and seed oils. Omega-3 (α-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid), and omega-9 (oleic acid) fatty acids were abundant in the oils. Fruit extracts in acetone, methanol, and water have greater concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, total antioxidant activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays demonstrated increased antioxidant activities in close correlation with the higher concentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and alkaloids. The results of this study demonstrate that the fruits of F. drupacea are a strong source of nutrients and phytochemicals, and they merit more investigation and thought for possible uses.

Conjoint effect of indole-3-acetic acid and vitamin B1 on nutrient acquisition and seed oil physicochemical properties of Zea mays L. under arsenic intervention

Conjoint effect of indole-3-acetic acid and vitamin B1 on nutrient acquisition and seed oil physicochemical properties of Zea mays L. under arsenic intervention

Enhancement of lemongrass essential oil physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity by encapsulation in zein-caseinate nanocomposite

Essential oils (EOs) represent a pivotal source for developing potent antimicrobial drugs. However, EOs have seldom found their way to the pharmaceutical market due to their instability and low bioavailability. Nanoencapsulation is an auspicious strategy that may circumvent these limitations. In the current study, lemongrass essential oil (LGO) was encapsulated in zein-sodium caseinate nanoparticles (Z-NaCAS NPs). The fabricated nanocomposite was characterized using dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The antimicrobial activity of LGO loaded NPs was assessed in comparison to free LGO against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, their antibacterial mechanism was examined by alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, bacterial DNA and protein assays, and scanning electron microscopy. Results confirmed the successful encapsulation of LGO with particle size of 243 nm, zeta potential of – 32 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 84.7%. Additionally, the encapsulated LGO showed an enhanced thermal stability and a sustained release pattern. Furthermore, LGO loaded NPs exhibited substantial antibacterial activity, with a significant 2 to 4 fold increase in cell wall permeability and intracellular enzymes leakage versus free LGO. Accordingly, nanoencapsulation in Z-NaCAS NPs improved LGO physicochemical and antimicrobial properties, expanding their scope of pharmaceutical applications.

An Ethnobotanical Survey, Pharmacognostic Profile and Phytochemical Investigation of Chrysobalanus icaco L.

The spice known as Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) was found near the coast of the Niger Delta in Nigeria. A survey on the ethnobotany of C. icaco seeds was conducted in Warri, Abraka, Delta State, Ezetu village, and Onitsha. Standard techniques were used to determine the pharmacognostic profile, phytochemical screening, physiochemical parameters, and elemental analysis. The findings showed that the Ezetu village people utilized the seeds traditionally for stomachache, anti-diarrhea, and post-child delivery. Histochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins and proteins in the seed. The seed powder's physicochemical parameters are as follows: pH (1 g/100 ml distilled water) (6.00±0.00) and pH (10 g/100 ml), water-soluble ash (1.5±0.00%), alcohol soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), acid insoluble acid (0.25±0.00%), acid soluble ash (1.0±0.00%), and sulfated ash (2.0±0.00%). The seed oil's physicochemical properties were: density (0.936±0.0%), refractive index (1.491±0.00%), iodine value (15.9±0.01%), peroxide value (25.31±0.01%), acid value (29.44±0.00%), and ester value (34.75±0.21%). The elements discovered in the seed included lead, copper, nickel, chromium, cadmium, potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Phytochemicals found in the extract include reducing sugars, proteins, amino acids, fats, oils, alkaloids, tannins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, cholesterol, steroids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, phytosterols, saponins, and cardiac glycosides. Quantitative phytochemical results include total phenolics (11.63±0.03), total flavonoids (2.35±0.06), total alkaloids (5.50±0.03), and total tannins (12.48±0.01). Consequently, it is possible to verify the authenticity of the seeds using these pharmacognostic features.

Density and stability of oil-in-water emulsions

The stability of oil-in-water emulsions is determined by the physicochemical properties of oil, as well as the composition of emulsified water. The present work aims to study the effect of concentration and temperature on the density and stability of oil-in-water emulsions. Classical oil emulsions of the first type were prepared with aqueous CaCl2 solution and oil from the Yarakta field. The ratios of the hydrocarbon component to the aqueous phase were as follows, vol %: 5:92, 10:87, 15:82, 20:77, 25:72, 30:67, and 35:62 with the addition of emulsifier. The density of emulsions was studied using the pycnometer method, with a measurement error of up to ±0.01 kg/m3. The method consists in accurately determining the mass of the test solution and distilled water, which occupy a known volume (50 cm3) in the pycnometer, and using a high-precision analytical scale. The obtained regression equations provide a means to calculate the densities of oil-in-water emulsions within the studied temperature (20–60 °С) and oil concentration (5–35 vol %) ranges. The derived empirical equations can be used in practice. It is shown that with increasing oil concentration and temperature, the density of emulsions decreases. The stabilizing ability of oil-in-water emulsions was evaluated in terms of luminous transmittance: the luminous transmittance value served as a stability criterion of emulsions in water. It was experimentally confirmed that the stabilizing ability of emulsions decreases with increasing temperature. The obtained results can be used in the study of regularities defining the direction and extent of chemical transformations and stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions, as well as in the solution of practical issues related to their destruction.

Oxidative stability of avocado oil blended with different levels of ultrasonic extract of Chlorella vulgaris under different temperatures

PurposeThis study aims to assess the oxidative stability of avocado oil (AO) at various temperatures, using butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as an artificial antioxidant and different concentrations of ultrasonic extract of Chlorella vulgaris.Design/methodology/approachExtracts of C. vulgaris were obtained using four solvents: water, acetone, ethanol and 80% ethanol-aqueous. Standard techniques were used to conduct qualitative phytochemical screening of the extracts. The extracted samples were analyzed for total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity and phenolic compound fractionation. Some physicochemical parameters of AO treated with various concentrations of C. vulgaris ultrasonic extract compared to a 200 ppm BHT and exposed to different temperatures were measured.FindingsThe highest phenolic, flavonoids content and antioxidant activity was achieved by 80% ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris . The results showed that exposure of AO to high temperatures led to significant changes in the oil's physicochemical properties. These changes increased as the temperature increased. On the other hand, adding 80% ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris into AO reduced the effect of heat treatment on the change in physicochemical properties.Originality/valueAdding 80% ethanolic extract of C. vulgaris into AO can potentially reduce the impact of heat treatment on the alteration of physicochemical properties.

Review of the Technical and Economic Evaluation of the Use of Means of Simultaneous Independent Operation for Solving Technical Problems

In the context of developing multilayer deposits in Turkmenistan, the technical and economic evaluation of technique used in simultaneous and independent operation represents an important area of work. Most of the oil and gas fields both in our country and abroad are multi-layered. At the same time, several productive layers are located layer by layer one above the other. From the point of view of rational development, the development of such deposits by independent grids of wells drilled for each individual reservoir is the most preferable. However, the experience of oilfield development shows that more than half of all capital investments are spent on drilling wells. Therefore, the development of multilayer deposits by independent well grids for each formation requires huge capital expenditures and is not always economically and technologically justified. In this regard, when developing multi-layer deposits, several productive formations are often combined into one operational facility, which makes it possible to shorten the time of field development, reduce capital investments for drilling wells and field development, etc. At the same time, simultaneous development of several formations by one object is possible only with the same physico-chemical properties of oils in the combined formations, if the inflow of oil and gas is sufficient from each formation at an acceptable bottom-hole pressure in the well, with close values of reservoir pressure in the combined formations, excluding oil flows between the formations, and close values of reservoir waterlogging. If the above conditions are not met, then multidimensional deposits are developed using the method of simultaneous and independent operation (hereinafter referred to as SIO) with one well. Depending on the specific geological and technical conditions for the development of deposits, technical and operational characteristics of wells, one of the currently available SIO schemes is used. Mandatory requirements for all SIO schemes are the possibility of separate development and commissioning of each reservoir, measurement of oil flow rates of each reservoir separately, as well as separate measurement of each reservoir for waterlogging, gas content and examination of each reservoir for oil and gas inflow. When deciding on the use of the SIO method, the degree of depletion of reserves, the proximity of the oil content contour to wells, the presence of resins and paraffin in the extracted oils, the thickness of the productive layers and the impermeable interlayers separating them, the condition of the production column of wells, etc. Productive horizons have different capacities from one to several tens of meters; their operation is carried out from the bottom up according to the traditional scheme. Such a traditional scheme of operation of multilayer deposits provides for the development of a grid of vertical wells for each operational facility, which leads to an increase in capital costs for drilling wells and a decrease in the profitability of the products obtained. Accordingly, in the production of hydrocarbons, the main cost item is the construction of new production wells. It is necessary to solve the problem of reducing construction costs almost immediately with the introduction of wells into drilling. The simplest way is to combine several oil-saturated horizons into several development facilities. Simultaneous and independent operation (SIO) and dual water injection operation (DIO) can be applied to regulate the zone development by layers (uniform exploration of layers, intensification of one of the layers). In these cases, the application of SIO and DIO methods aims to increase the current oil production. Savings in this case are generated by increasing the fluid oil production, both from intensifying development and preventing premature well flooding. The goal and objective of this scientific review are the technical and economic evaluation of the application of simultaneous and independent operation means and incorporation of productive horizons to increase hydrocarbon production during the development of deposits in the initial and late stages of operation. The economic efficiency of such regulation of production is determined by comparing the technical and economic indicators of the zone's development without regulation, calculated considering the actual ratio of technological and economic indicators with the actual technical and economic indicators. Incorporating productive horizons can play a significant role in increasing current oil production, and in some cases, enhancing the oil recovery of the incorporated zone, through the most effective utilization of previously drilled wells on the field. One of the key current technological indicators of incorporation is the additional well production rate, i.e. the increase in current production achieved through the implemented measures. The practical significance of this work lies in the technical and economic evaluation of a more efficient and sustainable oil and gas production technology developed in Turkmenistan, leading to increased production and reduced capital investments at the early and late stages of field development.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ФИЗИКО-ХИМИЧЕСКИХ И ПРОТИВОИЗНОСНЫХ СВОЙСТВ МОТОРНЫХ МАСЕЛ ПО ЗАВЕРШЕНИИ ПРОЦЕССА ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ

There is given the study of viscous properties of engine oil, depending on the temperature before and after change on modern domestic gasoline and diesel cars, the determination of spectral characteristics and X-ray fluorescence analysis of wear particles after mileage. The degree of viscosity of semi-synthetic oils of two types is estimated. The oils were cooled and heated up to 150 °C. A digital viscometer was used, the dynamic viscosity of all oils decreased with increasing temperature, which is associated with oxidation in waste oil. To assess the effect of motor oil on engine operation, IR spectrometric analysis is performed and the thickness of the lubricating film is determined. The test results showed a qualitative and quantitative change in the characteristic frequencies of the new engine oil and the spent one after 10,000 km. X-ray fluorescence analysis makes it possible to analyze wear products and determine which mechanism in the engine is most susceptible to wear. Lines have characteristic absorption frequencies and indicate a change in physico-chemical properties of oil in the engine. An increase in contamination and in the viscosity of used oils is associated with the presence of impurities formed during the oxidation and polymerization of the base oil. It is necessary to increase the number of samples and sampling during different periods of operation so that you can verify the same effect throughout the entire engine operation. The results obtained indicate that these methods can be used to analyze and control the mode of operation of oils in the engine, allowing to determine the wear and further apply appropriate additives to the oil to improve performance properties.

Physico-chemical properties of oil from plums and prospects for its use

The article is devoted to the methods and results of the research conducted on the development of complex processing technology of plum fruit seeds from fruit seeds growing in the Republic of Uzbekistan. Obtaining a new type of oil for the food industry, nutritious food for livestock, poultry and fishing industries is described. Development of energy-efficient oil extraction technology using new types of equipment for extracting oil from fruit kernels and the role of non-traditional raw materials today and their wide use in practice are mentioned. Recommendations on the effective use of industrial secondary raw materials released from production enterprises, reducing the amount of waste released into the environment, and the results of research on the effectiveness of research on the measures taken in this regard are covered in detail.

Towards utilizing Asteraceae alternative oilseed species on marginal lands: Agronomic performance, fatty acid composition, oil biocompounds, and oil physicochemical properties of Asteraceae species

Including alternative and drought-resilient oilseeds in marginal lands, where conventional oilseed production is threatened, could be an effective measure to restore marginal lands and improve sustainable seed oil production. Based on this approach, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential of some new and neglected Asteraceae species as alternative oil seed crops in marginal lands. The agronomic performance, fatty acid profile, seed oil biocompounds, and physicochemical properties of blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus), cardoon (Cynara cardunculus), milk thistle (Silybum marianum), niger seed (Guizotia abyssinica), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) were studied under a marginal land condition (semi-dry poor soils) in two growing years. Niger seed possessed the highest oil content (39.45%), while the highest oil yield (470.21 kg ha−1) was noted in safflower. The GC and HLPC analysis indicated that all the species of seed oils were rich linoleic acid sources (51.65–73.45%). However, some species, such as safflower, also contained a high amount of oleic acid (25.41%) proportion. Pot marigold seed oils had high levels of calendic acid (more than 50% of total fatty acids). The tocopherol and phenol biocompounds as essential micronutrients for human health were abundant in the species studied, which the highest tocopherol contents recorded for blessed thistle (670.43 mg/kg) and safflower (655.75 mg/kg) oils, respectively. Accordingly, the antioxidant activity of the oilseeds followed the same trends, being the highest in blessed thistle and safflower oils. The high concentration of oleic acid in safflower oil was associated with decreasing oil density, saponification, peroxidase, and increasing viscosity indicating its high oil oxidative stability. According to agronomic and oilseed quality properties, most species, especially safflower and blessed thistle, can be considered promising alternative oilseed crops in marginal lands.

Enhanced recovery of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Jatropha curcas L. is a popular and potential tree borne oilseed exploited for biofuel, however, extraction ofoil from whole seedsincurs oil loss due to adsorption of considerable amount of oil to the oil cake. To minimize the oil loss, seeds were decoated using a seed decoater which separates the whole seedsinto shell and kernel. Seeds with 15 per cent of the shell removed and with 40 per cent of the shell removed were compared with whole seeds for oil extraction. The oil present in the oil cake was estimated and analysed for its physico-chemical properties. The average oil recovery from the whole seed was about 23.16 per cent. Removal of 15 per cent shell increased the oil recovery to 24.6 per cent and further removal of 40 per cent shell resulted in 25.41 per cent oil recovery. The oil present in the oil cake was reduced from 10.08 to 8.93 and 7.61 per cent in the 15 per cent shell removed and 40 per cent shell removed seeds, respectively. However, the physico-chemical properties of oil from oilcake did not vary significantly. From a commercial point of view, this study helped to enhance oil recovery and displayed the significance of seed processing technique.

Conversion of waste polystyrene into valuable aromatic hydrocarbons via microwave-assisted pyrolysis.

The prime objective of the current research work was to understand the role of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for the upgradation of expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste into valuable aromatic hydrocarbons. Ethyl acetate solvent was used to dissolve the EPS to enhance the homogeneous dispersion of EPS with susceptor particles. Biochar obtained from the pyrolysis was used as a susceptor. The design of experiments method was used to understand the role of microwave power (300 W, 450 W, and 600 W) and susceptor quantity (5g, 10g, and 15g) in the pyrolysis process. The pyrolysis was conducted till the temperature reached up to 600°C, and this temperature was achieved in the time interval of 14-38min based on the experimental conditions. The obtained average heating rates varied in the range of 15 to 41°C/min to attain the pyrolysis temperature. The EPS feed was converted into char (~ 2.5 wt.%), oil (51 to 60 wt.%), and gaseous (37 to 47 wt.%) products. The specific microwave energy (J/g) was calculated to know the energy requirement; it increased with an increase in susceptor quantity and microwave power, whereas specific microwave power (W/g) was a function of microwave power and increased from 15 to 30 W/g. The predicted values calculated using the model equations closely matched the actual values showing that the developed model equations via optimization had a good fit. The obtained pyrolysis oil physicochemical properties including viscosity (1 to 1.4 cP), density (990 to 1030kg/m3), heating value (39 to 42MJ/kg), and flash point (98 to 101°C) were thoroughly analyzed. The pyrolysis oil was rich in aromatic hydrocarbons and it was predominantly composed of styrene, cyclopropyl methylbenzene, and alkylbenzene derivates.

Effects of Varying Heating Temperatures on the Physicochemical Properties of Chicken Tallow Obtained from Broilers

The physicochemical properties of oil and fat have considerable influence on their performances for various areas of application. These fat and oil properties, such as specific gravity, density, moisture content, free fatty acid, peroxide value, iodine value, acid value, saponification value etc., are important parameters for assessing the quality of the fat and oil and could aid in identifying their suitability for specific application. These properties could be affected by different processing conditions such as time, pressure and temperature. The present study reported on the effects of heating temperature on the physicochemical properties of Chicken tallow obtained from Broilers. The Chicken tallow was processed at three different heating temperatures namely 25°C, 50°C and 75°C, and the physicochemical contents (<i>i.e</i>. acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, free fatty acid <i>etc.</i>) were analyzed. The moisture content, density and specific gravity of the Chicken tallow showed a similar trend by way of decreasing with increase in heating temperatures. While the acid and iodine values increased with increasing temperature, on the other hand, the free fatty acid and peroxide values showed decrease with increasing temperatures. The saponification value presented highest result at 50°C heating temperature. This research indicated that, the varying heating temperatures can have potential effects on the physicochemical properties of the Chicken tallow.

Badania eksperymentalne wpływu wrażliwych magnetycznie elastomerów na wydobycie ze złóż rop naftowych o wysokiej lepkości

In world practice, low-viscosity oil accounts for the main share of production. As the development progresses, the share of high-viscosity oil in the total balance increases year on year. The growing unused reserves of high-viscosity oil oblige researchers to solve the issue of developing these reserves, which is an important task for the oil industry. Studies have been carried out to increase oil recovery during the development of oil reservoirs containing high-viscosity oil by pumping a solution of magnetically active polymer, namely silicone oligomer, the matrix of which contains 5–25% Fe+3 ions, treated with a constant transverse magnetic field with a strength of H = 51740 A/m. A mixture of 90% by weight of quartz sand and 10% by weight of bentonite clay, with a permeability of k = 1.4 D, was used as a reservoir model. The high-viscosity oil model consisted of St-45 aviation oil. A silicone oligomer of 159–360 brand was used as a matrix with an operating temperature range of 60°C to +300°C, into which particles of gamma-Fe2O3 Nano powder with a size of 0.5 nm are introduced, with a degree of filling of the matrix of 5–25% by volume of Fe. Magnetization saturation is 80 emu/g, residual magnetization is 460 emu/g, and coercive force is 670 Oh. Validation of the proposed method was carried out by physical modeling of the process of displacement of high-viscosity oil with a magnetic elastomer on a laboratory installation. The oil recovery coefficient was calculated according to a well-known method. The use of magnetically sensitive polymer can be an effective method of developing heavy oil fields. For each heavy oil field, taking into account its specifics (reservoir properties of the rock, physicochemical properties of oil, etc.), an appropriate magnet active polymer is selected. As the experimental results show, the best indicator of the oil recovery coefficient is achieved at 65%, compared with 48% of recovery in the absence of magnetic field exposure.

Исследование влияния физико-химических показателей компонентов процесса обезвоживания сырой нефти

In this work, samples of demulsifiers and their separation ability in relation to the crude oil of the Vankor field are studied. It was found out that when water is separated, there are differences in residual water content, which are determined by the physico-chemical properties of oils. Evaluating the effectiveness of the four studieddemulsifiers, it can be distinguished as the most effective DIN-8E and DECLEAVE, followed by a recommendation for further work. The results of the research will increase the service life of the equipment, reduce corrosion wear and lower the pour point of oil by reducing its watering.

Effect of extraction type on the fatty acids profile and physicochemical properties of biolipids from Astrocaryum vulgare pulp: supercritical CO2 versus n‐hexane extractions

SummaryThis study aimed to investigate the effects of two, conventional and green, extraction techniques on the nutritional, bioactive and physicochemical properties of oils from Astrocaryum vulgare pulp. It is an Amazonian oilseed named tucumã, known by their oily nature and bioactive properties. n‐Hexane (N‐HE) and supercritical CO2 (SFE‐CO2) were used as extraction solvents. Higher oil yield, 39.63%, was achieved using N‐HE then SFE‐CO2, 36.75%. The SFE‐CO2 oil presented low acidity and peroxide content, 0.9 mg KOHg−1 and 1.1 mEq kg−1, while the N‐HE presented 3.25 mg KOH g−1 and 2.4 mEq kg−1, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). The SFE‐CO2 oil exhibited greater content of linoleic (~42.3%) and oleic acids (~32.6%) (P &lt; 0.05) and higher β‐carotenes, up to 1100 μg 100 g−1, while the N‐HE oil had ~877 μg 100 g−1. SFE‐CO2 had positive effect on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of A. vulgare pulp oil, which was statistically confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA).Practical applicationsThe application of green techniques based on supercritical CO2 fluid extraction to obtain biolipids from A. vulgare pulp with greater nutritional quality contributes to its potential utilisation as a functional ingredient in foods.

Oil Change Interval Evaluation of Gearbox Used in Heavy-Duty Truck E-Axle with Oil Analysis Data

Regular lubricating oil change in the gearbox is desirable for improving vehicle reliability and reducing operating costs. To achieve this objective, evaluating the oil change interval is necessary. However, due to the complex and dynamic properties of oil degradation, oil change interval evaluation has been a bottleneck in practice. Therefore, a solution strategy is proposed in this paper that utilizes the oil physicochemical properties derived from oil analysis data to determine the optimal oil change interval. With a large amount of oil analysis data collected, the iron (Fe) debris, kinematic viscosity (100 °C), and total acid number (TAN) are considered to be the oil change indicators of lubricating oil. By monitoring the changes in the selected oil change indicators, linear regression is firstly applied to the original oil analysis data to reveal the dynamic degradation process. Then, the Wiener-based stochastic process is used to describe the first hitting time and the increasing trends of the selected oil change indicator. Finally, the oil change interval can be obtained under the concept of the first hitting time. Compared with the planned maintenance time, the proposed method seems reasonable considering the dynamic property of oil degradation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated using a case study with an oil analysis dataset from an E-axle with a two-shift gearbox. The results show that the oil change interval increased by approximately 10,000 km (50%) compared with the planned maintenance interval. This will reduce vehicle maintenance time and save maintenance costs.

A comparative evaluation of proximate composition, elemental profiling and oil physicochemical properties of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds and argan (Argania spinosa L. Skeels) kernels

In this data article, proximate composition, elemental profiling of fruits and oil cakes and the physicochemical properties of the mechanically extracted oil of Moroccan black cumin and argan were compared. Oxidative stability was determined under accelerated aging conditions at 60°C for four months. Elemental profiling showed comparable values for nigella seeds, argan kernels and their oil cakes. The highest values of oil content (52%) and energy value (595.14 kcal/100 g) were found in argan kernels, the argan cake also showed its superiority in terms of moisture content (6.46%) and protein content (45.93%). The highest carbohydrate content (51.31%) was found in black cumin cake. Black cumin (cake and oil) can be considered as valuable sources for new multipurpose products for industrial, food and cosmetic use. Oil oxidation outcomes revealed sensitity of black cumin oil as compared to argan oil. Therefore, special care should be considered for its prolonged storage.

Simulation of Change in Density and Viscosity of Crude Oil When Mixing

The deviation of density and viscosity values of oil mixtures from those calculated according to the additivity rule has been examined. Mathematical models have been developed for determining the properties of mixtures with different compositions taking into account the group composition of the source components. Mixtures containing components with a high content of alkanes and a low content of arenes have been found to be characterized by extreme deviations of density towards the maximum and kinematic viscosity towards the minimum. The created models were validated and compared with existing methods of describing the oil physicochemical properties. An approach to the creation of optimal from a technological point of view formulation for compounding oil of different types is proposed.