Physicochemical Properties Of Nanomaterials Research Articles

Role of Nanomaterials in Pharmaceutical Preparation: A Review

Aim & objective: This study aims to explore the multifaceted applications of nanomaterials and assess their potential advantages and disadvantages. Understanding the different physicochemical properties of nanomaterials & excipients. Method: This study reviews current literature and research findings to compile a comprehensive overview of nanomaterials. Key aspects covered include synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and notable applications in different industries. The review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages associated with nanomaterials, highlighting their potential benefits and challenges. Advantages & disadvantages: Nanomaterials offer numerous advantages such as enhanced mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, which make them suitable for developing advanced technologies. However, challenges include concerns over their potential environmental and health impacts, as well as the scalability of production processes from laboratory to industrial scales. Additionally, the high cost of synthesis and regulatory uncertainties pose hurdles to widespread adoption. Conclusion: In conclusion, nanomaterials present a paradigm shift in materials science and engineering with vast potential to address pressing global challenges. Their unique properties enable innovative solutions across various sectors, promising significant advancements in healthcare, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability. However, realizing these benefits requires continued research to mitigate risks and optimize their applications. Establishing robust regulatory frameworks and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations are essential to harnessing the full potential of nanomaterials while ensuring their safe and sustainable integration into society.

Mechanistic Insights Behind the Self-Assembly of Human Insulin under the Influence of Surface-Engineered Gold Nanoparticles.

Elucidating the underlying principles of amyloid protein self-assembly at nanobio interfaces is extremely challenging due to the diversity in physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and their physical interactions with biological systems. It is, therefore, important to develop nanoscale materials with dynamic features and heterogeneities. In this work, through engineering of hierarchical polyethylene glycol (PEG) structures on gold nanoparticle (GNP) surfaces, tailored nanomaterials with different surface properties and conformations (GNPs-PEG) are created for modulating the self-assembly of a widely studied protein, insulin, under amyloidogenic conditions. Important biophysical studies including thioflavin T (ThT) binding, circular dichroism (CD), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that higher-molecular weight GNPs-PEG triggered the formation of amyloid fibrils by promoting adsorption of proteins at nanoparticle surfaces and favoring primary nucleation rate. Moreover, the modulation of fibrillation kinetics reduces the overall toxicity of insulin oligomers and fibrils. In addition, the interaction between the PEG polymer and amyloidogenic insulin examined using MD simulations revealed major changes in the secondary structural elements of the B chain of insulin. The experimental findings provide molecular-level descriptions of how the PEGylated nanoparticle surface modulates protein adsorption and drives the self-assembly of insulin. This facile approach provides a new avenue for systematically altering the binding affinities on nanoscale surfaces by tailoring their topologies for examining adsorption-induced fibrillogenesis phenomena of amyloid proteins. Together, this study suggests the role of nanobio interfaces during surface-induced heterogeneous nucleation as a primary target for designing therapeutic interventions for amyloid-related neurodegenerative disorders.

A Meta-Analysis to Revisit the Property-Aggregation Relationships of Carbon Nanomaterials: Experimental Observations versus Predictions of the DLVO Theory.

Contradicting relationships between physicochemical properties of nanomaterials (e.g., size and ζ-potential) and their aggregation behavior have been constantly reported in previous literature, and such contradictions deviate from the predictions of the classic Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. To resolve such controversies, in this work, we employed a meta-analytic approach to synthesize the data from 46 individual studies reporting the critical coagulation concentration (CCC) of two carbon nanomaterials, namely, graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotube (CNT). The correlations between CCC and material physicochemical properties (i.e., size, ζ-potential, and surface functionalities) were examined and compared to the theoretical predictions. Results showed that the CCC of electrostatically stabilized carbon nanomaterials increased with decreasing nanomaterial size when their hydrodynamic sizes were smaller than ca. 200 nm. This is qualitatively consistent with the prediction of the DLVO theory but with a smaller threshold size than the predicted 2 μm. Above the threshold size, the material ζ-potential can be correlated to CCC for nanomaterials with moderate/low surface charge, in agreement with the DLVO theory. The correlation was not observed for highly charged nanomaterials because of their underestimated surface potential by the ζ-potential. Furthermore, a correlation between the C/O ratio and CCC was observed, where a lower C/O ratio resulted in a higher CCC. Overall, our findings rationalized the inconsistency between experimental observation and theoretical prediction and provided essential insights into the aggregation behavior of nanomaterials in water, which could facilitate their rational design.

Nanomaterials‐Based Nanochannel Membrane for Osmotic Energy Harvesting

AbstractHarvesting clean and renewable osmotic energy through reverse electrodialysis (RED) technology offers a promising solution to address energy crisis problems. The development of nanochannel membranes constructed from diverse nanomaterials plays a crucial role in enabling efficient osmotic energy conversion. In this review, first an overview of the mechanism of the RED process is provided and the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, covering 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials, and the osmotic conversion performances of the constructed nanochannel membranes. Then, the relationship between chemical properties and structural features of nanochannel membranes is specifically highlighted, including surface charge property and geometric structure, and osmotic energy conversion efficiency. Additionally, the introduction of external stimuli, such as light, temperature, pH, external pressure, and changes in electrolyte environments, are also discussed. Finally, the research directions and future challenges in the field of osmotic energy harvesting using nanochannel membranes based on nanomaterials are presented. The focus is on refining the osmotic conversion mechanism, as well as optimizing the structure design.

Artificial augmented dataset for the enhancement of nano-QSARs models. A methodology based on topological projections

Nanoinformatics demands accurate predictive models to assess the potential hazards of nanomaterials (NMs). However, limited data availability and the diverse nature of NMs physicochemical properties and their interaction with biological media, hinder the development of robust nano-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) models. This article proposes an approach that combines artificially data generation techniques and topological projections to address the challenges of insufficient dataset sizes and their limited representativeness of the chemical space. By leveraging the rich information embedded in the topological features, this methodology enhances the representation of the chemical space, enabling a more an exploration of the structure-activity relationships. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach through extensive experiments, employing various machine learning regression algorithms to validate the methodology. Finally, we compare two different resampling approaches based on different modeling scenarios. The results showcase a significant improved predictive performance of QSAR models demonstrating a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of small datasets in the field of nanoinformatics. The proposed approach offers noteworthy potential for advancing nanoinformatics research within the nanosafety domain by enabling the development of more accurate predictive models for assessing the potential hazards associated with NMs.

Molybdenum Nanofertilizer Boosts Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Yield of Soybean through Delaying Nodule Senescence and Nutrition Enhancement.

Soybean (Glycine max) is a crop of global significance and has low reliance on N fertilizers due to its biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) capacity, which harvests ambient N2 as a critical ecosystem service. BNF can be severely compromised by abiotic stresses. Enhancing BNF is increasingly important not only to alleviate global food insecurity but also to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture by decreasing chemical fertilizer inputs. However, this has proven challenging using current genetic modification or bacterial nodulation methods. Here, we demonstrate that a single application of a low dose (10 mg/kg) of molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles (MoS2 NPs) can enhance soybean BNF and grain yield by 30%, compared with conventional molybdate fertilizer. Unlike molybdate, MoS2 NPs can more sustainably release Mo, which then is effectively incorporated as a cofactor for the synthesis of nitrogenase and molybdenum-based enzymes that subsequently enhance BNF. Sulfur is also released sustainably and incorporated into biomolecule synthesis, particularly in thiol-containing antioxidants. The superior antioxidant enzyme activity of MoS2 NPs, together with the thiol compounds, protect the nodules from reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage, delay nodule aging, and maintain the BNF function for a longer term. The multifunctional nature of MoS2 NPs makes them a highly effective strategy to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. Given that the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials can be readily modulated, material performance (e.g., ROS capturing capacity) can be further enhanced by several synthesis strategies. This study thus demonstrates that nanotechnology can be an efficient and sustainable approach to enhancing BNF and crop yield under abiotic stress and combating global food insecurity.

Effect of mixing ratios of SiO[formula omitted] nanoparticles synthesized from metakaolin on the physicochemical properties of ZnO/SiO[formula omitted] nanocomposites

Nanomaterials have distinguished themselves as an outstanding class of materials due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics compared to bulk materials. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials can be improved by forming nanocomposites and manipulating different nanoparticles by varying their mixing ratios. In this study, ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles and ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites were produced using a sol–gel method based on the variation of mixing ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 2:1). The monometallic oxide nanoparticles (ZnO, SiO2) and the corresponding nanocomposites (ZnO/SiO2) were characterized using HRSEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, BET and XPS. Regardless of the mixing ratio of ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles used, the HRSEM pictures demonstrated a morphological change from the irregular and spherical forms produced for SiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles to rod-like shapes for the ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite. The quartz phase of SiO2 nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of 43.67 nm, and the hexagonal wurtzite phase of ZnO nanoparticles, with a crystallite size of 31.52 nm, were both synthesized, as revealed by the XRD results. As opposed to this, the XRD patterns of the ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites synthesized with 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 mixing ratios showed a mixture of α-quartz (SiO2) and hexagonal wurtzite (ZnO) with crystallite sizes of 21.24, 29.56 and 15.36 nm, respectively. The EDS results confirmed the existence of Zn and O for ZnO; Si and O for SiO2 nanoparticles and Zn, Si and O in the prepared ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite, irrespective of the mixing ratios. The XPS results showed the existence of Zn in the +1 oxidation state in ZnO/SiO2 compared to single ZnO with the Zn2+ valence. The BET surface area indicates that the ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites had a higher surface area (1:1 (39.042 m2/g), 1:2 (55.602 m2/g) and 2:1 (82.243 m2/g)), irrespective of the mixing ratios, compared to the surface area for the ZnO (8.620 m2/g) and SiO2(0.386 m2/g) nanoparticles. The mixing ratio of the ZnO and SiO2 nanoparticles influenced the crystallite sizes, surface elements oxidation states and morphology of the ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite formed and the optima mixing ratio for the formation of ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposite was found to be 2:1 of ZnO:SiO2 nanoparticles.

Precursor-ligand induced steric control over morphology in anisotropically consistent (α-quartz) GeO2 nanomaterials and its photocatalytic potential under direct sunlight

The notable correlation between morphology and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials has called for particular attention to the synthetic methods of fine control over it. Modern theories of nucleation and crystal growth have often presented an incomplete picture of its understanding and do not apply universally. Here, we investigated a case wherein oxime-modified ligands (L)-based Ge precursors [Ge {OPri}4-n{L}n] were synthesized from [Ge (OPri)4] and subjected further to hydrolysis under a sol-gel scheme. The synthesis of precursors seems to have displayed a mechanistic and thermodynamic limitation over the extent of substitution due to the steric factor of the ligands. Whereas the hydrolysis of these precursors substituted with varying sizes (steric factor) of ligand yielded spherical (20 nm), sheet (16 nm) and rod-shaped (14 nm) nano α-quartz-like GeO2. These morphological variations and reduction in the size of NPs, on account of precursors, are understood to have arisen due to the changes in nucleation and Ostwald ripening processes coupled with the hydrolytic behavior of the precursors. The nanosheet structures of α-quartz-like GeO2 with a band gap of 5.47eV have shown different degradation efficiency, indicating altered surface-interface with two dyes, viz. methylene orange and rhodamine 6G. This work extends the understanding of “Ge” coordination chemistry and the role of precursor assemblies in nano synthesis and application.

In Vitro Cell Transformation Assays: A Valuable Approach for Carcinogenic Potentiality Assessment of Nanomaterials.

This review explores the application of in vitro cell transformation assays (CTAs) as a screening platform to assess the carcinogenic potential of nanomaterials (NMs) resulting from continuously growing industrial production and use. The widespread application of NMs in various fields has raised concerns about their potential adverse effects, necessitating safety evaluations, particularly in long-term continuous exposure scenarios. CTAs present a realistic screening platform for known and emerging NMs by examining their resemblance to the hallmark of malignancy, including high proliferation rates, loss of contact inhibition, the gain of anchorage-independent growth, cellular invasion, dysregulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis resistance, and ability to form tumors in experimental animals. Through the deliberate transformation of cells via chronic NM exposure, researchers can investigate the tumorigenic properties of NMs and the underlying mechanisms of cancer development. This article examines NM-induced cell transformation studies, focusing on identifying existing knowledge gaps. Specifically, it explores the physicochemical properties of NMs, experimental models, assays, dose and time requirements for cell transformation, and the underlying mechanisms of malignancy. Our review aims to advance understanding in this field and identify areas for further investigation.

Nanomaterials against intracellular bacterial infection: from drug delivery to intrinsic biofunction.

Fighting intracellular bacteria with strong antibiotics evading remains a long-standing challenge. Responding to and regulating the infectious microenvironment is crucial for treating intracellular infections. Sophisticated nanomaterials with unique physicochemical properties exhibit great potential for precise drug delivery towards infection sites, along with modulating infectious microenvironment via their instinct bioactivity. In this review, we first identify the key characters and therapeutic targets of intracellular infection microenvironment. Next, we illustrate how the nanomaterials physicochemical properties, such as size, charge, shape and functionalization affect the interaction between nanomaterials, cells and bacteria. We also introduce the recent progress of nanomaterial-based targeted delivery and controlled release of antibiotics in intracellular infection microenvironment. Notably, we highlight the nanomaterials with unique intrinsic properties, such as metal toxicity and enzyme-like activity for the treatment of intracellular bacteria. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of bioactive nanomaterials in addressing intracellular infections.

Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals Decorated with Varying Molecular Weights of Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) as Sustainable Antibacterial Agents

Cationic nanomaterials are promising candidates for the development of effective antibacterial agents by taking advantage of the nanoscale effects as well as other exceptional physicochemical properties of nanomaterials. In this study, carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (cCNCs) derived from softwood pulp were coated with cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) of varying molecular weights. The resulting cationic carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals coated with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (cCNCs-PDDA) nanomaterials were characterized for their structural and morphological properties using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Cationic cCNCs-PDDA were investigated for their antibacterial properties against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli 23934 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a bacterial lawn growth inhibition assay. cCNC-PDDA materials displayed marked antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Overall, our results indicated that cCNCs-PDDA could be a potential candidate for antibacterial applications such as antibacterial surfaces or coatings.

Microfluidic synthesis of nanomaterials for biomedical applications.

The field of nanomaterials has progressed dramatically over the past decades with important contributions to the biomedical area. The physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, such as the size and structure, can be controlled through manipulation of mass and heat transfer conditions during synthesis. In particular, microfluidic systems with rapid mixing and precise fluid control are ideal platforms for creating appropriate synthesis conditions. One notable example of microfluidics-based synthesis is the development of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-based mRNA vaccines with accelerated clinical translation and robust efficacy during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition to LNPs, microfluidic systems have been adopted for the controlled synthesis of a broad range of nanomaterials. In this review, we introduce the fundamental principles of microfluidic technologies including flow field- and multiple field-based methods for fabricating nanoparticles, and discuss their applications in the biomedical field. We conclude this review by outlining several major challenges and future directions in the implementation of microfluidic synthesis of nanomaterials.

Bioorthogonal nanozymes: an emerging strategy for disease therapy.

Transition metal catalysts (TMCs), capable of performing bioorthogonal reactions, have been engineered to trigger the formation of bioactive molecules in a controlled manner for biomedical applications. However, the widespread use of TMCs based biorthogonal reactions in vivo is still largely limited owing to their toxicity, poor stability, and insufficient targeting properties. The emergence of nanozymes (nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity), especially bioorthogonal nanozymes that combine the bioorthogonal catalytic activity of TMCs, the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, and the enzymatic properties of classical nanozymes potentially provide opportunities to address these challenges. Thus, they can be used as multifunctional catalytic platforms for disease treatment and will be far-reaching. In this review, we first briefly recall the classical TMC-based bioorthogonal reactions. Furthermore, this review highlights the diverse strategies for manufacturing bioorthogonal nanozymes and their potential for therapeutic applications, with the goal of facilitating bioorthogonal catalysis in the clinic. Finally, we present challenges and the prospects of bioorthogonal nanozymes in bioorthogonal chemistry.

Synergistically Enhancing the Therapeutic Effect on Cancer, via Asymmetric Bioinspired Materials

The undesirable side effects of conventional chemotherapy are one of the major problems associated with cancer treatment. Recently, with the development of novel nanomaterials, tumor-targeted therapies have been invented in order to achieve more specific cancer treatment with reduced unfavorable side effects of chemotherapic agents on human cells. However, the clinical application of nanomedicines has some shortages, such as the reduced ability to cross biological barriers and undesirable side effects in normal cells. In this order, bioinspired materials are developed to minimize the related side effects due to their excellent biocompatibility and higher accumulation therapies. As bioinspired and biomimetic materials are mainly composed of a nanometric functional agent and a biologic component, they can possess both the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and the advantages of biologic agents, such as prolonged circulation time, enhanced biocompatibility, immune modulation, and specific targeting for cancerous cells. Among the nanomaterials, asymmetric nanomaterials have gained attention as they provide a larger surface area with more active functional sites compared to symmetric nanomaterials. Additionally, the asymmetric nanomaterials are able to function as two or more distinct components due to their asymmetric structure. The mentioned properties result in unique physiochemical properties of asymmetric nanomaterials, which makes them desirable materials for anti-cancer drug delivery systems or cancer bio-imaging systems. In this review, we discuss the use of bioinspired and biomimetic materials in the treatment of cancer, with a special focus on asymmetric nanoparticle anti-cancer agents.

Current status and trends in the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and nanotechnology researches

Current status and trends in the physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and nanotechnology researches

Dual active nanozyme-loaded MXene enables hyperthermia-enhanced tumor nanocatalytic therapy

• Dual active nanozyme-loaded MXene Ti 3 C 2 /CeO 2 -PVP nanocomposites were prepared. • The 2D ultra-thin MXene enabled the dispersion and transport of the CeO 2 nanozymes. • The dual response of the internal tumor microenvironment and external photo-thermal stimulation was enabled. • Hyperthermia-enhanced enzyme activity for efficient tumor nanocatalytic therapy. Nanozymes, which have enzymatic activity and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, have attracted extensive attention in the field of tumor therapy. However, the low activity of nanozymes in the tumor microenvironment leads to limited therapeutic effects. Here, we report an MXene-integrated nanozyme that exhibits dual catalytic activities, exerting synergistic effects to enhance tumor therapy. The MXene-integrated nanozyme consists of CeO 2 nanozymes with dual enzyme-like activities (simulating catalase and peroxidase) loaded on MXene. In such a construct, the catalase- and peroxidase-like activity of CeO 2 nanozymes alleviates hypoxia and elevates oxidative stress in the tumor microenvironment, and the overexpressed glutathione (GSH) is consumed by the redox reaction of CeO 2 nanozymes. The CeO 2 nanozyme-loaded MXene could couple the photothermal effect and dual enzyme-like activities, resulting in enhanced tumor nanocatalytic therapy with a tumor growth inhibition (TGI) effect of 92%. Dual active nanozyme-loaded MXene is a promising material for the development of nanozyme catalytic therapy in the future.

Analysis of Nanomedicine Efficacy for Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease and it causes considerable medical and socioeconomic burden. Currently, OA can be classified into different stages depending on its severity, from mild to severe, but there is no treatment focusing on a particular stage. In addition, conventional treatments suffer from drawbacks such as the poor effectiveness of physiotherapy, short‐term efficacy of medication, and invasiveness of surgery. Nanomedicine is a promising approach to improve OA treatments such as by prolonging the residence time of drugs in the joint and on‐demand drug release. Herein, the pathological development of OA and the cellular involvement in this process is reviewed and classified into three stages: early, intermediate, and advanced, according to its pathology and severity. Subsequently, nanomaterials that have been used to deliver drug cargo relevant to different stages of OA are reviewed. The impact of nanomaterial physicochemical properties, on therapeutic efficacy, is discussed. This is concluded by discussing the significance of minimum information reporting to standardize the use of nanomedicine for OA treatment and the potential of emerging methods including microneedles and DNA barcoding technology to improve the understanding of OA biology and improve clinical translation.

The Application of Field-Flow Fractionation to the Analysis of Nanomedicines

Thecombination of field-flow fractionation with powerful leading-edge detectors canbe applied to the measurement of nanomaterial physicochemical properties, and thecreation of harmonized robust measurement protocols. The Multiscale MetrologySuite (MMS) at the University of Strathclyde is a unique internationallyleading facility combining multiple leading-edge field flow fractionation modalities(electric, asymmetric and centrifugal) with in-line Raman, inductively-coupledplasma (ICP) mass spectrometry and multimodal detector capability. Using exemplarcase studies, we demonstrate the application of various FFF hyphenations forthe analysis of a diverse materials portfolio. One of the goals for the MMS isto raise the standards of traditional academic analytical support underpinningpioneering academic engineering, physical and life sciences research exploringnovel materials as diagnostics and therapeutics.

Recent Advances in Nanomaterial-based Luminescent ATP Sensors

: Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) plays a significant role in biological processes and the ATP level is closely associated with many diseases. In order to detect ATP in live cells, tissues, and body fluids with high sensitivity and selectivity, researchers have developed various sensing strategies. Particularly, owing to the distinct physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and the high sensitivity of fluorescence, a lot of efforts have been devoted to developing nanomaterials-based approaches for fluorescent ATP sensing in recent years. In this review, we focus on the current development of nanomaterial-based fluorescent ATP sensors and discuss the sensing mechanisms in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of ATP sensing using different kinds of nanomaterials, including carbon nanomaterials, metal nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, metal-organic frameworks, and up-conversion nanoparticles have been thoroughly compared and discussed. Finally, current challenges and future prospects in this field are examined.

Effects of Particle Size and Surface Charge on Mutagenicity and Chicken Embryonic Toxicity of New Silver Nanoclusters.

Though there are many toxicological studies on metal nanoparticles (NPs), it remains difficult to explain discrepancies observed between studies, largely due to the lack of positive controls and disconnection between physicochemical properties of nanomaterials with their toxicities at feasible exposures in a specified test system. In this study, we investigated effects of particle size and surface charge on in vitro mutagenic response and in vivo embryonic toxicity for newly synthesized silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) at human or environmental relevant exposure and compared the new findings with one of the most common nanoscale particles, titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2 NPs as a positive control). We hypothesized that the interaction of the test system and physicochemical properties of nanomaterials are critical in determining their toxicities at concentrations relevant with human or environmental exposures. We assessed the mutagenicity of the AgNCs (around 2 nm) and two sizes of TiO2 NPs (i.e., small: 5–15 nm, big: 30–50 nm) using a Salmonella reverse mutation assay (Ames test). The smallest size of AgNCs showed the highest mutagenic activity with the Salmonella strain TA100 in the absence and presence of the S9 mixture, because the AgNCs maintained the nano-size scale in the Ames test, compared with two other NPs. For TiO2 NPs, the size effect was interfered by the agglomeration of TiO2 NPs in media and the generation of oxidative stress from the NPs. The embryonic toxicity and the liver oxidative stress were evaluated using a chicken embryo model at three doses (0.03, 0.33, and 3.3 μg/g egg), with adverse effects on chicken embryonic development in both sizes of TiO2 NPs. The non-monotonic response was determined for developmental toxicity for the tested NPs. Our data on AgNCs was different from previous findings on AgNPs. The chicken embryo results showed some size dependency of nanomaterials, but they were more well correlated with lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in chicken fetal livers. A different level of agglomeration of TiO2 NPs and AgNCs was observed in the assay media of Ames and chicken embryo tests. These results suggest that the test nanotoxicities are greatly impacted by the experimental conditions and the nanoparticle’s size and surface charge.