Physicochemical Characterization Of Waters Research Articles

Physicochemical Characterization of Waters in Aquifer AQ2 of the Pointe-Noire Region: Application of Multivariate Statistical Analysis Methods

Located on the Atlantic coast, the city of Pointe-Noire is the economic capital of the Republic of Congo. It enjoys strong industrial activity, particularly oil, with the presence of a refinery and onshore drilling in its surroundings. The steady growth of its population leads to an increase in its drinking water supply needs, produced mainly from the exploitation of its aquifer system. Thus, in view of the growth of its human activities, the interest of permanent monitoring of the quality of its groundwater is becoming more and more great. The present study aims to assess the physicochemical quality of the groundwater in the AQ2 aquifer of the Pointe-Noire region during the period from 2017 to 2020, and to understand the processes that are at the origin of the mineralization of these waters. To this end, we obtained from the water supply company, La Congolaise Des Eaux (LCDE) seventy-five (75) water analysis reports bulletins representing the average values of thirteen (13) physicochemical parameters in each of the 75 boreholes used for this study so as to homogeneously cover the entire city. The Piper diagram revealed that the waters are dominated by three types of facies: K-Na-Cl, Mg-Ca-SO₄-Cl and Mg-Ca-HCO₃. The presence of the K-Na-Cl facies is due to the high levels of chlorides and sodium in the water-rock. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicates that the mineralization of these waters results in the hydrolysis of silicate minerals. The Ascending Hierarchical Classification (AHC) analysis made it possible to determine the parameters that categorize the different classes from 2017 to 2020, these are TDS, EC and TH and to a lesser extent Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO₃^-and TAC. Overall, the quality of the groundwater is good according to standards WHO, but in some cases requires specific treatment before supply.

Evaluation of the impact of gold mining activities on the waters and sediments of Lom River, Wakaso, Cameroon and the restorative effect of Moringa Oleifera seeds

The impact of gold mining activities on the Lom River in Wakaso (Adamawa Cameroon) and the potential of Moringa Oleifera seeds for the removal of pollutants from wastewater is evaluated on this paper. Water samples were collected for physicochemical (hydrogen potential, electrical conductivity, turbidity and suspended solids) and chemical (major ions and heavy metals) analyses. To evaluate the effect of mining activities on waters and sediments, a combination of multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and methods to assess the sediment quality was used. The restorative effect of Moringa oleifera seeds was studied with the determination of the maximum removal efficiencies and the maximum adsorption capacities. The results of the physicochemical characterization of waters showed that these waters were slightly acidic to slightly basic (6.12–8.12), weakly conductive (185.8–584.1 μS cm−1), turbid (345–801NTU) and had high content of suspended solids (167–700 mg L−1). The average concentrations of studied heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Fe, Mn, As and Hg) in waters exceeded the limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Physicochemical characterization of sediments revealed that they were acidic to neutral (5.95–6.80) and organic matter (OM) content ranged from 11.11 to 15.78%. The concentrations of studied trace metals (Ni, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn and As) in sediments were below the limits recommended by the WHO except for Cd and Hg. The study of the capacity of Moringa oleifera seeds to remove pollutants in waters showed that 54% of the electrical conductivity, 80% of turbidity and 94% of suspended solids were reduced. The maximum removal efficiency of 91.66, 92.30 and 24.48 and the maximum adsorption capacity of 2.4, 2.6 and 16.6 mg g−1were observed for Cd (II), Hg (II) and Fe (II), respectively. Thus, the Moringa oleifera seeds which are locally available natural bio-adsorbent exhibit attractive property to treat wastewater.

Can biochemical endpoints improve the sensitivity of the biomonitoring strategy using bioassays with standard species, for water quality evaluation?

The Water Framework Directive (WFD) was adopted in 2000 and is a common framework for water policy, management and protection in Europe. The WFD assesses specific parameters; however, it ignores indicators of ecosystem functioning and sub-individual performance. Reservoirs are strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities that promote their imbalance. Bioassays and biomarkers are useful tools to link the chemical, ecological and toxicological assessments in water quality assessments. These approaches can be complementary to WFD methodologies, allowing the detection of impacts on the ecosystem. This study evaluated if the biochemical parameters can improve the sensitivity of the biomonitoring strategy using bioassays with the standard species Daphnia magna, in the assessment of the ecological quality of water reservoirs. To this end, water samples of Portuguese reservoirs were analysed in three sampling periods (Autumn 2018 and Spring, Autumn 2019). In parallel, a physicochemical characterization of waters was performed. D. magna feeding rate assays were performed for 24 h. After exposure, metabolism, oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation biomarkers were evaluated. Feeding rate assays showed sensitivity to different reservoirs. Biomarkers showed a higher sensitivity and can therefore improve the sensitivity of the biomonitoring strategy using bioassays. Bioassays and biomarkers approach allowed to highlight potential sources of stress, more related to the quality of the seston than to chemical contamination. This work highlights the complementarity between bioassays and biomarkers to identify ecotoxicological effects of surface waters, and can be extremely useful, especially in cases where the biotic indices are difficult to establish, such as reservoirs.

Physico-chemical characterization of water and metallic contamination of Mytilus galloprovincialis in the coastal zone of Saidia

Water is a vital natural resource for life. The metal pollution of aquatic ecosystems is increasing due to the effects of urbanization and industrialization. As a result, heavy metals contamination has become a serious threat to public health because of their toxicity, long persistence, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification in the food chain. This investigation aims to evaluate seawater's Physico-chemical quality and assess the contamination risks of Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels by Cadmium, Zinc, Iron, and Copper. The study was carried out in three stations of Saidia coast during July 2019. The seawater was analyzed for its Physico-chemical parameters, and ICP-AES determined the heavy metals content in mussels. The results show that the tested water has a pH value ranging between 7.48-7.62 with nitrate and nitrite content range between 0-4.78 mg/L, 0.007-0.181 mg/L, respectively. The recorded water conductivity and oxydability values ranged from 22 to 55 mS/cm and from 5.67 to 10.47 mg/L. The mean concentration found in the mussels were in decreasing order, Iron (13.5 mg/kg), Zinc (2.3 mg/kg), Copper (0.65 mg/kg) and Cadmium (0.02 mg/kg), respectively. The obtained results indicate that all values are below the threshold recommended by Food and agriculture organization and world health organization.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Water and Soil of the M’nasra region in the Gharb plain (Northwest Morocco)

The aim of this work is to carry out an evaluation of the quality of agricultural soils and water in the irrigated area of the M’nsara region in the Gharb plain (Northwest Morocco) with the goal of describing the degree of degradation of natural resources and improve the sustainability of the environment and irrigated farming systems of the region through optimal management of these resources. Eighteen water and nineteen soil samples were collected based on existing soil and piezometric maps of the irrigated areas, distributed into 3 different zones: A, B, and C. Characterizations of the main parameters of soil and irrigation water quality were made. Irrigation water salinity varies between 0.5 and 1.3 dS/m. The irrigated soils from the groundwater have shown a secondary salinization superior to that of irrigated soils by the waters of the dam. Cultivated soils present a salinity that reaches 1.90 dS/m in some areas. The results show that 68.4% of the soil samples are poor to moderately poor in organic matter. The sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) shows a minimal risk to accumulate sodium in the soil with 16.7% is slightly alkaline. The soils are weakly to moderately basic and represent respectively 73.7 and 10.5 % of the study area. Potassium and available phosphorus have very low values in the majority of soils which will have a negative impact on the environment. The spatialization of these parameters was performed by the determinsitc method of inverse distance weighted (IDW). In order to delineate areas that are a priori subject to environmental degradation in order to understand the effect of agricultural intensification on the sustainability of natural resources, taking into account the type of management water irrigation in the arid region.

Physico-Chemical Characterization of Waters and Sediments of Basins in the Cotton Area in Benin: Case of the Alibori Basin in the Commune of Banikoara North of Benin

The Alibori Basin, with an area of 13,400 km2, is a tributary of the Niger River in Benin. It is a river that passes through the potentially agricultural area of Benin. The waters of the river are useful for wildlife and are used for various purposes (drinking water, laundry, domestic activities). They regularly receive the discharges and drainage of the residues of the chemical fertilizers and pesticides not used by crops during the cultivation of the river and watershed bank. This study aims to assess the impact of the agricultural inputs on the quality of the waters from Alibori river on the basis of its physico-chemical characteristics and concentrations in Trace Metal Elements such as Zn, Pb, Cd and Cu. Seven (7) sites were selected along the river. Concentrations of , , , PO3-4, Cu and Zn were measured using a Spectrophotometer DR 2800 and that of Pb and Cd by Metalyse. The Metal Trace Elements were measured in the Alibori river sediments after being treated and mineralized using aqua regia. The results revealed that Alibori river characteristics varied with seasons and its waters and sediments were polluted by metals, phosphates and nitrites. The pollution of waters of the Alibori River was due to the intensive use of the chemical fertilizers and pesticides for agricultural purposes.

Physicochemical Characterization of Water of the Plateau of Mbe in Pool-North in Republic of Congo Brazzaville

The physicochemical characterization of water of the Mbe Plateau was carried out starting from thirty-two (32) samples of water taken between November 2017 and May 2018 in six months (rain season with a seasonal intercalation enters mid-January and at the end of February known as small dry season). Four (04) boreholes (Massa, Dieu le veut, Ingha and Ivoumba), three (03) rivers (Maty, Mary and Gamboma) and one (01) well (Ignie) were sampled during this study. The study of this water was based on measured parameters in-situ (the temperature, TDS, pH, the EC, dissolved oxygen, dissolved complete iron and salinity) and at the laboratory in particular: hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Al3+, NH4+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Cl-, HCO3-, SO42-, NO3-, PO43- and alkalinity. The elements measured in situ were checked at the laboratory to reassure results. The results obtained showed that the values of measurements of the physicochemical parameters of analyzed water were all in conformity with the standards prescribed by WHO for the drink water, except in the case of the abnormal temperature proven with an average of 27°C and an average pH of 5.0 what confirms the acid character of water in all this zone of study. These results were treated starting from a hydrochemical method, by using the diagrams: of Piper, of Stabler, Schoeller-Berkaloff, Stiff, Wilcox and statistical methods traditional with software XLSTAT. The analysis enabled us to highlight the prevalence of facies chemical total chlorinated and sulphated calcic and magnesian in this water of the Plateau of Mbe. The dominant ions are the chlorides for the anions and magnesium for the cations.

TAXONOMY OF THREE TAXA OF BULBOCHAETE C. AG. AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF WATER IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA

In the present paper, altogether three algal taxa of genus Bulbochaete C. Ag. (Oedogoniales, Chlorophyceae) viz. Bulbochaete elatior f. pumila Hirn, Bulbochaete pseudoelatior Jao and Bulbochaete triangularis var. bengalensis J.P. Keshri have been morpho-taxonomically described with physico-chemical characterization of water and some additional information. These algal samples were collected as epiphytic conditions on submerged stems of angiospermic plants from two freshwater ponds in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India. All these three species are new records from this region. They were greenish, nannandrous, gynandrosporous or idioandrosporous. Most importantly, phenotypically their oospore shape was more or less alike as oogonium. The results of analyses of physico-chemical parameters of water showed that pH ranged from 7.2-7.4 (alkaline). The primary nutrients like nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) and phosphate (PO43-) values were measured in lower amounts (0.15-0.17 mg/l and 0.23-0.24 mg/l, respectively) which affected Bulbochaete growth and diversity in the lentic water bodies. It was interesting to note that winter season was suitable for their occurrences.ECOPRINT 23: 13-18, 2016

Physicochemical Characterization of Water from Nioro

Physicochemical Characterization of Water from Nioro

Microbiological and physicochemical characterization of water and sediment of an urban river: N’Djili River, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

Abstract Microbial and toxic metals contamination of freshwater resources is still a major problem in many parts of the world. In this study, water and sediment samples ( n = 9) were subjected to the microbiological and some physicochemical analysis to assess the water quality of the N’Djili River (Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo). Microbiological analysis was performed for faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) including Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Enterococcus (ENT). The FIB characterization was performed for general E. coli , Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and human-specific bacteroides by PCR, using specific primers. The physicochemical parameters including pH and electrical conductivity were measured in water samples, and grain size distribution, organic matter and total mercury (Hg) were measured in sediments samples. The results revealed high concentration of FIB, with the maximum values of 1.6 × 10 3 and 2.7 × 10 3 CFU 100 mL −1 for E. coli and ENT, respectively. The FIB in sediment samples present higher concentration than in water, with maximum values of 9.4 × 10 5 and 1.2 × 10 5 for E. coli and ENT, respectively. The PCR assays for human-specific bacteroides HF183/HF134 indicated that more than 90% of bacteria were from human origin. The Hg concentration in sediment samples reaches the values of 0.5 mg kg −1 . Thus, our results indicate that the uncontrolled landfills and mixing of untreated urban and industrial effluents lead to the deterioration of the water quality of the rivers traversing the economically important cities. This study represents useful tools to evaluate water and sediment quality in river systems which can be applied to similar aquatic environments.

Evolution spatio-temporelle du chimisme des eaux thermominérales des monts de la cheffia (nord-est algérien)

Spatio-temporal chemical evolution of thermo-mineral springs in Monts of Cheffia (north-east of Algeria) The Mounts of Cheffia, located at the extreme Algerian north-east, are the seat of thermomineral springs. The most visited by the curists are Hammam Sidi Trad, Zatout and Beni Salah. The others are forsaken for lack of arranged accesses. The preliminary results of the study of water of these griffons are presented in this note. The first analyses, of which we are informed, go up at 1968. The data collected (2001, 2002) allowed the physicochemical characterization of water, illustrated by their projection on the diagram of Piper and by the statistical analysis. We could identify several chemical fades and distinguish two groups of griffons : - One characterizes unsalted water or not very mineral-bearing and with odor of hydrogen sulphide represented by Sidi Trad. - The other characterizes salted water, rich in bicarbonate and out of dissolved C02.

Change of K value and water state of yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares meat stored in a wide temperature range (20oC to -84oC)

SUMMARY: The study on K value change at low temperature storage had been carried out down to a temperature of −40°C, however, there was no evidence about this reaction rate if the temperature were lowered below the storage temperature normally used especially for tuna meat (−60oC). The rate of K value change (kf) of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) meat was determined during storage at a wide temperature range (20°C to −84°C). The logarithm of K′(= 100 −K value) was used in this study and its plot against storage time yielded a straight line, which indicated an apparent first-order reaction for all temperature storage. Furthermore, physicochemical characterization of water in tuna muscle was carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) at very low temperature. The temperature dependence of this reaction was analyzed by an Arrhenius’s plot that resulted in two break points. The first break point occurring at freezing point might be due to the freeze effect. The second break point was at −10°C. The reaction rate change steeply declined at the temperature range of −70°C to −84°C, and was thought to be related to glass transition which may occur in the fish sample.