Physico-chemical Characteristics Of Water Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF RIVER GARRA AT SHAHJAHANPUR (U.P.)

The ecosystem and way of life in the area around Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, are greatly influenced by the River Garra, a tributary of the Gomati River. The objective of this study was to evaluate the river water's physico-chemical characteristics at many Shahjahanpur sampling locations in order to ascertain its quality and suitability for diverse uses. A thorough examination of variables like pH, temperature, and alkalinity was done. During the dry, cold, and wet seasons, water samples were taken from five distinct places along the Garra River in the Shahjahanpur area. The physico-chemical parameters were measured using standard analytical techniques, guaranteeing precise and trustworthy findings. By examining important pH, temperature, and alkalinity factors, the study sheds light on the condition of this crucial aquatic habitat. The possible effects of the Garra River on biodiversity are covered in the report. The summer, winter, and rainy seasons differ greatly in terms of alkalinity, temperature, and pH. Upstream, the water had no color, but downstream, it turned brunette. The river's alkalinity varies from a minimum of 78 mg/l at Site D in the winter to a maximum of 219 mg/l at Site B in the summer. The pH of the river ranges from a minimum of 8.07 at Site D in the summer to a maximum of 8.53 at Site B. The river's temperature varies throughout the year, with a minimum of 8.3 0C at Site D during the winter and a maximum of 31.5 0C at Site B during the summer.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Water in the Bontanga Irrigation Dam in the Guinea Savannah Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana

Fresh water resource is one of the most significant natural assets of a country. Irrigation dams are usually used for irrigation purposes and also often serve as a source of water for domestic use. Due to this, there is a need for proper maintenance, assessment, and sustainable use of irrigation dams. This study assessed the physicochemical properties of the water in the reservoir of Bontanga irrigation dam situated in the Guinea Savannah Agro-Ecological Zone of Ghana. The study assessed four (4) physical and fourteen (14) chemical water quality parameters of the water for irrigation to know whether they are within the acceptable threshold set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Sampling techniques used in this study were stratified and purposive samplings. The reservoir of the dam was divided into nine (9) strata and in each stratum, 5 samples were taken making a total of 45 samples. Samples taken in each strata were composited making it a total of 9 samples. The water samples were collected into well-labelled polythene bottles and kept in an ice chest with ice cubes. The samples were transported to the Ecological Laboratory of the University of Ghana for analysis. The parameters analyzed were pH, electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, total dissolved solutes (TDS), chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO42-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate, PO4-P, nitrites/nitrate (NO3-N), total dissolved solids (TDS), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), boron, total alkalinity, ammonia (NH4-N) and potassium (K+). A greater percentage of the results obtained were within acceptable limits except potassium which was slightly higher. This could be the result of farming activities in the catchment of the dam. In general, the water in Bontanga irrigation dam can be considered suitable for irrigation purposes.

Pistia Stratiotes based heavy metals phytoremediation of a Himalayan river impacted by hydroelectric plant in an Indo Burma hotspot region

ABSTRACT Present study attempts to study the impact of Serlui-B hydroelectric dam on water quality (‘water-energy nexus’) of a Himalayan river and to devise possible phytotechnology for heavy metals remediation. Physico-chemical characteristics of water were analyzed using ‘American Public Health Association (APHA)’ methods while Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) was used for estimation of heavy metals. To this end, concentrations of Fe and Ni were recorded above permissible limit which can impose public health risks. Therefore, phytoremediation experiments were performed by using Pistia stratiotes L. (water lettuce) and effects of Fe and Ni concentrations (1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 mg/L) on photosynthetic pigments were observed. Phytoremediation investigations using 24 aquaria (of 40.5 L) revealed that P. stratiotes was an effective hyperaccumulator of Fe and Ni with maximum removal efficiency of 96.2% and 92%, respectively. In relation to bioaccumulation indices, the bioconcentration factor (BCF) values decreased with increase in Fe and Ni concentrations, whereas the translocation factor (TF) was noted higher at low concentrations and vice versa. Furthermore, the total chlorophyll content and carotenoid levels in P. stratiotes demonstrated negative significant correlation with the rise in Fe/Ni concentrations that may be considered as an adaptive biochemical strategy to mitigate metals induced oxidative stress. The present study can further be extrapolated to field phytoremediation for ameliorating both physico-chemical and metallic contaminants. Last, the role of microbial biodiversity associated with P. stratiotes should be elucidated in future to help achieve SDG 6 and environmental sustainability.

Dendrometrical Structure and Physicochemical Analysis of Mangrove Sediments from the Nyong River Estuary (Cameroon, Atlantic Coast)

Mangrove estuaries are not immune to the threats posed by climate and anthropogenic constraints on aquatic environments. In the Nyong River estuary, mangrove ecotone has capital importance for biodiversity conservation due to its localization in the Douala-Edéa protected area. For this study, seven quadrats were delimited in aim to evaluate mangrove structure and assessed his interplay with sediment and water physicochemical characteristics. The study revealed a total of 120 individuals of 4 regularly encountered species over a distance of 14 km: <i>Rhizophora racemosa, Avicennia germinans, Rhizophora harrisonii </i>and <i>Phoenix reclinata</i> palms. The marshy soils under the mangrove have Total Nitrogen percentages varying between 0.04 and 0.68%. Total Organic Carbon (from 2.20 to 8.61%) and Total Organic Matter (from 3.66 to 14.64%) contents have a similar pattern. The ratios of Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) reflect the presence of organic matter and plant debris over a large proportion of the estuary. The ratio of Nitrogen and Phosphate (N/P) reflects the low availability of nitrogen in relation to phosphorus. The cation elements evolve on average in the order Ca<sup>2+</sup> ˃Mg<sup>2+</sup> ˃Na<sup>+</sup> ˃K<sup>+</sup>. This study provides information that would help explore linkages for future research on biogeochemical balance in mangrove sediment and their implementation.

An investigation on the effect of ultrasonication and microfiltration processing on the quality of king coconut (Cocos nucifera var. aurantiaca) water compared to minimal and thermal processing.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of thermal and non-thermal processing on the physicochemical, microbial, and sensory characteristics of king coconut water. King coconut water samples were subjected to ultrasonication (50 kHz, 30 min at 35 °C), microfiltration (0.5 µm), and thermal treatments (at 90 °C for 10 min) with sodium metabisulfite (0.1 g/L) except the fresh sample (control). Samples were tested for physiochemical, microbial, and sensory parameters. Storage studies were conducted at 4 °C for 28 days. pH, titratable acidity, and total sugar of all treated samples were within the Sri Lankan Standard (SLS) limit (4.6-5.5, 0.07-0.1%, 4.1-6.5%, respectively) during the 28 days of storage. Sodium metabisulfite addition was significant in lowering the browning index. Antioxidant and phenolic contents of microfiltered and ultrasonicated samples varied between 49%-65% and 2.5-2.8 GAE mg/100 mL, respectively, during 4 weeks of storage, which was significantly higher compared to the heat-treated samples. Sensory evaluation scored the lowest attribute values for thermally treated samples. Microbial analyses indicated that microfiltered and ultrasonicated king coconut water remained safe for consumption for up to 4 weeks. Ultrasound and microfiltration, with the integration of sodium metabisulfite, were identified as effective methods for processing king coconut water while preserving its wholesome properties.

Assessing the Physicochemical and Microbiological Condition of Surface Waters in Urabá-Colombia: Impact of Human Activities and Agro-Industry

Water resources in the Urabá region of Colombia, one of the most significant banana-producing areas for global consumption, are confronted with substantial challenges due to agro-industrial activities, population growth, untreated wastewater discharge, and excessive groundwater usage. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of surface waters in Urabá, delving into the influence of agro-industrial activities and human interventions on water quality. The evaluation includes a correlation analysis of multiple water quality parameters measured in ten significant rivers of the region. The findings reveal overall water pollution, potentially associated with the lack of wastewater treatment systems in nearby communities and indicate potential seawater intrusion due to groundwater overexploitation from human and agricultural activities. Among the studied rivers, the Apartadó River exhibits the poorest water quality, while the León River demonstrates better conditions, benefiting from less human interference and natural ecosystems.

Physicochemical and bacteriological assessment of the polyethene packaged sachet water (popularly called “pure water”) as a major source of drinking water in Sagamu, Ogun State, Southwest, Nigeria

This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of polyethylene-packaged sachet water, commonly known as "pure water," produced and distributed in the Sagamu local government area of Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. The research involved analyzing sachet water samples from various producers, sources, and distributors to assess their quality. Samples were collected randomly from six different locations/towns within Sagamu Local Government and subjected to physicochemical and bacteriological analysis. The findings were compared with the permissible limits established by reputable organizations such as WHO, EPA, Canada, and NIS. The results indicated that most parameters fell within the acceptable range set by WHO, EPA, Canada, and NIS. However, the pH levels of the sachet water samples (ranging from 4.73 to 6.10) were found to be acidic, deviating from the expected range of 6.5 to 10.5. Additionally, while the Total Heterotrophic Bacteria count and Enteric Bacteria count were slightly lower than the permissible limits, with Total Enteric Bacteria ranging from 300 to 480 cfu/100ml (permissible limit <500cfu/100ml) and Enteric Bacteria ranging from 280 to 380 cfu/100ml. Recommendations derived from the study include advocating for water-producing industries to establish their raw water sources in contamination-free zones, encouraging the involvement of well-equipped private and government hospitals in monitoring and reporting on the water quality of packaging industries, promoting the provision of safe piped water by credible individuals within communities, and emphasizing the role of regulatory bodies like SON and NAFDAC in continuously assessing the production and packaging standards of drinking water across communities.

Study of physico-chemical parameters and zooplanktons diversity of Bhīma River from Solapur district (m. s.) India

The present study is on "Physico-chemical parameters of Bhima river of Solapur District (Maharashtra)".The Study was carried on from Jan'2022 to Des'2022 atfour selected sampling stations. Monthly variation of Physico-chemical Characteristics of water of Bhima River were studied and it revealed that the water quality is fairly homogeneous and suitable for drinking .Study of zooplankton showed 90 species of zooplankton belonging to 4 different classes.Rotifera 21 species ( 23%) , Cladocera 20 species ( 22%) , Copepoda 22 species ( 24%) , Protozoa 27 species ( 30%).The investigation on Physico-chemical characteristics at different sites revealed it's alkaline Nature , suitable for aquaculture practices. Significant site variations have been recorded due to the interference of sewage and agricultural wastes. All the Zooplankton groups, Rotifera , Protozoans , Copepoda recorded dominance.

Investigating physico-chemical characteristics of water and wastewater in the printing industry

Pollution is considered as a critical issue within the Indian printing industry, it has extensive health implications. Investigation of the physico-chemical characteristics of various inputs like water and other resources and residues like wastewater and other discharged chemicals associated with printing processes, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of environmental contamination. Rigorous analysis of all effluents during research sheds light on the pollution related to water and their concentrations, emphasizing their potential adverse effects on the industry workforce and surrounding communities. Comprehension related to this major concern among industry stakeholders and regulatory bodies for fostering a collaborative effort towards a cleaner and healthier future of the globe and particularly in Indian printing industry

Novel synthesis, characterization, and application of calcium ferrate (VI) in water treatment

Poor raw water quality has led science and technology research to explore more environmentally friendly water treatment methods, such as advanced oxidation processes. Ferrate (VI) salts have been regarded as a new green oxidant, cost-effective, and coagulant/flocculent in a single mixing and dosing unit in wastewater treatment. This research aimed to synthesize calcium ferrate (CaFeO4), a benign green chemical that can be utilized to treat water and wastewater through a facile wet oxidation process, with minimal increase in electrical conductivity. This study used the wet oxidation approach to synthesize stable aqueous calcium ferrate in an alkaline media using distilled water. During process optimization, CaFeO4 was synthesized and named 60-CaFeO4, 70-CaFeO4, 80-CaFeO4, and 90-CaFeO4, where the numbers represent the synthesis temperature. The prepared CaFeO4 was characterized using XRD, FT-IR, UV–Vis, TEM, SEM, Raman, and redox titration. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of the Fe–O stretching vibrations in all the freeze-dried CaFeO4 powders, signifying the successful preparation of the materials. The physicochemical characteristics of raw water, such as turbidity, color, COD, pH, EC, and TDS, were analyzed before and after treatment with CaFeO4. A jar test was performed to evaluate the reactivity and efficiency of the CaFeO4 toward wastewater treatment through coagulation/flocculation processes. After coagulation using CaFeO4, the pollutants levels were reduced COD (43.56–71.56%) and turbidity (97–99%), signifying the effectiveness of the as-prepared materials. CaFeO4 was successfully produced at various temperatures and was stable enough to be stored at room temperature for over six months without significantly decomposing.Graphical abstract

Relationship of Physico-chemical Properties of Water with Phytoplankton Abundance in Peraru Village Tank in Vavuniya District

The village tank cascade system, predominantly found in the Vavuniya district, satisfies the water demand for agriculture and domestic needs considerably. Among them, the Peraru village tank lies in a cascade line in the Vavuniya district. The water resource of Peraru village reservoir is treated by the National Water Supply and Drainage Board, Vavuniya, and distributed to the local public. As Peraru a drinking water fountain, the study of phytoplankton and water quality is important. The study's objective was to identify the phytoplankton and estimate the abundance of phytoplankton in the Peraru village tank along with the Physico-chemical characteristics of water. A phytoplankton sampling was done by using plankton net at the selected three locations of Peraru village reservoir weekly from March to April 2021. Totally, 24 samples were analyzed during the study period. Simultaneously, water samples were also collected at each site to determine dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, pH, turbidity, temperature, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations. Identification of phytoplankton was made based on standard guides, and the abundances of phytoplankton were estimated using Sedgewick- rafter counting cells. The results of Physico- chemical parameters were statistically tested using ANOVA and found correlations between the abundance of phytoplankton and Physico-chemical parameters. Phylum Bacillariophyta and genus Aulacoseira were the dominant phylum and genus in the Peraru village tank. Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), nitrate, and phosphate positively influenced the abundance of phytoplankton in the Peraru village tank, while turbidity negatively affected the same. 
 Keywords: Phytoplankton abundance, Correlation, Physico-chemical parameters

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER IN AN INDUSTRIAL SCALE IN POND RACEWAY SYSTEM

The In-pond raceway system is a highly sophisticated innovative aquaculture technology. Many research has been done on the physicochemical characteristics of water. The present study was conducted to measure the physicochemical parameters of water in an In-Pond Raceway System (IPRS). The study employed standard and instrumental methods to investigate a range of physicochemical parameters, including water temperature, pH, DO, TDS, conductivity, ammonia, nitrite, and phosphate. One-way Analysis of Variance was conducted to calculate the variation of physicochemical parameters among the study sites. Statistical analysis showed there was no significant variation of physicochemical parameters (p>0.05) among the experimental sites except DO and ammonia (p<0.05). The experimental study showed that, all the key physicochemical parameters water in IPRS production zone were within the optimum ranges when compared with standard water quality parameters which is the prerequisite to introduce maximum survivability of fish production in IPRS system.

Spatial and temporal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of water in Gangavali and Aghanashini mangroves, Southwest coast, Karnataka

Spatial and temporal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of water in Gangavali and Aghanashini mangroves, Southwest coast, Karnataka

Physico-chemical characteristic of “Gajner Lake” in Arid Region of Rajasthan

The arid region of Rajasthan, constituting the Rajasthan desert, has very limited water resources, particularly lakes. Water, an indispensable component of an ecosystem, is a necessary resource for the sustainability of life on the earth. The freshwater bodies all over the arid region of Rajasthan are getting polluted, thus decreasing the suitability of potable water. Bikaner forms an important part of the arid region of Rajasthan. Ponds present in and around Bikaner city and a few lakes of the district were the primary sources of drinking water in the past.“Gajner Lake” is an artificial lake situated in the Gajner village Bikaner at a distance of 32 km south-west of Bikaner city. The analysis of water quality provides important data about the various changes caused by various biotic and abiotic factors during different seasons. The Present study deals with determining some physicochemical characteristics of water, viz. BOD, COD, DO, nitrate, sulphate and fluoride during the year 2016-2017. Significant variations were observed during different seasons in these parameters.

Quantitative Analysis of Plankton in the Paddy Fields of Kakching District, Manipur

The Plankton analysis along with physico-chemical characteristics of water was carried out on the four sampling sites in the paddy fields of Kakching District. Temperature, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, chloride, total alkalinity, acidity, hardness, nitrate and nitrite etc. were analysed and observed in favour on plankton in the paddy fields of the study areas. Phytoplankton recorded as increase during rainy season while decrease in zooplankton during the last part of October. Total 870 plankton, comprising 627 phytoplankton and 243 zooplankton were listed during the investigation period, July to October 2021.

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and health risk in three essential edible weeds grown on wastewater irrigated soil

The main problem facing Egypt recently is the shortage of available water resources. Therefore, farmers resort to use wastewater for irrigation. So, the present work aims to assess the impacts of wastewater irrigation on the productivity of three edible weeds (Cichorium endivia, Sonchus oleraceous and Beta vulgaris) and its effect on the nutritional value of plants and its risk on human health. This study will focus on Shibin Al Kanater region, and the physicochemical characteristics of drainage water, canal water, drainage water-irrigated soils and canal-irrigated soils were estimated. The vegetative and traits of edible weeds were determined including their photosynthetic pigments, organic and inorganic nutrients content, and heavy metals content. The health risk index (HRI) associated with consumption of polluted plants was created using the estimated exposure factor of a crop to the oral reference dosage of the toxic metal. The main results showed that biomass productivity of S. oleraceous, B. vulgaris and C. endivia increased due to drainage water irrigation with increasing percentage as 27.9, 19.6, and 19.1%, respectively. Irrigation with drainage water significantly increased the photosynthetic pigments of edible weeds. Irrigation with drainage water increased carbohydrate content, crude protein, total soluble sugar, and gross energy in all studied weeds. C. endivia, S. oleraceus and B. vulgaris plants irrigated with canal and drainage water could accumulate Fe, Zn, Cu, and Co in their roots. C. endivia, S. oleraceus and B. vulgaris plants irrigated with canal water indicated HRI more than the unit for Mn, Cu, Pb, and Cd. This research advises that regulation be put in place to prohibit irrigation using untreated drainage and to restrict the discharge of industrial, domestic, and agricultural wastewater into irrigation canals.

Evaluation of Organic Pollution Using Algal Diversity in Rivers of Cotabato City, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM), Mindanao Island, Philippines

This study investigated the water quality and the organic pollution level of rivers in Cotabato City, specifically the Rio Grande de Mindanao, Matampay, Esteros, and Tamontaka rivers. The physicochemical characteristics of water in these rivers were determined in the laboratory, and the level of organic pollution was determined using Palmer’s algal pollution index. Water quality assessment showed that the dissolved oxygen (DO) in Matampay River and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) in Esteros River exceed the minimum standard set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) for water quality in class C rivers. Results also showed that there were thirty (30) algal genera belonging to twelve (12) classes were observed in Cotabato City rivers. Algal genera belonging to Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae were found to be the most abundant in these rivers. Using Palmer’s algal pollution index, the Rio Grande de Mindanao showed a probability of high organic pollution, while the rest of the rivers indicated a lack of organic pollution. For a more thorough assessment of the Cotabato City rivers, it is advisable to consider more comprehensive measures, such as extending the sampling duration and expanding the number of sampling stations.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water in the Mouth Area of Tributaries of the Rybinsk Reservoir

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water in the Mouth Area of Tributaries of the Rybinsk Reservoir

Assessment of heavy metal content and ecological risk in offshore surface sediments of the Northern Persian Gulf: Implications for environmental management

Offshore surface sediment samples from fifty-five stations in the northern parts of the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz were examined to evaluate the content and ecological risk of heavy metals. The physicochemical characteristics of both surface water and deep water were measured using probes and CTD. To determine the source of pollution and assess the ecological risk, various indicators were used, including contamination factor (CF), contamination degree (CD), enrichment factor (EF), pollution load index (PLI), and risk index (RI). The average concentrations of heavy metals in sediment samples were Fe: 1.4 (0.2–2.7%), Cr: 72.9 (8−127), Ni: 59.8 (14−113), V: 43.4 (7−77), Zn: 35.7 (3−58), Cu: 17.5 (2−29), Pb: 12.1 (5−48), Co: 9.4 (1−17), As: 3.9 (1.7–7.2) ppm. Ni and Cr concentrations in almost all Persian Gulf stations especially in shallower parts were higher than their threshold effect level, while Pb, As, Zn, and Cu concentrations were below the threshold values in all stations. The results revealed that EF for all investigated metals in all stations was less than 1.5, which indicates that the studied region had low enrichment and the origin of the heavy metals is natural. However, human activities have contributed to Ni enrichment in the Jask and Bandar Abbas coasts. CD values varied between 11.7 and 14.6, exhibiting the range of moderate pollution to lowest possible pollution category. The PLI for all samples was in the range of 1.2–2.2, which demonstrates advanced pollution load. RI (=∑Eij) varied between 34 and 89, indicating a low ecological risk (IR<110).

Water Physicochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in River Mouths Along a Tropical Coastline of Gulf Guinea, West Africa

Water Physicochemical Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Trace Metals in River Mouths Along a Tropical Coastline of Gulf Guinea, West Africa