Physicochemical Study Research Articles

Comparative physicochemical study of Manjishta Kwatha prepared by using different proportion of water

Introduction: Due to ambiguity in literature regarding Kwatha preparation, exact proportion of water needed as per consistency of Dravya (Drug) for optimum quality of Kwatha is the need for standard pharmaceutical practices. For this purpose Manjishta was selected for Kwatha preparation using two different proportion of water. Aim and Objectives: To find out the difference in physicochemical parameters to access the quality of Manjishta Kwatha in order to save time and fuel required for Kwatha with the objective to prepare Manjishta Kwatha by using two different proportion of water and to compare time and fuel needed. Methods: Procurement and Authentication of Manjishta were done as per standard protocol. Manjishta Kwatha were prepared by using two different proportion of water one by using 16 parts of water and second by using 8 parts of water by reduced 1/8th and 1/4th respectively. In process and finished products observations were noted as per procedure. Analytical testing was done as per Ayurved Pharmacopeia of India. Observations and Results: In physicochemical analysis, the pH value, refractive index and specific gravity have not shown any remarkable difference however total solid content were found to be more in the Kwatha which used eight parts of water. The fuel and time consumed were three times more in the sample which used sixteen parts of water. So, Manjishta can be considered as Madhyam (Medium) consistency drug for Kwatha purpose. This study provided the preliminary physicochemical parameters for the Manjishta Kwatha. Further it needs to study qualitative parameters with highly sophisticated analytical techniques.

Role of DHA in a Physicochemical Study of a Model Membrane of Grey Matter

The present study investigates a multicomponent lipid system that simulates the neuronal grey matter membrane, employing molecular acoustics as a precise, straightforward, and cost-effective methodology. Given the significance of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the functionality of cellular membranes, this research examines the effects of reducing 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatylcholine (PDPC) content on the compressibility and elasticity of the proposed membrane under physiological conditions. Our results align with bibliographic data obtained through other techniques, showing that as the proportion of PDPC increases in the grey matter membrane model, the system’s compressibility decreases, and the membrane’s elasticity increases, as evidenced by the reduction in the bulk modulus. These results could be interpreted in light of the emerging model of lipid rafts, in which esterified DHA infiltrates and remodels their architecture. We contend that the results obtained may serve as a bridge between biophysics and cellular biology.

Physico-chemical Study of Surface Active Ionic Liquid (SAIL) in Aqueous Inulin Solutions: Density and Speed of Sound Measurements

Colloidal formulations of surface active ionic liquid (SAIL) have substantial benefit as efficient carrier mainly for therapeutic/pharmaceutical agents. In this regard, density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) have been employed to evaluate the diverse interactions/association behaviour of greener SAIL tetrabutylammonium dodecylsulphate (TBADS) (0.222 to 2.2 mmol kg-1) in aqueous inulin solutions (0.0, 0.2 and 0.3% w/w) at five different temperatures ranging from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The volumetric and acoustic parameters viz. isentropic compressibility (κs), apparent molar volume (Vφ) and compressibility (κs,φ), intermolecular free length (Lf), relative association (RA), specific acoustic impedance (Z) and molar sound number ([U]) have been calculated by using density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) values. The existence of hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions for TBADS in aqueous inulin solution is suggested by the variations in volumetric parameters, which further supported by various calculated acoustic parameters. Thus, the interactional outcomes can offer implications that stabilized inulin in the presence of SAILs and can be utilized for the optimal biotic actions.

Dual drug molecular salt of antibacterial: Formulation, physicochemical properties study, theoretical calculations and evaluation of antibacterial activity

A molecular salt combined with the fluoroquinolone antibacterial gatifloxacin (GAT) and the sulfonamides antibacterial sulfamerazine (SMZ) is designed and synthesized successfully, which is the first report of the dual-drug cocrystallization of gatifloxacin. The precise structure of the acquired molecule salt GAT-SMZ has been characterized via single crystal X-ray diffraction and other techniques. Single crystal diffraction analysis displays that due to the transfer of protons from SMZ to GAT, the molecular salt of GAT-SMZ is formed, and the supramolecular network is dominated by charge-assisted one-dimensional hydrogen bond chain and two-dimensional accumulation layer in the crystal. Such structural feature endows molecular salt with superior physicochemical properties, including enhanced solubility and permeability. More importantly, the superior pharmaceutical performances of the dual-drug salt resulted in enhanced antibacterial activity against the tested strains. These observations are strongly supported by theoretical studies based on Hirshfeld surface and molecular docking analyses. Thus, this contribution not only highlights the validity of combining theory with experiment to drive the problem of physicochemical properties of drugs through co-crystallization methods, but also fills in the previous studies gatifloxacin dual-drug salt synergistic antibacterial research blank.

Physicochemical and cytotoxicity study of PVA-supported alkyl fumarate/NIPAM copolymer membranes

Numerous studies have centered on biomaterial design; but few have explored the link between the molecular structure of biomaterial components and cellular response. This research involved synthesizing copolymers with various fumaric esters and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM), not only altering monomer type but also their composition. Initial structural characterization employed 1H-NMR and capillary viscosity techniques. PVA-supported membranes were then prepared, and contact angles measurements revealed the hydrophilic nature of all materials. Additionally, cytotoxicity and proliferation test with Raw 264.7 cells showed that materials derived from dicyclohexyl fumarate/NIPAM copolymer provided a more favorable environment for cell growth. In conclusion, this study suggests that cellular response is more influenced by the diversity of monomers in copolymer synthesis than by their specific compositions.

Synthesis of magnetically separable mixed metal oxide nanocomposite (Cu/CoFe2O4) for Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition

A magnetically recoverable mixed metal oxide nanocomposite (Cu/CoFe2O4) was synthesized and employed for the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Functionally diverse 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles synthesized from aryl halide, sodium azide and terminal alkyne in ethanol. The physico-chemical study of the catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, TGA, XPS and VSM. Use of sustainable catalytic system, simple procedure, mild reaction conditions, easy work-up, short reaction times, high product yields and use of a benign solvent are remarkable features of the present protocol. The catalyst nontoxic nature and easy recovery and reusability over several reaction cycles makes this protocol more competent.Graphical

Encapsulation of Curcumin With Persian Gum and Its Application to the Production of Functional Yogurt: Physicochemical, Antioxidant, Sensory Properties, and Starter Bacteria Survival Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the ability of Persian gum to encapsulate curcumin and enhance its stability in dairy products. Given the increasing interest in functional foods, this study investigated the incorporation of nanocapsules containing curcumin (CLN) into functional stirred yogurt (CLN-Y). CLN was prepared with Persian gum (PG) at different levels and included in the yogurt formula (CLN-Y1%, CLN-Y2%, and CLN-Y3%). The physicochemical properties, rheological characteristics, antioxidant activity (AA), survival of starter bacteria, and sensory properties of the yogurt were evaluated over a 21-day storage period at 4°C. The results showed that CLN significantly improved AA (reduction of 7.31% in the control vs. 1.85% in CLN-Y3%), viscosity, hardness, and water holding capacity (reduction of 2.27% in control vs. 1.14% in CLN-Y3%), while reducing syneresis (an increase of 10.87% in control vs. 3.16% in CLN-Y3%) during storage (p < 0.05). CLN concentration directly affected AA. Although CLN-Y exhibited a yellowish color and lower light intensity than the control, the samples were well accepted during storage. Increasing CLN levels led to decreased taste, color, and overall acceptance scores, and a 3% concentration is recommended for yogurt formulation due to its potential to improve yogurt quality, provide antioxidant benefits, maintain probiotic viability, and achieve high consumer acceptance during storage.

RETRACTED: Production of eco-friendly cathode materials from cellulose skeleton induced manganese dioxide to produce zinc ion battery: Physicochemical, morphological, and electrochemical study

Energy security is a universal issue since modern civilization cannot be imagined for a single moment without energy. Though lean fossil fuels are fighting against the current energy demand principally, these are linked to adverse environmental effects. Various energy storage technologies can resolve this issue in a sustainable eco-friendly manner. Rechargeable Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are emerging as potential candidates to meet the growing commercial demand with several advantages. As a part of this, the cellulose skeleton-induced manganese dioxide-based electroactive cathode materials have been prepared by an innovative route and characterized using UV–vis-NIR, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. Results suggested that the newly produced eco-friendly cathode materials have possessed outstanding physicochemical, morphological, and structural properties. While the finished product namely the coin cell of ZIBs has shown a good CV profile along with minimal charge transfer resistance in PEIS. Noteworthy that the newly prepared cathode materials have also been shown a significant capacity of 29 mAhg-1 at a 5 mA constant current charge-discharge rate. Thus, the method could be beneficially used in energy storage devices for its eco-friendly nature though some drawbacks have been noticed. The cyclic stabilities were somewhat low which can be increased in further studies.

Preparation of Ti3AlC2 MAX-phase as a precursor material using industrial waste carbon flex for MXene synthesis

MAX phase represents a new class of solids that combine some of the best attributes of metals and ceramics, exhibiting unusual, mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Further Ti3AlC2 MAX phase is exfoliated to create 2D nanosheet material called Ti3C2 MXene and both have unmatched qualities for difficult and unusual applications. The Ti3AlC2 MAX phase powder is the precursor material to synthesize the Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets, but the cost effective synthesis of Ti3AlC2 powder is still a challenging problem which ultimately decides the quality and cost of Ti3C2 MXene. In this paper, we present the novel synthesis of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase using carbon flex generated as an industrial waste from aluminum, Steel, and other metal industries in composites production. To the best of our knowledge we first time novely report the use of Industrial waste carbon flex as a base carbon material to partially replace commercial graphitic carbon powder in Ti3C2 synthesis. The effect of adding carbon flexes precursor to synthesizing Ti3AlC2 MAX phase solving many current challenges. In present work we comparatively report the physicochemical study of the MAX phase synthesized with three different carbon precursors to establish the role of industrial waste carbon flex in the quantitative growth of Ti3C2MXene as the final product.

Physicochemical study of the adsorption of chlorophenols on activated carbon using an advanced double layer model

An advanced theoretical analysis was performed to elucidate the adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol on an activated carbon obtained from pine sawdust. In particular, a double layer adsorption model was used to estimate the number of chlorophenols molecules adsorbed per activated carbon functional group, the concentration of active sites from activated carbon surface involved in the adsorption mechanism, the saturation adsorption capacities and interaction energies to form the adsorbate layers on activated carbon. This theoretical investigation showed that the saturation adsorption capacities for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol were 167 and 130 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on activated carbon outperformed the 4-chlorophenol adsorption under tested experimental conditions. The adsorption of these compounds was endothermic and governed mainly by van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding. The adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol on activated carbon was a multimolecular process with the presence of an aggregation process in the aqueous solution, while a multi-docking adsorption mechanism occurred for the removal of 4-chlorophenol. Overall, this study contributes with theoretical insights on the removal of two emerging water pollutants by using activated carbon.

A statistical physics-based physicochemical study of L-phenylalanine adsorption on activated carbon.

In this comparative study of the adsorption of L-phenylalanine (L-Phe) on two modified low-activated carbons (ACK and ACZ) at four temperatures (293-313K), steric and energetic characteristics of adsorption were investigated. An advanced statistical physics multilayer model involving single-layer and double-layer adsorption scenarios was developed to interpret the L-Phe adsorption phenomenon. Modeling results indicate that two and three L-Phe layers were arranged depending on the tested adsorption systems. The estimated number of L-Phe molecules per leading adsorption site varied from 1.71 to 2.09 and from 1.76 to 1.86 for systems L-Phe-ACK and L-Phe-ACZ, respectively. The results show that a multimolecular adsorption mechanism might connect this amino acid molecule on ACZ and ACK surfaces in a non-parallel location. These parameters changed as follows, according to the adsorbed quantity at saturation analysis: Qasat (L-Phe-ACK) ˃ Qasat (L-Phe-ACZ). This indicates that ACK material was more efficient and valuable for L-Phe adsorption than ACZ. It was also shown that the adsorption capacity decreases as the temperature increases, proving the exothermicity of the adsorption process. This analytical substantiation is confirmed by calculating the binding energies, suggesting the occurrence of physical bonds between L-Phe amino acid molecules and ACK/ACZ binding sites and among L-Phe-L-Phe molecules. Pore size distribution was interpreted and calculated by applying the Kelvin theory to data from single adsorption isotherms. All used temperatures depicted a distribution of pores below 2nm. The docking analysis involving L-Phe and the ACZ and ACK adsorbents reveal a significant resemblance in how receptors detect ligands. Consequently, the findings from the docking process confirm that the calculated binding affinities fall within the spectrum of adsorption energy. This study analyzed the adsorption capacity of the L-Phe through a model proposed by statistical physics formalism. Molecular docking was used to determine the various types of interactions between the two activated carbons. Two aspects, including orientation of L-Phe on the site, number of molecules per site n, interaction energy, density of receptor site, and adsorption capacity, were discussed to elucidate the influence of activation on the two adsorbents.

Development of probiotic functional food and evaluation of its functional properties

Probiotics are beneficial microorganisms that enhance human health by improving intestinal microbial balance. It helps in improving digestive health, enhances immunity, and improves psychiatric health, cardiac health and weight management. The present study explores the potential of using probiotic microorganisms from lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) and colocasia (Colocasia esculenta) leaves as sources for starter culture bacteria for curd preparation. Four types of curd were developed: cow's milk with colocasia leaf starter culture (MC), cow's milk with lotus leaf starter culture (ML), red sorghum and cow's milk mixture with colocasia leaf starter (MRC), and red sorghum and cow's milk mixture with lotus leaf starter (MRL). Metagenomic analysis showed that MC curd contained Acetobacter sp., (51%), Lactococcus sp., (26%), and Leuconostoc sp., (18%), while ML curd had Lactococcus sp., (67%), Leuconostoc sp. (20%), and Lactobacillus sp., (10%). Physicochemical study of MRC and MRL showed 2.94 ± 0.84 % and 2.84 ± 0.14 % of carbohydrate content, respectively. The analysis of MRC and MRL showed a significant increase in the color parameter “a*” probably due to the presence of anthocyanin in red sorghum milk. The MRC and MRL showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The MRL curd showed the highest glucose uptake and cytotoxicity in the L6 cell line and also demonstrated potent α-amylase inhibition (IC50 = 2.383 ± 0.286 μg/ml) compared to MRC (IC50 = 13.02 ± 0.112 μg/ml). Thus, in-vitro anti-diabetic activity of red sorghum-fortified curds was found superior to MC and ML curds. This study suggests that red sorghum fortification enhances curd quality and provides notable health benefits.

Preparation of microencapsulated physicochemical composite retardant and study of the flame retardant mechanism

In order to solve the shortcomings of traditional inhibitors, which are easy to be interfered by the outside world during the inhibition process and the active ingredients are easy to be oxidized and invalidated, microencapsulated inhibitors were developed. In this study, we prepared microencapsulated inhibitors of varying wall-to-core ratios using a composite phase of polyethylene glycol 20,000 (PEG-20000) and octenyl amyl succinate (OSAS) as the wall material and a lauryl glucoside (APG-12) and butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) phase as the core material. After thoroughly mixing the microcapsule inhibitor with coal samples, simultaneous thermal analyzer (TG/DSC) and a temperature-programmed system were used to evaluate the resisting qualities of the produced microencapsulated inhibitors. The results of the temperature programmed experiment showed that the overall CO release from the blocked coal samples was less than that of the original coal. According to thermogravimetric results, the most effective inhibition occurred when the wall/core ratio of the microcapsule inhibitor was 4:1. This also resulted in a reduction of the maximum coal weight loss rate from 1.34 to 0.96 %/min and an increase in the maximum coal weight loss temperature from 477.4 to 507.6 °C. The microencapsulated inhibitor melts in the wall at 57.4 °C, enabling temperature-sensitive intelligent control of core release. Following heating the raw and inhibited coal samples to 100 and 200 °C, respectively, Fourier infrared spectroscopy was conducted. At these temperatures, the amounts of ether bonds increased by 20.4 and 22.6 %, and the number of free hydroxyl groups decreased by 12.8 and 2.7 %, respectively, in the inhibited coal samples. Finally, molecular dynamics theory was applied to investigate the inhibitory mechanism. The prepared microcapsule retardant effectively inhibited the spontaneous combustion reaction of coal, suggesting this microcapsule inhibitor could be manufactured as a novel inhibitor for coal spontaneous combustion.

Cassava bagasse starch and oregano essential oil as a potential active food packaging material: A physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial study

This research evaluates the use of cassava bagasse starch and oregano essential oil (OEO) in an active film. For comparison, films of cassava starch (CS) and cassava bagasse starch (BS) were prepared with OEO at 1, 2, and 3 %. Physical, thermal, mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties were determined. BS films presented higher thickness, WVP, ΔE, modulus of elasticity, and maximum stress, but lower strain at break compared to CS films. Adding OEO into the films increased their thickness, moisture, solubility, WVP and strain at break. However, maximum stress, modulus of elasticity, and Tdmax decreased. The CS films added with 3 % of OEO showed higher WVP (6.32 × 10−14 kg m/m2.s.Pa), intermediate solubility of 39 % and low maximum stress (0.19 MPa) while the BS film with 3 % of OEO presented 5.73 × 10−14 kg m/m2.s.Pa, 30 % and 0.39 MPa, respectively. The increase from 1 % to 3 % of OEO increased the total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity of the films by 1.3-fold and 3.7-fold, respectively. The incorporation of 3 % OEO in the films inhibited the growth of S. aureus and E. coli. Therefore, BS and OEO films offer a promising solution as biodegradable active food packaging, providing a more sustainable alternative to traditional non-biodegradable plastic packaging.

Potential contamination of groundwater quality in west Algeria by non-biodegradable effluents from public discharges

The aim of this work is to study the environmental impact of the municipal landfill in the town of Sidi Bel Abbes (western Algeria), in particular on the water table, which circulates at a shallow depth (Max. 20 m) under permeable soil. The huge quantities of putrescible waste discharged into this landfill generate highly polluting leachate water, rich in organic matter (COD up to 1300 mg/L, 209 mg/L in BOD5), salts and micro-organisms. A physico-chemical study of well water in the region reveals a significant deterioration in the quality of the underlying groundwater. In fact, electrical conductivities (on average 5.75 mS/cm) are common in wells, especially those located close to the landfill site. This indicates heavy contamination of the water in these wells by leachate. As for the organic and metallic load, abnormally high levels (82 mg/l in COD, 40 mg/l in BOD₅, 0.74 mg/L in Cr, 0.45 mg/L in Cd, 0.24 mg/L in Cu, 0.85 mg/L in Ni) were observed, mainly in the wells located near and downstream of the landfill, in the direction of groundwater flow.

Physicochemical Parameters of Soils in Tepi Campus South Western Parts of Ethiopia

Soil is an important part of agriculture applications. An understanding of physical and chemical condition of any soil is essential for proper implementation of the other soil management practices. Therefore the physico-chemical study of soil is very important because both physical and chemical properties which affect the soil productivity. This physico-chemical study of soil is based on various parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, moisture, soil organic matter, and soil organic carbon. This knowledge will create awareness among the farmers about economic productivity. In this study the physicochemical properties of soil samples obtained from Tepi campus was determined. Their value could be pH 6, Electrical conductivity 7.31µS/m, moisture content 5.038%, organic matter content 4.1% and organic carbon content 3.3%. Physical and chemical properties listed above indicate that this soil sample is productive and suitable for agricultural use. Based on the result in this study soil sample in the Tepi campus garden is slightly acidic, wet, and high organic matter content. Most of the south western parts of Ethiopia get high rain fall through the year more than eight month and its forest area. This makes the soil in this area high moisture content and organic matter content. Corn, maize, sugar cane and coffee are the most cultivated crops in this area.

Physicochemical study of opium industry effluent and toxicity prediction using in silico method

Physicochemical study of opium industry effluent and toxicity prediction using in silico method

Synergistic effects of an amphiphilic drug(propranolol hydrochloride) with cationic surfactants in an aqueous medium: A physicochemical study

The interactions of amphiphilic drug(propranolol hydrochloride, PPL) with cationic surfactants, such as dodecyltrimethylammoniumbromide(DTAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), trimethyltetradecylammonium chloride(TTAC) and tetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB), in an aqueous medium were evaluated. The surface tension measurement was used to examine the mixed micellization behavior and surface properties of drug-surfactant mixtures. The nonideal or synergistic behaviors of the mixed systems were explored by using several physical models, such as Clint, Rubingh, Rosen, and Motomura models, based on regular solution theory and pseudophase approximation. In addition, the synergism between PPL and cationic surfactants was also confirmed using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The stoichiometric ratios, binding constants, and free energy changes of the drug–surfactant mixtures were computed using Benesi–Hildebrand (B–H) theory.

Physico-Chemical Study of the Anti-Diabetic Drug of [BzN-EJJ-amide] for Treatment Type2 Diabetes Using CNT Sensor by Drug Delivery Method

Physico-Chemical Study of the Anti-Diabetic Drug of [BzN-EJJ-amide] for Treatment Type2 Diabetes Using CNT Sensor by Drug Delivery Method

Neglected sludge solid phase in sludge pretreatment process: Physicochemical characterization and mechanism study of its role in anaerobic degradation

The low anaerobic digestion efficiency of the solid phase separated from pre-treated sludge indicates the need to explore other suitable resource utilization pathways for sludge solid phase. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and in-depth research on the physicochemical properties of sludge solid phase. This study comprehensively analyzes the characteristics of sludge solid phase and elucidates the mechanism of sludge solid phase in the anaerobic degradation of toxic wastewater. The results show that the surface free energy of sludge solid phase after different pre-treatments is mainly contributed by Lewis acid-base hydration free energy. The distribution of proteins on the surface of sludge solid phase plays a major role in the adhesion between sludge solid particles. Metal ions in the sludge solid phase are mainly present in the exchange state, followed by the carbonate state and the organics-bound state. The sludge solid phase obtained by sludge pH 12 + 150 °C treatment has the highest conductivity (1.36 mS/m) and capacitance (25.51 μF/g), mainly due to the presence of melanoidins in the sludge solid phase, which has similar semiquinone radicals to humic acids, thus increasing conductivity. The addition of sludge solid phase promotes an increase in cumulative methane production and rate of methane production. The sludge solid phase might play a role of an auxiliary carbon source acting as an adsorbent to buffer against toxicity inhibition and facilitate electron transfer. This study reveals the characteristics of sludge solid phase and its role in anaerobic digestion, providing theoretical guidance for finding suitable resource utilization pathways for sludge solid phase.