Physicochemical Parameters Of Water Samples Research Articles

Mining's legacy: Unraveling the impacts of acid mine drainage on the rivers and streams of the Santa Catarina coal region, Brazil

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a major environmental concern associated with coal mining activities, leading to the deterioration of water quality and posing significant risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In this study, we analyzed the physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from rivers and streams affected by mining in the Santa Catarina coal region, Brazil, to assess the extent and severity of AMD impact. Our findings reveal a substantial increase in element concentrations, including Fe, Mn, Al, and major cations (Na, Mg, Ca, and K), with some values exceeding background levels by several orders of magnitude. The majority of the samples exhibited acidic pH values, with only 24% and 34% within the limits established by the Ministry of Health and the geochemical background, respectively. Strong correlations between physicochemical parameters, such as pH and EH, and between acidity, sulfate, and metals, highlight the role of pyrite oxidation and mineral dissolution in generating AMD. Although most samples presented values within the established limits for toxic metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, As, and Hg), high concentrations of Zn were observed, exceeding regulatory and background limits. The results of this study emphasize the need for continuous monitoring and assessment of water quality in the region and contribute to a deeper understanding of the extent and severity of AMD in the Santa Catarina coal region.

Determination of Physico-chemical Parameters from Banshelki Dam, Udgir Dist. Latur (M.S.)

The present study was undertaken to study the physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected from Banshelki Dam. The physic-chemical parameters like temp, PH, total dissolved solids (TDS) turbidity, Dissolved oxygen (DO), total hardness was determined. The results were compared with standard prescribed by WHO (1975). It was found that the water sample were collected from June 2010 to May 2011. All samples showed physic-chemical parameters average the water quality standard and the quality of water is not bad and not it is useful for domestic purpose. But the human interference and the use of water for washing cattles the water become gets less polluted.

Analysis of Physico-Chemical Factors of Ramganga River Water in Bareilly District

The systematic study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical parameters of water samples of Ramganga River in Bareilly district. The rivers are an essential water resource and used for several purposes. The water quality of all fresh water ecosystems is assessed by the physico-chemical. Water samples were collected from 3 sites along the river and analyzed using standard methods in laboratory. The physico-chemical characteristics were studied and analyzed for a period of 6 months from April 2022 to September 2022. Various physico-chemical parameters such as Temperature, PH, transparency, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, DO, FCO2, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, chlorides, Calcium, Magnesium, Total hardness of lake were estimated throughout the year.

Bacteriological Analysis of Well Water Obtained from Onueke Metropolis, Ezza South Local Government Arae, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Many households in Nigeria are dependent on alternative sources of water supply and are exposed to preventable water-borne diseases. This study was carried out to examine the bacterial quality of well water obtained from Onueke metropolis in Ebonyi State. The physicochemical parameters of water samples collected from 25 closed and 25 opened wells were analyzed following standard procedures while bacteriological quality of the water samples including coliform count and bacterial isolate identification were determined using serial dilution and multiple fermentation techniques. Results of the physiochemical parameters showed that pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Hardness, Turbidity and nitrite were within the WHO standard limit for drinking water. The bacterial count ranged from 0.8 – 3.1 x 104 CFU /100ml involving E. coli (25%), Shigella spp (12.5%), Citrobacter spp (4.2%), Klebsiella spp (29.2%), Enterobacter spp (12.5%) and Salmonella spp (16.7%) as the dominant isolates and exceeded the WHO guidelines limit of 0 cfu/100ml for drinking water. Generally, the uncovered wells were more highly contaminated with bacteria pathogens than the covered wells. All samples were above the most probable number (MPN) per 100 ml permissible limit of WHO guidelines for untreated drinking water. In conclusion sampled well water from Onueke metropolis contained bacterial contaminants making the water not safe for drinking devoid of any further water treatment process.

Diversity and abundance of aquatic birds in Koonthankulam village pond, Tamil Nadu, India

The diversity of birds in Koonthankulam pond, located in Koonthankulam village (8.495N, 77.755E), Tirunelveli district, southern Tamil Nadu, was studied. A total of 90 species belonging to 21 orders, 42 families, and 73 genera were recorded. The study recorded seasonal migrants such as Black Ibis, Oriental White Ibis, Bar-headed Goose & Spoonbill and indigenous species including the Pond Heron, Cattle Egret, White-breasted Kingfisher, Red-wattled Lapwing, Rose-ringed Parakeet, Purple-rumped Sunbird, Hoopoe, and Indian Robin. The primary data were analyzed by principal component analysis, cluster, and analysis of variance. Analysis of variance showed that the Menhinick index is statistically significant P <0.05. A structural equation model was applied to analyze the physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected from the sampling site. Analysis of experimental data through the structural equation model indicates temperature and dissolved oxygen may indirectly affect bird diversity.

Studies on the Physico-chemical Parameters and Correlation Coefficient of Dharapadavedu Lake, Vellore Tamilnadu, India

The present studies were carried out based on the physical-chemical parameters and the correlation coefficient of Dharapadavedu Lake. Monthly changes in physicochemical parameters such as Water Temperature, Turbidity, pH, Alkalinity, EC, Hardness, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Nitrite Sulfate, Phosphate, Chloride, Ammonia, Fluoride, Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) were analyzed for a period of one year from January to December 2021. The results indicated that the physicochemical parameters of the water were within permissible limits and could be used for fish culture, domestic use, and irrigation. The correlation coefficient indicates positive and negative relationships. All the correlations indicate that different parameters are strongly related to each other. A correlation coefficient provides an excellent tool for calculating various water quality parameters within a reasonable degree of accuracy. The observed values of various Physicochemical parameters of water samples were compared with the mean and standard values recommended by WHO. It is discovered that a significant positive correlation exists between Quantities such as EC, Alkalinity, pH, Hardness, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium, Nitrate, Sulfate, Phosphate, COD, And BOD contents showing the high significance of the positive relationship (p<0.01 level). There was a significant negative relationship between Chloride, Ammonia, Fluoride, and Nitrite (p< 0.05 level).

Assessment of some physico-chemical parameters of water sample from Jayakwadi dam, Aurangabad, M.S., India

The development of a particular ecosystem requires water for sustainability of living organisms. Different organic and inorganic components are dissolved in water, as it is universal solvent. The optimum level of different constituents is responsible to maintain respective quality for the suitable growth and development of plants, animals and micro-organisms. The physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected in the year 2018-2019 from Jayakwadi dam were analysed. To understand these parameters is important, as the Jaykwadi dam water is essential for drinking, irrigation and industrial concern of Marathwada region. Therefore, in this paper different physico-chemical parameters viz. Temperature, pH, DO, BOD, Hardness, alkalinity, TDS, turbidity, Chlorides, Phosphates, chlorine, nitrates etc. are studied.

Analysis of water quality using physico-chemical parameters of Bansagar dam in Vindhyan region M.P. India

Water is a vital resource for human survival. The availability of good quality water is an indispensable feature for prevents diseases and improving quality of life. It is necessary to know details about different physical parameters like color, temperature, Total hardness, pH, sulphate, chloride, DO, BOD, COD and alkalinity used to test water quality. This paper aims to analyze water quality using the Physico-chemical parameters of water samples collected from the Bansagar dam in Vindhyan region of M.P. India.

Toxicological impact of water pollutants on DNA and tissues of inhabitant fish Labeo dyocheilus of River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This investigation evaluated pollution in River Kabul and impact on DNA and histology of intestine, gills, liver, and muscle of Labeo-dyocheilus. Water and fish samples were collected from non-polluted site of Warsak Dam and polluted sites of Amanghar industrial zone and Nowshera city. Sequence of physicochemical parameters in water samples A, B and C was TDS >TSS >EC >TA >Cl >Na >K >pH and heavy metals was Zn >Pb >Cd >Ni >Fe >Mn >Cu >Cr. The parameters in samples A, B and C except TSS were below NEQS proposed limits. The investigation determined geno-toxicological impact of water pollutants in different tissues. DNA damage cells like TCS and comet classes (0, 1, 2, 3, 4) were determined in intestine, gills, liver, and muscle. Sequence of comet classes in tissues was class 0> class 4> class 3> class 2> class 1. Trend of DNA damage in tissues was intestine >liver >gills >muscle. The study investigated histopathological impacts of water pollutants in intestine, liver, gills, and muscle. Trend of lesions in tissues was liver >intestine >gills >muscle. The study confirmed high levels of pollutants like heavy metals and physicochemical parameters in River Kabul, and geno-toxicological and histopathological disorders of water pollutants in Labeo-dyocheilus.

Hydrochemical and Biological study of surface water in Al-Kut city

In this study, physicochemical and biological examinations of water samples were performed. These analyses included measuring the pH, EC, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD, and COD. Turbidity was also measured. Along with the primary cations and anions, heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Cr, As, Mo, Hg, Al, Li, Be, Se, V, U, and Sr are included. The study of hydrochemistry incorporates both the geochemistry of the surface water in Al-Kut city as well as the water from the Tigris River that is discharged into the main river. There are a total of sixteen surface water samples that have been collected. These samples have been dispersed as sixteen from the Tigris River portion of the study region separately, which discharged onto the main river. In order to evaluate the quality of the water for a variety of applications, physicochemical parameters of water samples are tested, and the results of those analyses are compared to both Iraqi and international standards. The findings support the hypothesis that the pH of the Tigris River ranges from neutral to slightly alkaline. It is characterized by having slightly brackish water and an abundance of Ca2+ and SO4 =, which are the predominant ions in the water. In the Tigris River, the cations are arranged in the following order: Ca2+ Na+> Mg2+>K+, and the anions are organized as follows: SO4 = > Cl- > HCO3 -. The Tigris River in the city of Al-Kut was contaminated with PO4 3- and NO3. The concentrations of the trace elements Al, As, Sr, Mn, Fe, Li, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Pb, Zn, Mo, V, and Ba in the Tigris River are all within the acceptable limits, with the exception of Sr and b, which both exceed these limits. Trace elements appear to be concentrated in the Tigris River. According to BOD, the situation with the Tigris River is critical. The BOD and COD readings were visibly affected by the various forms of excreta that were not treated in the waste water. Because the water in the Tigris River is high in salinity (both TDS and EC) and nutrients, it cannot be used for drinking. However, the water may be used for irrigation, and its quality ranges from acceptable to outstanding.

Cluster analysis of water quality parameters of water samples from Colachel to Melmidalam in Kanyakumari district

A methodical study has been carried out to explore physico-chemical parameters of drinking water from well and bore hole in and around the villages from Colachel to Melmidalam of Kanyakumari District. Water samples from well and bore hole in four sites namely Colachel, Kurumbanai, Midalam, Melmidalam were collected in pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons during 2019 ad 2020 and analyzed for temperature, sodium, potassium and oxidation & reduction potential. pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, fluoride, chloride, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, nitrate, sulphate, ammonia, phosphate, total phosphorus. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed and the results were compared with water quality standards described by WHO. Statistical techniques, calculation of basic statistics, Correlation matrix, and Hierarchical Cluster analysis were simultaneously applied to the physico-chemical parameters of water samples taken from in different sites. The above study will be useful to know the water quality and their fitness for drinking purposes at various stations undertaken. Overall water quality was found satisfactory for drinking purpose without prior treatment.

Influencia de las prácticas agrícolas en los ensambles de macroinvertebrados en la Patagonia (Argentina)

Aquatic species in agricultural areas are often exposed to concentrations of pesticides and fertilizers that can affect the entire community. This study aimed to monitor the presence of nutrients and pesticides (organophosphates and carbamates) and evaluate their effects on the composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages at two sites in the Neuquén River, both upstream (UNR) and downstream (DNR) of an area of intensive cultivation of pome fruit trees. Physicochemical parameters in water samples from UNR and DNR were not significantly different, except for nitrate (NO3-). Pesticides analyzed were below detection limits in water and sediment samples. Insects constituted 52.76% of the total individuals in UNR and, among them, Ephemeroptera was the most abundant taxon (n=419). On the other hand, 67.67% of the individuals in DNR were insects, and most of them belonged to the Order Diptera (n=1156). The abundance of Diptera and Ephemeroptera individuals was significantly different between sites. In addition, the temporal variation of richness within each site showed significant differences (P<0.05). There were 15 shared species and a Jaccard’s abundance-based index indicated 37.8% taxonomic similarity. In summary, there were no significant differences in abundance and diversity between UNR and DNR. However, there were differences in taxa richness and composition, with a low percentage of similarity between sites. The above can be observed in the canonical correspondence analysis, which shows a clear relationship between environmental variables and the distribution pattern of macroinvertebrate assemblages.

Assessment of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water Samples Collected from the Southern Part of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a vast natural water resources. In order to determine the water quality parameters such as pH, EC, DO, BOD, TOC, ionsi.e., NO3-, SO42-, PO43- and heavy metals, thirty surface water samples were collected from the southern part of Bangladesh includingthe coastal regions of Patuakhali district and Kuakata sea beach area during the dry season. The pH of water samples was ranged from7.58 to 8.77 with an average of 8.15. The average conductivity value was 8.83±2 mS/cm. The average DO was 8.33±1.82 mg/L andBOD was 0.31±0.03 mg/L. TOC was found between 0.78 and 1.78 mg/L with an average of 1.24 mg/L. The concentration of NO3-,SO42-, PO43- was determined by ion chromatography and only sulphate ion was detected in a very low concentration. Water samplesfrom different sources were analysed for five metals by AAS and the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Mn, Hg and As were below 0.2, 0.01,0.22, 0.001 and 0.005 mg/L, respectively. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 70(1): 49-57, 2022 (January)

High‐density polyethylene/zinc oxide nanocomposite with antibacterial and anti‐UV radiation properties to reduce evaporation from free surface waters

AbstractClimate change, through rising temperatures, higher evaporation rates, and changes in rainfall, can significantly affect the availability of water resources. Evaporation losses from open‐air reservoirs can exacerbate the problem of water scarcity, making it difficult to conserve water. Accordingly, this research aimed to develop nano‐reinforced floating covers to reduce evaporation from free water surfaces. For this purpose, high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, via melt‐blending procedures, were used to fabricate the nanocomposites. The morphological, mechanical, antibacterial, and photo‐degradation responses of HDPE/ZnO nanocomposites were assessed, and the physicochemical parameters of water samples were also examined to ensure that nanocomposites did not negatively affect water quality. The results indicated that adding 1 wt% nanofiller increased the tensile strength, while flexural strength values were modestly improved by increasing nanofillers up to 10 wt%. The irradiated nanocomposites generally displayed significant enhancement not only in the tensile strength but also in the flexural strength. Meanwhile, the addition of ZnO to HDPE had no adverse effects on water quality, though contributing to the antibacterial performance of the specimens over the neat polymer. To conclude, the fabricated nanocomposite with 1 wt% ZnO could be proposed as a promising candidate to reduce evaporation losses from free water surfaces, especially in arid and semi‐arid areas.

Nutrients dynamics in water and sediment of the Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Surface water and sediment from Bonny Estuary, Nigeria, were assessed to determine the nutrient dynamics. Nutrients (nitrates, phosphates, and total organic carbon (TOC)) and some physicochemical parameters of water samples are collected from three sampling stations along the Bonny Estuary during wet seasons (April 2017, 2018, and 2019) and dry seasons (November 2017, 2018, and 2019). Physicochemical parameters analyses were conducted in situ using Horiba water checker (Model U-10). Surface water nitrate and phosphate were analysed by APHA 4500-NO3-B Colorimetric method, while sediment nitrates and phosphate by Chemical Analysis for Ecological Matter CAEM/APHA 4500-NO3-E Colorimetric method and TOC by CAEM-Wet-Oxidation Titration method. There was no significant seasonal variation in pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, conductivity, and turbidity nor across the sampling stations. TDS values showed significant seasonal variation with higher values in the wet seasons. Surface water nitrate and phosphate had higher concentrations in wet seasonsthough within recommended limits. Conversely, nitrate, phosphate, and TOC in the sediments were quite high, with higher values in wet seasons, especially the downstream of the estuary. The high levels of nutrients in the sediments as opposed to surface water could be a result of rapid deposition of nutrients which could lead to possible nutrient enrichment of the sediment. Nutrient levels in the sediment have increased fourfold over the study period. This suggests an influx of nutrients into the estuary, due to human activities. Nutrient enrichment could result in deterioration in aquatic water quality and pose a threat to the ecology of the estuary.

Quality appraisal of drinking water from different sources in Nepal

This research was investigated to evaluate the quality assurance of water from different sources. All together 250 water samples (135 well water, 48 boring water, 50 treated water, and 17 tap water) were received from different parts of Nepal from December 2019 to April 2020. The physicochemical parameters of water samples were performed according to the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The membrane filtration technique was applied for the determination of Total Coliform bacteria. The measurements of water quality parameters were compared with the upper and lower limits of the National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS), 2005. Out of 135 well water samples, pH (1.48%), conductivity (2.22%), turbidity (42.96%), total hardness (4.44%), iron (54.07%), ammonia (48.88%), and nitrate (2.22%) elevated values compared to National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2005. Likewise, 2.08%, 6.25%, 64.58%, 4.1%, 47.91%, and 58.33% of boring water samples showed higher values than the National Drinking Water Quality Standards for pH, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, iron, ammonia, respectively. Conductivity, total hardness, chloride, and iron were found below the standards for both treated and tap water samples. Arsenic concentration was found within the standard for all water samples while 0.74% of well water samples showed a higher concentration of chloride compared to the standard. Results revealed that the minimum and maximum concentrations of some parameters were found to vary among the water sources. Among the total water samples, 94.8% well water, 76.4% tap water, 56.0% treated water, and 14.6% boring water samples showed the presence of coliform bacteria. This concludes that most of the water sources were polluted with fecal contamination and without proper purification may lead to the risk of waterborne diseases. Therefore, systematic and regular monitoring of water sources should be implemented to maintain water quality.

Effect of some freshwater cyanobacteria on Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fish and water quality in Egyptian aquaculture ponds

ABSTRACT The present study aims to evaluate the potential effects of cyanobacteria on water quality parameters and Oreochromis niloticus in the fish ponds at Al-Abbassa Fish Hatchery, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. The study identified five cyanobacterial genera: namely, Anabaena, Gleotrichia, Lyngbya, Oscillatoria and Phormidium. Oscillatoria sp. was the dominant genus in the selected fish ponds. Physico-chemical parameters of water samples showed significant variations during the four seasons. Anabaena sp. extract had the most toxic effect on the survival rate of O. niloticus after 72 h of exposure. Biochemical parameters of collected O. niloticus fish significantly increased compared to the control group. We concluded that the detected cyanobacterial genera in the fish ponds affected water quality and O. niloticus fish.

Evaluation of physicochemical parameters of water samples around proposed Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) in Kovvada, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

The present study was targeted for describing water quality of surface and subsurface in and around proposed Kovvada Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) which is nearby seacoast of Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh. Water samples were collected according to BRNS protocols during pre- and post-monsoon period. The water quality parameters such as pH(6.4–8.3 and 6.8–8.2), TDS(102–3425 and 102–3425 ppm), Electrical Conductivity1(64–5561 and146-4911 µS/cm), Salinity(73–2576 and 78–2311 ppm), Dissolved Oxygen(3.7–8.3 and 4.4–8.9 ppm), Total Alkalinity (TA) (20–790 and 10–730 ppm), Total Hardness (TH)(45–1110 and 20–990 ppm), Chloride(7–2006 and 4.9–1994 ppm), Nitrate(2.7–74.2 and 3.0–77.5 ppm) Fluoride(0.11–2.13 and 0.07–2.39 ppm), Sulphate(4–364 and 8–360 ppm) was measured in both Pre and Post-monsoon seasons. The estimated water quality parameters were compared with the world health organization (WHO) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The obtained numerical data showed that most of the water samples in this area are lower than WHO and BIS standards. Few samples are exceeding limits in characteristics like TDS, TA, TH, Chloride, Nitrate due to the locations that are nearby Bay of Bengal. The obtained data would act as a bench mark database for future reference of NPP.

Alternative methods of monitoring emerging contaminants in water: a review.

Anthropogenic activities have steadily increased the release of emerging contaminants (ECs) in aquatic bodies, and these ECs may have adverse effects on humans even at their trace (μg L-1) levels. Their occurrence in wastewater systems is more common, and the current wastewater treatment facilities are inefficient in eliminating many of such persistent ECs. "Gold standard" techniques such as chromatography, mass spectrometry, and other high-resolution mass spectrometers are used for the quantification of ECs of various kinds, but they all have significant limitations. This paper reviews the alternative methods for EC detection, which include voltammetry, potentiometry, amperometry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) based electrochemical methods, colorimetry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence probes, and fluorescence spectroscopy-based optical techniques. These alternative techniques have several advantages over conventional techniques, including low sample volume, excludes solid phase extraction procedure, high sensitivity, selectivity, portability, reproducibility, rapidity, low cost, and the ability to monitor ECs in real time. This review summarises each of the alternative methods for detecting ECs in water samples and their respective limits of detection (LODs). The sensitivity of each technique varied depending on the type of EC measured, type of electrochemical probe and electrode, substrates, type of nanoparticle (NP), the physicochemical parameters of water samples tested, and more. Nevertheless, this paper also focuses on some of the current challenges encountered by these alternative methods in monitoring ECs.

Applications of various data-driven models for the prediction of groundwater quality index in the Akot basin, Maharashtra, India.

Data-driven models are important to predict groundwater quality which is controlling human health. The water quality index (WQI) has been developed based on the physicochemical parameters of water samples. In this area, water quality is medium to poor and is found in saline zones; very high pH ranges are directly affected on the water quality in this study area. Conventional WQI computation demands more time and is often observed with enormous errors during the calculation of sub-indices. In the present work, four standalone methods such as additive regression (AR), M5P tree model (M5P), random subspace (RSS), and support vector machine (SVM) were employed to predict WQI based on variable elimination technique. The groundwater samples were collected from the Akot basin area, located in the Akola district, Maharashtra, in India. A total of nine different input combinations were developed in this study. The datasets were demarcated into two classes (ratio 80:20) for model construction (training dataset) and model verification (testing dataset) using a fivefold cross-validation approach. The models were assessed using statistical and graphical appraisal metrics. The best input combinations varied among the model, generally, the optimal input variables (EC, pH, TDS, Ca, Mg, and Cl) during the training and validation stages. Results show that AR outperformed the other data-driven models (R2 = 0.9993, MAE = 0.5243, RMSE = 0.0.6356, %RAE = 3.8449, and RRSE% = 3.9925). The AR is proposed as an ideal model with satisfactory results due to enhanced prediction precision with the minimum number of input parameters and can thus act as the reliable and precise method in the prediction of WQI at the Akot basin.