Effect Of Physical Temperature Research Articles

Seasonal temperature‐related variation of humus tank settlement efficiency

AbstractThis study uses several years of effluent quality data from 43 sites where online monitoring has been operational for many years resulting in the accumulation of high‐resolution data sets. The data show a highly repeatable, seasonal dependence of effluent turbidity on temperature. This has been modelled with simple techniques producing a generic model that is neither data hungry nor requires site calibration. Viscosity‐based mechanisms are proposed and discussed. These mechanisms differ from conventional assumptions of suspended solids peaks being solely flow related and or ascribed to ‘spring sloughing’. The proposal is that the organic loading of the filter and the physical temperature effects on settlement velocity are both as influential as hydraulic loading in determining effluent suspended solids concentration. Application of the models enables improved design for new/upgraded units and more accurate capacity assessment of trickling filters and humus tanks enabling improved operational risk management of compliance failure.

Temperature and emotions: Effects of physical temperature on responses to emotional advertising

In colloquial speech, people frequently link emotions to temperature (e.g., “warm love” or “cold fear”). Likewise, in the business world, the use of emotionally warm and cold appeals reflects an ongoing trend in advertising. However, the conditions in which emotionally warm versus cold appeals are more effective remain unclear. Drawing on homeostasis theory, the authors investigate whether and why feeling physically warm versus cold influences the effectiveness of emotional advertising appeals. Using both laboratory experiments and field data, they show that emotions play a homeostatic role. Specifically, they demonstrate that the effects of particular emotional stimuli depend not only on physical temperatures per se but on homeostasis/thermoregulation. Namely, when consumers are below their homeostatic optimum (i.e., physically cold), they perceive emotionally cold stimuli less favorably (than emotionally warm stimuli) as these stimuli bring them further away from the optimum. Likewise, when consumers are above their homeostatic optimum (i.e., physically hot), they perceive emotionally warm stimuli less favorably (than emotionally cold stimuli) as these stimuli bring them further away from the optimum. Finally, once consumers are at their homeostatic optimum, they perceive both emotionally warm and cold stimuli similarly favorably. These results have implications for a wide range of marketing activities (in particular advertising) across seasons and international markets.

Keep it cool: temperature priming effect on cognitive control.

The effect of physical temperature on cognition and behavior has been the focus of extensive research in recent years, demonstrating that embodied concepts are grounded in, and shaped by, sensorimotor physical experiences. Nevertheless, less is known about how experienced and perceived temperatures affect cognitive control, one of humans core executive functions. In the present work, we primed participants with cool versus warm temperature using a between participants manipulation of physical touch experience (Experiment 1), and a within participants manipulation of seeing landscape views associated with cool vs. warm temperatures (Experiment 2). In both experiments, cool compared to warm temperatures lead to improved performance on an anti-saccade task, an established cognitive control measure. Implications are discussed.

Physical properties of Arctic versus subarctic snow: Implications for high latitude passive microwave snow water equivalent retrievals

Two unique observational data sets are used to evaluate the ability of multi-layer snow emission models to simulate passive microwave brightness temperatures (TB) in high latitude, observation sparse, snow-covered environments. Data were utilized from a coordinated series of 18 sites measured across the subarctic Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada in April 2007 during a 1000 km segment of a 4200 km snowmobile traverse from Fairbanks, Alaska to Baker Lake, Nunavut (~64°N). In April 2011, a network of 22 high Arctic sites was sampled across a 60 × 60 km study area on the Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island (~80°N). In comparison to sites across the subarctic, high Arctic snow was more spatially variable, thinner (site averages between 15 and 25 cm versus 30 to 40 cm), colder (−25°C versus −10°C), composed of fewer layers, had a proportionally higher fraction of wind slabs (storing 57% of the snow water equivalent (SWE) versus 15%), with these slabs comparatively denser (often exceeding 450 g/cm3, compared to 350 g/cm3 in the subarctic). The physical snow measurements were used as inputs to snow emission model simulations. The radiometric difference between simulations of “typical” arctic and subarctic snow reached 30 K at 37 GHz. Sensitivity analysis showed that this TB difference could be partitioned between the effects of physical temperature (~5 K between −25°C and −10°C), wind slab density (~5 K between 0.40and 0.35 g/cm3), and vertical depth hoar fraction (~20 K between 70% and 30% vertical fraction of total snow depth). Model simulations at the satellite scale (625 km2) were produced using the observational spread for snow depth and snow stratigraphy. The range of TB from simulations with varied stratigraphy extended unrealistically far below the magnitude of satellite measured TB, illustrating that the snow depth first guess is very important for SWE retrieval schemes that are based on forward emission model simulations.

Physical temperature effects on evaluations of the self and others: I think you are warmer than I if my body gets cold

Physical temperature effects on evaluations of the self and others: I think you are warmer than I if my body gets cold

Physical temperature effects on impression formation: I think you are a cold person if my hands get warm

Physical temperature effects on impression formation: I think you are a cold person if my hands get warm

Physical temperature effects on trust behavior: the role of insula

Trust lies at the heart of person perception and interpersonal decision making. In two studies, we investigated physical temperature as one factor that can influence human trust behavior, and the insula as a possible neural substrate. Participants briefly touched either a cold or warm pack, and then played an economic trust game. Those primed with cold invested less with an anonymous partner, revealing lesser interpersonal trust, as compared to those who touched a warm pack. In Study 2, we examined neural activity during trust-related processes after a temperature manipulation using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The left-anterior insular region activated more strongly than baseline only when the trust decision was preceded by touching a cold pack, and not a warm pack. In addition, greater activation within bilateral insula was identified during the decision phase followed by a cold manipulation, contrasted to warm. These results suggest that the insula may be a key shared neural substrate that mediates the influence of temperature on trust processes.