Physical Sector Research Articles

Constructing the Scale of Organizational Culture types for the Directors of Physical and Artistic Education Directives in Iraqi Universities from the point of view of their staffs

The research aims at : - Constructing a scale of the organizational culture types for the directives of the physical and artistic education directors in the point of view of their staff. The sample includes (199) a training and administrative members of the staff of the directions of physical and artistic education directives in Iraqi universities and , in particular , the staff of the physical sector. The validity of the content and the face validity of the scale and the construction validity by using the style of the contrasted groups and the internal consistency have been examined. Alfa reliability coefficient of the scale is (0,92) of the organizational culture . The data have been processed statistically by using the following statistical means : (Percentage , chi square , t-Test for two independent samples and correlation coefficient (Person )) The researchers have concluded the following : 1. (36) item of the scale deffrentiate between both contrasted groups Their calculated values were between ( 11,083-2,659) . The level of significance is between (0,002-0,000) . 2. (36) items were leiving internal consistency. Their correlating values were between (0,290-0,858) . Their level of significance is zero. 3. The value of alfa reliability coefficient of the organizational culture scale is (0,92). The researchers have recommended the following : 1. Adopting the scale in measuring the organizational culture for the directives of the physical and artistic directives in Iraqi universities. 2. Making a comparison among the managers of physical education directives in Iraqi universities in the organizational culture types .

On semiclassical equivalence of Green–Schwarz and pure spinor strings in AdS(5) × S(5)

We present a method to study the equivalence at the semiclassical level of the Green–Schwarz and pure spinor formulations of string theory in AdS(5) × S(5). This method provides a clear separation of the physical and unphysical sectors of the pure spinor formulation and allows us to prove that the two models have not only equal spectra of the fermionic fluctuations but also equal conformal weights (the bosonic ones being equal by construction).

On cosmic no-hair in bimetric gravity and the Higuchi bound

We study the cosmic no-hair in the presence of spin-2 matter, i.e. in bimetric gravity. We obtain stable de Sitter solutions with the cosmological constant in the physical sector and find an evidence that the cosmic no-hair is correct. In the presence of the other cosmological constant, there are two branches of de Sitter solutions. Under anisotropic perturbations, one of them is always stable and there is no violation of the cosmic no-hair at the linear level. The stability of the other branch depends on parameters and the cosmic no-hair can be violated in general. Remarkably, the bifurcation point of two branches exactly coincides with the Higuchi bound. It turns out that there exists a de Sitter solution for which the cosmic no-hair holds at the linear level and the effective mass for the anisotropic perturbations is above the Higuchi bound.

Scalar resonances in the non-linearly realized electroweak theory

We introduce a physical scalar sector in a SU(2)xU(1) electroweak theory in which the gauge group is realized non linearly. By invoking theoretical as well as experimental constraints, we build a phenomenologically viable model in which a minimum of four scalar resonances appear, and the mass of the CP even scalar is controlled by a vacuum expectation value; however, the masses of all other particles (both matter as well as vector boson fields) are unrelated to spontaneous symmetry breaking and generated by the St\"uckelberg mechanism. We evaluate in this model the CP-even scalar decay rate to two photons and use this amplitude to perform a preliminary comparison with the recent LHC measurements. As a result, we find that the model exhibits a preference for a negative Yukawa coupling between the top quark and the CP-even resonance.

Financially sustainable management strategies for urban wastewater collection infrastructure – development of a system dynamics model

Causal loop diagrams are developed for wastewater collection networks to identify complex interactions and feedback loops among physical, financial, and social sectors. Causal loop diagrams are then incorporated into a novel system dynamics based decision support tool that can be used for financially sustainable management of wastewater collection networks. Data requirements to develop the decision support tool are discussed along with how can the decision support tool be used to manage a utility.The presented causal loop diagram is the first known attempt to lay out the interrelationships among system components using a formal technique. The causal loop diagram establishes the existence of several interacting feedback loops and demonstrates that the management of wastewater collection networks constitutes a complex dynamic system for which traditional management tools are deemed inadequate. The use of causal loop diagrams can be useful to mitigate effects of the silo-based organizational culture prevalent in many water utilities.The system dynamics model is the first known decision support tool to quantitatively simulate the influence of interrelationships and feedback loops in wastewater collection network management. The model is a mathematical representation of the causal loop diagram to capture cost drivers and revenues sources in the system. It also includes a set of policy levers which allows formulation of various financing and rehabilitation strategies. The model can be used to develop short- and long-term management plans. The impact of financing and rehabilitation strategies on system performance can be simulated and evaluated in terms of financial and service level metrics. The decision support tool can also be used by utilities to ensure essential data is collected and flows within organizational units.

A Review of Heating and Temperature Control in Microfluidic Systems: Techniques and Applications.

This review presents an overview of the different techniques developed over the last decade to regulate the temperature within microfluidic systems. A variety of different approaches has been adopted, from external heating sources to Joule heating, microwaves or the use of lasers to cite just a few examples. The scope of the technical solutions developed to date is impressive and encompasses for instance temperature ramp rates ranging from 0.1 to 2,000 °C/s leading to homogeneous temperatures from −3 °C to 120 °C, and constant gradients from 6 to 40 °C/mm with a fair degree of accuracy. We also examine some recent strategies developed for applications such as digital microfluidics, where integration of a heating source to generate a temperature gradient offers control of a key parameter, without necessarily requiring great accuracy. Conversely, Temperature Gradient Focusing requires high accuracy in order to control both the concentration and separation of charged species. In addition, the Polymerase Chain Reaction requires both accuracy (homogeneous temperature) and integration to carry out demanding heating cycles. The spectrum of applications requiring temperature regulation is growing rapidly with increasingly important implications for the physical, chemical and biotechnological sectors, depending on the relevant heating technique.

Selection of sustainability indicators for health services in challenging environments: Balancing scientific approach with political engagement

Sustainability evaluation has become a key component of international health. However, evaluators have faced a number of challenges linked to the lack of consensus on the meaning of the concept of “sustainability”. This paper aims to describe a methodology, the Sustainability Analysis Process, based on several conceptual frameworks and tested in five different countries in the physical rehabilitation sector. The methodology consists of five successive steps: (i) overview of the context; (ii) system boundary; (iii) consensus vision of sustainability, and derivation of stakeholder perspectives; (iv) selection of sustainability indicators and characterization and analysis of local system sustainability; and (v) verification and modification. The paper also discusses the place of the evaluator and researcher in the process: the methodology aims to help evaluators objectively measure the level of sustainability of a health system with the challenge of dealing with a subjective notion, the concept of sustainability, and a diversity of actors. The Sustainability Analysis Process also aims to capture the dynamics of systems by repeating the process on a regular basis. The methodology highlights the need for evaluators build consensus amongst stakeholders on a common vision of the future of a health system.

Creating a shared vision in the public health nutrition and physical activity sector

Creating a shared vision in the public health nutrition and physical activity sector

Environmental externalities and immiserizing structural changes in an economy with heterogeneous agents

The way in which natural and physical capital are accumulated, distributed and harnessed underpins the functioning and sustainability of the productive system of each society as well as its social stratification. Significant changes in the interactions between natural and physical capital accumulation give rise to processes of structural change (SC) which affect not only sectoral composition of the productive system, but also social equity and environmental quality. We propose a taxonomy of different SCs on the basis of distributive, environmental and economic outcomes and we study a two-sector model with environmental externalities to identify under which conditions each SC can occur. Our model shows how the type of SC is shaped by the link between agents' heterogeneity in terms of productive asset endowment and their vulnerability to environmental degradation. In particular, we find that a SC associated with reduction in poverty and in environmental pressures can occur only if productivity of the physical capital-intensive sector increases but its rate of environmental impact remains relatively lower than that of the natural-capital intensive sector.

Theoretical Investigation into Production of Double-Λ Hypernuclei from Stopped Ξ − on 6Li

We have investigated theoretically a feasible nuclear reaction to produce light double-Λ hypernuclei by choosing a suitable target. In the reaction from stopped Ξ− on 6Li target light doubly-strange nuclei, \({^5_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm H}}\) and \({^6_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm He}}\), are produced: we have calculated the formation ratio of \({^5_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm H}}\) to \({^6_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm He}}\) for Ξ− absorptions from 2S, 2P and 3D orbitals of Ξ−–6Li atom by assuming a d−α cluster model for 6Li. From this cluster model the d−α relative wave functions has a node due to Pauli exclusion among nucleons belonging to d and α clusters. Two kinds of d−α wave functions, namely 1s relative wave function with a phenomenological one-range Gaussian (ORG) potential and that of an orthogonality-condition model (OCM) are used. It is found that the probability of \({^5_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm H}}\) formation is larger than that of \({^6_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm He}}\) for all absorption orbitals: in the case of the major 3D absorption their ratio is 1.08 for ORG and 1.96 for OCM. The dominant low momentum component of the d−α relative wave function favors the \({^5_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm H}}\) formation with a low Q value compared to the \({^6_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm He}}\) formation with a high Q value. We have also calculated momentum distributions of emitted particles, d and n, displaying continuum spectra for single-Λ hypernuclei, \({^4_{\Lambda}{\rm H}}\) and \({^5_{\Lambda}{\rm He}}\), and line spectra for the \({^5_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm H}}\) and \({^6_{\Lambda\Lambda}{\rm He}}\) nuclei. Thus, our present theoretical analysis would be a significant contribution to experiments in the strangeness −2 sector of hypernuclear physics.

The two sector endogenous growth model: An atlas

In this paper we investigate the underlying structure of the Lucas (1988) endogenous growth model. We derive analytically, the restrictions on the parameter space that are necessary and sufficient for the existence of balanced growth paths and saddle-path stable local dynamics. We demonstrate that in contrast to the original model, with the addition of an external effect and depreciation in the human capital sector, the Lucas model can be made consistent with the high degrees of intertemporal elasticities of substitution increasingly estimated in the empirical literature—even if there is a significant degree of increasing returns to scale in the physical production sector of the economy. Finally we demonstrate that for a given baseline rate of steady state growth, with the inclusion of modest degrees of depreciation and external effects to the human capital production process, the model can accommodate the widest possible range of economies—including those characterized by low discount factors, high elasticities of intertemporal substitution, increasing returns in the final goods sector, and also both the high rates of population growth and steady state per-capita output growth we observe in many parts of the world today.

임의쓰기 성능향상을 위한 로그블록 기반 FTL의 효율적인 합병연산

최근 플래시 메모리의 꾸준한 용량 증가와 가격 하락으로 인해 대용량 SSD(Solid State Drive)가 점차 대중화 되고 있다. 하지만, 플래시 메모리는 하드웨어적인 제약사항이 존재하며, 이러한 제약사항을 보완하기 위해 FTL(Flash Translation Layer)이라는 특별한 미들웨어 계층을 필요로 한다. FTL은 플래시 메모리의 하드웨어적인 제약사항을 효율적으로 운용하기 위해 필요한 계층으로서 파일 시스템으로부터의 논리적 섹터 번호(logical sector number)를 플래시 메모리의 물리적 섹터 번호(physical sector number)로 변환해주는 역할을 한다. 특히, 플래시 메모리의 여러 제약사항 중 "쓰기 전 지우기(erase-before-write)"는 플래시 메모리 성능 저하의 주요한 원인이 되고 있으며, 이와 관련하여 로그블록 기반의 여러 연구들이 활발히 진행되어 왔지만, 대용량의 플래시 메모리를 효율적으로 운용하기 위해서는 몇몇 문제점들이 존재한다. 로그블록 기반의 FAST는 넓은 지역에 임의쓰기(random writing)가 빈번하게 발생하면 데이터 블록 내 사용되지 않은 섹터들로 인해 효율적이지 못한 합병 연산이 발생한다. 즉, 효율적이지 못한 블록 쓰레싱(thrashing)이 빈번하게 발생하고, 플래시 메모리의 성능을 저하시킨다. 로그블록은 덮어쓰기(overwriting) 발생 시 일종의 캐쉬처럼 운영되며, 이러한 기법은 플래시 메모리 성능 향상에 많은 발전을 주었다. 본 연구에서는 임의쓰기에 대한 성능 향상을 위해 로그 블록만을 캐쉬처럼 운영하는 것이 아니라 플래시 메모리 전체를 캐쉬처럼 운용하고, 이를위해 별도의 오프셋이라는 매핑 테이블을 운용하여 플래시 메모리 성능 저하의 주요한 원인이 되는 합병연산과 삭제연산을 줄였다. 새로운 FTL은 XAST(eXtensively-Associative Sector Translation)이라 명명하며, XAST에서는 공간지역성과 시간지역성에 대한 기본적인 이론을 바탕으로 오프셋 매핑 테이블을 효율적으로 운용한다. Recently, the flash memory consistently increases the storage capacity while the price of the memory is being cheap. This makes the mass storage SSD(Solid State Drive) popular. The flash memory, however, has a lot of defects. In order that these defects should be complimented, it is needed to use the FTL(Flash Translation Layer) as a special layer. To operate restrictions of the hardware efficiently, the FTL that is essential to work plays a role of transferring from the logical sector number of file systems to the physical sector number of the flash memory. Especially, the poor performance is attributed to Erase-Before-Write among the flash memory's restrictions, and even if there are lots of studies based on the log block, a few problems still exists in order for the mass storage flash memory to be operated. If the FAST based on Log Block-Based Flash often is generated in the wide locality causing the random writing, the merge operation will be occur as the sectors is not used in the data block. In other words, the block thrashing which is not effective occurs and then, the flash memory's performance get worse. If the log-block makes the overwriting caused, the log-block is executed like a cache and this technique contributes to developing the flash memory performance improvement. This study for the improvement of the random writing demonstrates that the log block is operated like not only the cache but also the entire flash memory so that the merge operation and the erase operation are diminished as there are a distinct mapping table called as the offset mapping table for the operation. The new FTL is to be defined as the XAST(extensively-Associative Sector Translation). The XAST manages the offset mapping table with efficiency based on the spatial locality and temporal locality.

Force–Fluctuation Relation of a Single DNA Molecule

We observed transverse fluctuations of single DNA molecules by fluorescence microscopy. The end-to-end distance of DNA molecules was varied by using dual trap optical tweezers, and the force–fluctuation relation was experimentally obtained in wide ranges of the force regime. In strong force regime, the theory of a stretched worm-like chain with fixed both ends explains the experimental results. On the other hand, in the low force regime, the fluctuations approach the value for an ideal ring polymer. We introduce an interpolate formula for the force–fluctuation relation by considering strong and low force limits, which captures the overall trend of experimental results. The proposed force–fluctuation relation will be useful for quantitative discussions in various sectors of polymer physics and biological processes which involve the conformation change of DNA and other biopolymers, where the loading and the fluctuation are relevant factors.

Neutrino Physics with Low-Temperature Detectors

In the last years, neutrino physics has provided exciting discoveries that for the first time have cracked the solid building of the Standard Model. However, many mysteries remain, and prospects are even more appealing. Low temperature detectors can give fundamental contributions to this field. They already play a major role in the study of neutrinoless double beta decay, a rare nuclear process that can ascertain if neutrino is a self-conjugate elementary fermion and fix its mass scale. Cuoricino, a project based on macro-bolometers, is the most sensitive double-beta-decay search in the world together with the much debated Heidelberg–Moscow experiment. CUORE, its natural continuation, is one of the most promising experiments under construction or commissioning, capable to start to attack the so-called inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass pattern. Several ideas based on low-temperature detectors (among which the simultaneous detection of phonon and scintillation light) are among the most promising approaches for next-generation experiments, capable to cover fully the inverted hierarchy region. In other sectors of neutrino physics, like the direct measurement of the neutrino mass in the MARE and ECHO projects or the detection of coherent neutrino-nucleus elastic scattering, low temperature detectors look less mature scientifically. However, they remain extremely promising devices to address these very challenging searches.

On measurements, numbers and p-adic mathematical physics

In this short paper I consider relation between measurements, numbers and p-adic mathematical physics. p-Adic numbers are not result of measurements, but nevertheless they play significant role in description of some systems and phenomena. We illustrate their ability for applications referring to some sectors of p-adic mathematical physics and related topics, in particular, to string theory and the genetic code.

Stochastic shocks in a two-sector Solow model

We study a stochastic, discrete-time, two-sector growth model a-la Solow (1956) characterised by perpetual growth. Assuming that exogenous i.i.d. shocks hit the physical production sector, we show that the capital dynamics can be converted, through an appropriate log-transformation, into an iterated function system converging to an invariant distribution supported on a Cantor set.

Multi-scale approach using remote sensing images to characterize the iron deposit N1 influence areas in Carajás Mineral Province (Brazilian Amazon)

Mining activities cause a wide range of changes to the environment, substantially affecting both the physical and biological environmental sectors. In the Carajas Mineral Province, located in the Amazon rainforest, environmental regulations tend to be more rigorous, due to the fragility of the environment in which large iron deposits are found. The characterization of the impact of mining on environment considers: the type and extent of the impact, the physical chemistry differences and similarities of the mineral deposits, the deposit size, the adopted mining process, and the environment (both natural and economic) in which the mining process was developed. Remote sensing technology is utilized in this study, in particular, the use of ortho-aerial photograph, and optical and radar images with distinct spatial resolution. These permit the elaboration in synoptic maps, multi-scale and dynamic, of the changes wrought upon the environment: deforestation, removal of vegetation cover, topographic surface and landscape alteration, and slope instabilities among others. In this aspect, determining the extent of influence of the mining activity is directly tied to the characterization of its impact on various natural systems at the observed scale, and not by simply defining a predetermined Euclidean distance. The results showed that remote sensing technology, optical and radar images, proved to be efficient in the study of environmental information and the areas of influence on the semi-regional and local scales in the Amazon forest.

Stability analysis of 5D gravitational solutions withNbulk scalar fields

We study the stability of 5D gravitational solutions containing an arbitrary number of scalar fields. A closed set of equations is derived which governs the background and perturbations of N scalar fields and the metric, for arbitrary bulk and boundary scalar potentials. In particular the effect of the energy-momentum tensor of the scalar fields on the geometry is fully taken into account, together with all the perturbations of the system. The equations are explicitly written as an eigenvalue problem, which can be readily solved to determine the stability of the system and obtain the properties of the fluctuations, such as masses and couplings. As an example, we study a dynamical soft-wall model with two bulk scalar fields used to model the hadron spectrum of QCD and the Higgs sector of electroweak physics. It is shown that there are no tachyonic modes, and that there is a (radion) mode whose mass is suppressed by a large logarithm compared to that of the other Kaluza-Klein modes.

Extreme Physics and Informational/Computational Limits

A sector of the current theoretical physics, even called "extreme physics", deals with topics concerning superstring theories, multiverse, quantum teleportation, negative energy, and more, that only few years ago were considered scientific imaginations or purely speculative physics. Present experimental lines of evidence and implications of cosmological observations seem on the contrary support such theories. These new physical developments lead to informational limits, as the quantity of information, that a physical system can record, and computational limits, resulting from considerations regarding black holes and space-time fluctuations. In this paper I consider important limits for information and computation resulting in particular from string theories and its foundations.

Increasing Physical Activity for Health One Cultural Critique at a Time

The 2008 Guidelines for Physical Activity for Americans and the National Physical Activity Plan are recently available tools for use by practitioners and scholars in developing and evaluating programs and interventions to increase physical activity across all populations. With the lowest rates of health-benefiting physical activity according to national statistics, targeted communities are often low-income and ethnic minority populations experiencing a chronic disease burden. The aims of this paper are to raise issues about the need for greater sociocultural critique of evidence-basis and other scientific parameters, to comment on the need for the inclusion of sociocultural analysis in physical activity assessment and intervention, and to raise some issues related to the need for kinesiology to deepen its relationship to the physical activity public health sector.