Physical Resemblances Research Articles

Angle dependence of the shear behaviour of asymmetric carbon nanotubes

Asymmetric configurations of single-walled carbon nanotubes consist of a huge number of varieties compared to symmetric structures. A comprehensive characterization of all possible chiralities has been conducted in this research for the first time. In order to characterize asymmetric single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), several finite element models have been employed to reach a logical relation between the geometry of the symmetric and asymmetric configurations and their shear modulus. Two groups of asymmetric structures have been selected to characterize asymmetric configurations. The chiral angle (θ) has been applied in this research to account for the shear behaviour of chiral configurations. The chiral angle perception has been used for a new insight of balancing between physical resemblances and shear behaviour of symmetric and asymmetric configurations. In the last section, the trend of the shear behaviour and chiral angle for asymmetric groups resulted in a general equation for predicting an asymmetric configuration by symmetric structures with high accuracy as the main novelty of the current study. This kind of characterization can be developed, not only for other mechanical properties of SWCNTs, but is also applicable for the characterization and the design of other composite nanotubes such as BN, BC3 and BC2N nanotubes.

Diet before and during Pregnancy and Offspring Health: The Importance of Animal Models and What Can Be Learned from Them.

This review article outlines epidemiologic studies that support the hypothesis that maternal environment (including early nutrition) plays a seminal role in determining the offspring’s long-term health and metabolism, known as the concept of Developmental Origins of Health and Diseases (DOHaD). In this context, current concerns are particularly focused on the increased incidence of obesity and diabetes, particularly in youth and women of child-bearing age. We summarize key similarities, differences and limitations of various animal models used to study fetal programming, with a particular focus on placentation, which is critical for translating animal findings to humans. This review will assist researchers and their scientific audience in recognizing the pros and cons of various rodent and non-rodent animal models used to understand mechanisms involved in fetal programming. Knowledge gained will lead to improved translation of proposed interventional therapies before they can be implemented in humans. Although rodents are essential for fundamental exploration of biological processes, other species such as rabbits and other domestic animals offer more tissue-specific physiological (rabbit placenta) or physical (ovine maternal and lamb birth weight) resemblances to humans. We highlight the important maternal, placental, and fetal/neonatal characteristics that contribute to developmentally programmed diseases, specifically in offspring that were affected in utero by undernutrition, overnutrition or maternal diabetes. Selected interventions aimed at prevention are summarized with a specific focus on the 1000 days initiative in humans, and maternal exercise or modification of the n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) balance in the diet, which are currently being successfully tested in animal models to correct or reduce adverse prenatal programming. Animal models are essential to understand mechanisms involved in fetal programming and in order to propose interventional therapies before they can be implemented in humans. Non-rodent animals are particularly important and should not be neglected, as they are often more physiologically-appropriate models to mimic the human situation.

REFUGEE CAMPS AND GATED COMMUNITIES AS A SOLUTION FOR HOUSING

Today the World has a biggest crisis of refugee since The World War II. Refugee is a person who is depressed due to his/her religion, race and ideas or who defect to another country with fear of being oppressed. The refugee camps are high intensity places which provide refugees housing and other social and physical needs. On the other hand today in the capitalist and global cities the most important places for housing are gated communities. The scope of this study is to examine the social and physical similarities of refugee camps and gated communities. Within this framework when we look at some definitions of the concept of gated community, we can see the imitation of refugee camp. In this study, firstly the concept of housing/dwelling and the concept of security which is the most important reason of emerging of gated communities and refugee camps will be analyzed. Then physical and social resemblances of gated communities and refugee camps will be examined. For identifying physical similarities being surrounded by wall or fence, location of the gated communities and refugee camps in the city, their outbuildings like market, pharmacy and their intensity will be analyzed. For social similarities the sense of belonging of refugees and residents and their relations with city will be examined. The results of these will be summarized and evaluated.

Parental (in)equality and the genetic link in lesbian families

Objective: In this qualitative study, we investigate how lesbian couples experience and deal with the difference in genetic relatedness in their family. Background: Previous research showed that lesbian couples handle the difference with regard to genetic relatedness by, for instance, creating a narrative about physical resemblances or by focusing on the social bond and its influence on children. Methods: The findings are based on qualitative in-depth interviews with 10 lesbian couples who had at least one donor-conceived child aged 7–10. Results: The difference with regard to the genetic link brought up complex and context-specific experiences for these parents. Generally, the genetic link was described as irrelevant: equality between both parents was presented as a given. However, some experiences of difference due to the presence of one genetic link were found. In these accounts, the genetic link was described as a valuable extra that created an inequality between them as parents. Conclusion: The findings show that these mothers have a complex attitude towards genetic relatedness.

Facial Resemblances between Heterosexual, Gay, and Lesbian Couples

Researchers have noted a physical resemblance (homophily) between human sex partners. To date, these studies and their related interpretations have been based on heterosexual couples. The present study compared physical resemblances between gay, lesbian, and heterosexual couples, using 40 photographs of each from national newspapers, which were rated by 34 men and 56 women (M age = 53 yr., SD = 12.1). Half the photographs were of actual couples and half were randomly mixed within each group. Actual couples were rated as significantly more similar in appearance than random pairings of people. Ratings of similarity were significantly higher (indicating greater perceived homophily) for gay couples than heterosexual couples, while there was no statistically significant difference in similarity ratings between lesbian couples versus gay and heterosexual couples. The results were interpreted in terms of evolutionary and parental imprinting hypotheses.

Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Family Resemblances in Lesbian Donor Conception

Family resemblances and connectedness constitute a recent interest in sociological debate. This article seeks to build on and expand this debate by empirically exploring the meaning of physical family resemblances in the context of lesbian donor conception. This constitutes a neglected area as previous studies primarily explore gamete donation and physical resemblances in the context of heterosexual assisted conception. Considerably less attention has been paid to the specific dynamics inherent to lesbian donor conception. The article draws on a qualitative study comprising 25 lesbian couples in England and Wales with experiences of pursuing both self-arranged and clinical donor conception in the context of a lesbian couple relationship. Building on work in the area of kin, connectedness and family resemblance, this article argues that seeking resemblances can be as much about creating distance as connectedness in the context of lesbian couple donor conception.

African Americans on Africa: Colleen J. McElroy and the rhetoric of kinship

This article primarily considers Over the Lip of the World (1999), a travel book about Madagascar by African American writer Colleen J. McElroy. It examines the way the text engages with the language of kinship, taking physical resemblances between the author and the people she meets, not as signs of common descent (as it often is for other African American writers visiting Africa) but as an artificial pretext for drawing attention to the marked differences between her relationship to Madagascar and her interlocutors' relationship to the United States.

中学１年生のニホンザルに関する知識についての予備調査―野猿公園での理科教育のすすめ―

Japanese macaques at "monkey parks" are suitable as subject animals for science education because they are of great interest to students due to their physical and behavioral resemblances, and they are one of the most familiar wild animals to people in Japan. In order to know (1) the basic understanding / misunderstanding of students about Japanese macaques and (2) what kinds of facts are easy / difficult to understand merely by observation, I conducted a questionnaire survey about Japanese macaques for junior high school students visiting the Takasakiyama Natural Zoo. Four questions on Japanese macaques (tail length, female body mass, litter size and how to take foods) were asked of students who had observed macaques directly (group B) and those who had not (group A). For tail length and female body mass, the correct answer rates of group B were signi.cantly higher than those of group A, whereas the correct answer rates for litter size and how to take foods did not show a significant difference between the two groups. It is suggested that in conducting science education at monkey parks, educators should (1) investigate the basic knowledge of students on Japanese macaques and (2) design appropriate programs to introduce any facts according to the obviousness of these facts to students. This is especially so when introducing facts that cannot be visually demonstrated. In these instances educators must present scienti.c knowledge to students in inventive,"hands on"ways.

Energetic particles in magnetic confinement systems: synergies beyond fusion

Magnetic confinement fusion science leads many other branches of plasma physics in its capacity to predict, interpret and understand the behaviour of energetic particle populations. The range of applications of thiscapability should be extended, for the mutual benefit of fusion researchand of other branches of science. In this paper we review progress inapplying fusion-derived techniques to one of the central questions ofastrophysics: the origin of the cosmic ray population that is magneticallyconfined within our Galaxy. While it is widely believed that supernova remnantshocks provide the main acceleration sites for cosmic ray electrons andprotons, the fundamental `injection' problem remains. Namely, how particlesare initially accelerated from ambient thermal to mildly relativistic energies,beyond which Fermi-type processes take over. The cosmic ray injectionenvironment is magnetized and has many other physical resemblances tobeam-heated and deuterium-tritium tokamak plasmas; in consequence, many of the same physical processes come into play. These include, for example, collective beam-plasma instability, resonant wave-particle coupling, and thestochasticization of particle orbits. A broad range of analytical and numericaltechniques familiar in the fusion context has been successfully applied to theinjection problem (see, for example, Dieckmann M.E. et al 2000Astron. Astrophys. 356 377). Ideas from magnetic fusionhave also been used to help design and interpret recent magnetized plasmaexperiments (Woolsey N.C. et al 2001 Phys. Plasmas 8 2439) using the high-power VULCAN laser, which address the cosmic rayinjection problem from a new perspective.

Constructing messages to extraterrestrials: an exosemiotic perspective

Discussions of constructing messages for communication with extraterrestrials have tended to fall into one of two extremes. The dominant position among astronomers and physicists is that conveying information between two civilizations will be relatively straightforward because both species will share basic conceptions of mathematics and science. Scholars in the humanities and social sciences typically contend the opposite: that even mathematics and science as we know them may be specific to humans, and that it may be impossible to develop systems of communication across species. A position between these two extremes is advanced in this paper. The “Incommensurability Problem” might be overcome by sending transmissions simulating natural phenomena themselves, rather than particular models of these phenomena. A semiotic analysis of the various possibilities for representing these phenomena suggests that icons, which bear physical resemblances to what they represent, will be superior to symbols, which are purely arbitrary. The implications of this intermediate position include the need for more intensive investigations of the linguistic aspects of SETI before a message is received, as well as the advantages of transmitting in addition to searching for signals.

Genetic Research, Family Life, and Clinical Practice

Human interest in and concern about inheritance is very far from new. It is reasonable to assume that ideas about physical resemblances and behavioural characteristics running in families are as old as concepts of family and kinship. We can be rather more certain that from the dawn of agriculture selective breeding has been used to change the characteristics of plant crops and domesticated animals. Indeed, selective breeding may well be viewed as the first step required to create agriculture. However, a knowledge of genetics is not required to apply selective breeding to animals or plants (or humans). All that is needed is the assumption that parental characteristics are likely to be passed to offspring. Then one can breed from superior stock, or those which have desired characteristics, and avoid breeding from inferior stock.

Michael Flanagan's "Stations"

John R. Stilgoe History demands narration in this end-of-millennium era, when history and heritage collide and weld and fragment. Astute scrutinizers of contemporary painting have glimpsed the rebirth of realism as something reaching far beyond any formalist metaphor toward something else, but an that defies easy description. In Stations: An ImaginedJourney (1994), one of the most compelling books in the last decade, artist Michael Flanagan traces the outline of this else in an attempt to make sense of the image-rich late twentieth century, so divorced from the chronological framework of ordinary narrative history.1 Flanagan's Stations treats the past in a transformative way, restoring meaning lost to time, much as heirlooms lose their meaning when they are separated from their familial context. Heirlooms become antiques as family estates dissolve and items change hands at auctions, garage sales, and flea markets instead of being passed down from one blood relation to another. Storytellers can easily weave tales around antiques; after all, the antique has no specific history. It is merely a bit or piece of heritage waiting for a tale, a context, a meaning. By contrast, an heirloom portrait within its house is visual evidence of physical resemblances within families that span the generations. It is the armature around which specific tales revolve. Once sold out of the family, the portrait languishes on the dealer's wall and becomes a mere antique-its tales lost or perhaps partially reconstituted by some burrowing historian, its documentation of family cheekbones or brows dismissed, its whole being open to reinterpretation, falsification, and imagination. What if the heirloom were a landscape painting of the kind Flanagan creates to document and explain the evolution of our nation's built outdoor environment? Could it, like the portrait, be wrenched out of context? In Stations: An ImaginedJourney, Flanagan's paintings recreate a world from the late 1940s and 1950s few contemporary Americans remember and even fewer know how to analyze. Stations deliberately fuses the enduring mystery of realist painting with an awesome evocation of the realist painting's role in creating a past-of making heirlooms from antiques, of making the entire human landscape accessible again. Much of the book's text involves the struggle of its fictional hero, Lucius Caton, a former newspaperman, to make sense of his artist sister, Anna, a painter, and her husband, Russell, a photographer of railroad environments. No summary can adequately address the layers of character and narrative that embed Flanagan's text and paintings, for character and narrative produce in time a whole history that makes antiques not only into heirlooms, but near-magical items that sometimes scuttle the imagination.

Who were the latter Pleistocene eastern Africans?

A later Pleistocene Khoisan peopling of eastern Africa has been suggested by most researchers. The evidence cited consists of a few isolated crania, archaeological occurrences described as ‘Wilton’, rock paintings and scattered populations of present-day hunter-gatherers speaking languages with clicks and viewed as bearing some physical resemblances to living Khoisan groups. When these different lines of evidence are evaluated, it is clear that there is no strong basis for retaining the concept of later Pleistocene Khoisan populations in eastern Africa. Instead, the available data suggest that the later Pleistocene and Holocene eastern Africans were tall, linear peoples.

On the multiple structure of atmospheric vortices

Various scales of the multiple‐vortex phenomena observed in atmospheric vortices are reviewed and summarized. The nonaxisymmetric feature clearly seen in small‐scale vortices such as tornadoes is also recognized in the vortices of tropical cyclones. On the basis of both the physical resemblances and the swirl ratio similarity, this asymmetry in tropical cyclones is concluded to be a manifestation of multiple vortices. It is suggested that the evolution of a vortex from one‐cell to two‐cell to multiple vortices is a common feature in nature found not only in tornadoes, but also in other kinds of vortices, ranging from dust devils to tropical cyclones.

Perception of iconicity in American sign language by hearing and deaf subjects.

Three groups of subjects differing in age, language experience, and familiarity with American Sign Language were compared on three tasks regarding the perception of iconicity in signs from American Sign Language. Subjects were asked to guess the meaning of signs, to rate signs for iconicity, and to state connections between signs and their meaning in English. Results showed that hearing college students, deaf adults, and hearing first-grade children perform similarly on tasks regarding iconicity. Results suggest a psycholinguistic definition of iconicity based on association values, rather than physical resemblances between signs and real-world referents.

A membrane-associated lipomannan in micrococci.

Membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Micrococcus flavus and Micrococcus sodonensis contain acidic lipomannans. Lipoteichoic acids could not be detected in these organisms, and the suggestion that they are substituted for by the lipomannans is strengthened by the chemical and physical resemblances between the two polymers. The mannans contain glycerol, ester-linked fatty acids and mono-esterified succinic acid residues, giving them both hydrophobic and charged properties. The M. lysodeikticus mannan has a chain of about 60 hexose units with two branch points, and is joined at its reducing end to the 1-position of a glycerol moiety bearing two fatty acid residues. Succinic acid on the mannan enables it to bind Mg2+ efficiently, and the polymer is firmly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane, probably by intercalation of its fatty acids with those of the membrane lipids.

The M quadruplets: I. Probability of uniovular origin judged from qualitative traits.

SummaryThe M quadruplets have been regarded as monozygotic by all investigators who have studied them carefully. Previous authors have based their diagnosis on the description of the placenta, on early physical resemblances, and on qualitative features.The addition of blood group tests to the criteria now tends to confirm the earlier conclusion. From an extension of methods devised for use in twins, it appears that the probability that these quadruplets originated from more than one zygote is less than one per cent. However, some quantitative differences, especially in finger prints, require a more elaborate analysis, and such an analysis will be presented and discussed in a second article.

Correlazione fra alcuni caratteri fisici e psichici in gemelli simili e dissimili

SUMMARYThe Author studies the relations between the physical and psychical resemblances in two groups of similar (18 pairs) and dissimilar (21 pairs) twins.The physical characters considered are: the measurements and indexes of the head, face and nose.The psychical characters are: attention, auditive memory, visual memory, taste for colours and mental level.The similar twins betray great resemblance with regard to the measurements and indexes of the head and face and very notable differences with those of the dissimilar twins (excepting the measurements and indexes of the nose).With regard to the psychical characters studied, many (visual memory, taste for colours, mental level, concordance in mistakes) do not show any notable differences. The auditive memory (weak) and the index of attention (very high) betray, however, notable differences. No correlation is observed between physical resemblance (given in millimetres) and concordance in mistakes; while the relation is strong between physical resemblance and the index of attention.