Physical Properties Of Biodiesel Research Articles

Screening of wastewater Oedogonium oblangum algae for hyper-oil transformation into biodiesel by response surface methodology

The algae have gained more significance as a renewable third-generation feedstock for being easily available and a hyper-production source for lipids and biodiesel. Sustainable and cost-effective production of algal biodiesel requires screening and optimization of various culture conditions. Screening of algae on the basis of its lipid content is crucial for exploring its potential for production of biodiesel. In the current study, the screening of six indigenous algal strains was performed based on lipid contents, out of which Oedogonium oblangum (O. oblangum) exhibited hyper-lipid content (15.76%). Bold basal media and wastewater media were compared as culture media to evaluate the growth of O. oblangum; the respective strain showed better growth on wastewater media, therefore, this media was used for further experimentation. A laboratory-based integrated approach was used to enhance production of algal lipids by applying the effects of temperature, pH, and wastewater dilutions. The oil contents were interestingly improved under the optimal culture conditions of temperature (25°C), pH (6.5), wastewater dilution (45%) with oil contents of 18.35%, 17.15%, and 17.95%, respectively. The extracted oil was transformed into biodiesel by alkali-mediated transesterification reactions using four factors (Oil/methanol ratio, temperature, time, and catalyst) by response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM successfully optimized the transesterification reactions with 86.73% of biodiesel under optimal conditions of oil/alcohol ratio (1:7.6 v/v), temperature (60.5°C), time (59 ​min), and catalyst (0.53 ​wt. %). Physical properties of biodiesel (kinematic viscosity; 5.17; acid value; 0.63; flash point; 152; specific gravity; 0.74; calorific value; 42.11; and water contents; 0.03) comply with the ASTM standards and lead to enhance the quality of produced biodiesel. The optimized culture conditions, transesterification reactions, and wastewater medium can be employed for the economically production of biodiesel at commercial scale. Overall, the results showed that biodiesel derived from an indigenous novel algal strain, O. oblangum, has the potential to compete and replace commercially available petro-diesel using wastewater media. It might contribute to resolve the energy challenges being faced by Pakistan and the entire world.

Prediction of CI Engine Emissions Fueled with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube-Doped Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel using Multilayer Neural Network

Nanocatalysts play a significant role to improve the thermal and physical properties of biodiesel. In the present work, the multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as an additive with the fraction of 30, 40, and 50 ppm are dispersed with the different biodiesel–diesel blends of 10%, 30%, and 50% of waste cooking oil (WCO)-based biodiesel (B10, B30, B50) for the prediction of four-stroke compression ignition (CI) engine emissions using multilayer neural network (MLNN) model. An MLNN model uses a backpropagation algorithm to map input and output parameters. The input parameters to MLNN are load, blends, and MWCNTs in ppm. On the other hand, the output parameters are HC, CO, and NOx. The results for the optimum topological structure of 3-10-3 denoted mean square error (MSE) equal to 0.095 that are capable of predicting the emissions for different operating conditions. Thereafter, the developed MLNN model is tested on an experimental setup consisting of a single-cylinder four-stroke CI engine and emission analyzer. The emission characteristics predicted by MLNN are called to be nearly experimental measurements with reasonable accuracy as it depicts the good “R” values as 0.95, 0.96, and 0.976 for HC, CO, and NOx, respectively, and also gives the reasonable average relative error values as 0.83%, 1.01%, and 1.05%, for HC, CO, and NOx, respectively. Further, the developed model is suitable for predicting emissions of CI engines, thus minimizing the cost, time, and labor effort.

Sustainable biodiesel production from Madhuca indica oil using a functionalized industrial waste as a catalyst: Ready to scale-up approach

The current work is about the Madhuca indica tree-based biodiesel production using copper-impregnated dolomite and industrial waste as a novel heterogeneous catalyst. The properties of the Copper@dolomite catalyst were confirmed using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area. For the optimization studies, the data sets were designed using the Box-Behnken method, and the optimization of reaction factors such as reaction temperature, the weight percentage of catalyst, and oil to methanol ratio and reaction time was conducted using the response surface methodology. A maximum yield of 96.1% was obtained catalyzed by Cu@dolomite for a reaction time of 6 h and a temperature of 75 °C with the methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1 with 3 wt% of catalyst. The corresponding biodiesel yield at the fifth reuse cycle was around 92.60%. The physical properties of biodiesel are within the ASTM D 6751 limits and can be used for industrial applications. Techno-Economic analysis was performed using Aspen Plus simulation software for a plant capacity of 1000 kg/h and its results were discussed in detail. From the results, it was known that it is technically and economically feasible to produce biodiesel from Madhuca indica oil.

Experimental study of droplet combustion and diesel engine characteristics for Azolla biodiesel

ABSTRACT This study pertains to studying the feasibility of the third-generation biodiesel obtained from one of the algae species known as Azolla microphylla by exploring their fundamental droplet combustion behavior and diesel engine characteristics. Firstly, the droplet evolution and burn rate are investigated for diesel, Azolla100, and Azolla50 (50% biodiesel +50% diesel) based on the experimental study of suspended droplet combustion. The diesel droplet showed steady combustion with linear regression for the decrease in droplet surface with time throughout its lifetime, while the Azolla100 and Azolla50 droplets showed a linear trend initially, and after a certain point, they resulted in a non-linear trend as a result of disruptive burning. The evaporation and burn rate was found to be higher for Azolla100 and Azolla50 than diesel during the steady burning period and thereafter it decreased with increasing Azolla concentration. The time evolution of droplet combustion images indicated that with increasing biodiesel concentration, the combustion duration was decreased due to secondary droplet ejections and microexplosion, and the residue burning duration was increased. The microexplosion increased the rate of combustion, however, droplet ejection resulted in incomplete combustion. Secondly, the engine experiments were performed for Azolla50 at different fuel injection pressures. The results showed that in-cylinder pressure and Brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for Azolla50 at 300 bar injection pressure were lower than diesel due to limitations with the physical properties of biodiesel. In order to improve the engine characteristics of Azolla50, this study increased the fuel injection pressure to 900 bar. As a result, the BTE for Azolla50 at 900 bar injection pressure is improved by 9.2% and 10.2% at low and full load conditions, respectively, compared to Azolla50 at 300 bar injection pressure. Overall, the spray-driven combustion for Azolla50 is limited by the physical properties of the biodiesel, which affects the mixture formation. On the other hand, the microexplosion and droplet ejection observed with the biodiesel during the combustion study would favor the combustion by improving the atomization and mixing process.

Investigation of Mahua, Pongamia and waste cooking oil blends as biodiesel properties

Looking at the present scenario of world’s energy consumption and its dependency on fossil fuels, biodiesel has become a ray of hope as it is environmental friendly fuel derived from plant sources. In that context the present paper reports the study of physical properties of Mahua, Pongamia and Waste cooking oil blend for usage as biodiesels in engines. Each biodiesel has its own specific properties which need to be tested before running test on a engine. The physical properties such as kinematic viscosity, flash point, fire point, density, heating values and acid values are measured for MPW (Mahua 50%, Pongamia 30%, Waste Cooking Oil 20%), PWM (Pongamia 50%, Waste Cooking Oil 30%, Mahua 20%) and WMP (Waste Cooking Oil 50%, Mahua 30%, Pongamia 20%) compositions prepared on volume basis. This study discovered that WMP biodiesel physical properties match nearly to that of diesel fuel. It is the best alternative with moderate flash point temperature, fire point temperature, better thermal efficiency, density and acid value in comparison with MPW and PWM biodiesels.

Injection and Combustion Analysis of Pure Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester (RME) in a Pump-Line-Nozzle Fuel Injection System

This work suggests an interpretation to the quantitatively higher formation of NOx in a compression ignition (CI) engine when fueled with pure biodiesel (B100). A comparative study about the use of rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) and diesel fuel mixtures on injection timing, in-chamber pressure, heat release rate, and NOx emissions were carried out using a diesel engine equipped with a pump-line-nozzle injection system. Such engines are still widely adopted mainly in agriculture, as the fleet of agricultural machinery is particularly old (often over 20 years) and the use of biofuels can reduce the environmental footprint of the sector. This work aims to supply some general explanations and figures useful to interpret the phenomena occurring within the fuel line and in the combustion process when using biodiesel, as well as in engines with different construction characteristics and fueling systems. Given the contradictory results available in the literature, the so-called “biodiesel NOx effect” cannot be explained solely by the different physical properties of biodiesel (in particular, a higher bulk modulus). Experimental results show that, with the same pump settings, the start of injection with the RME is slightly advanced while the injection pressure values remain almost the same. With the RME, the pressure in the injection line increases faster due to its greater bulk modulus but the pressure rise starts from a lower residual pressure. The start of combustion takes place earlier, the heat release during the premixed phase is steeper, and a higher peak is reached. The NOx emissions with the RME are at least 9% higher when compared to mineral diesel fuel. The greater amount of the RME injected per cycle compensates for its minor lower heating value, and the brake torque at full load is similar to the two analyzed fuels. Finally, a variation of the pump line timing is evaluated in order to assess the effect of the delay and the advance of the injection on the performance of the engine and on the emissions. A viable and simple solution in the variation of the injection strategy is suggested to counterbalance the biodiesel NOx effect.

Potential of papaya seeds as a heterogenous catalyst in biodiesel synthesis

A biomass based low-cost catalyst production has been attempted. This study evaluated papaya seeds as the catalyst precursor for biodiesel synthesis. Dried papaya seed powder was calcined at 500°C for 3 hours to produce papaya seed ash. Then, papaya seed ash was applied as catalyst for transesterification of palm oil and methanol. Catalyst load and reaction time was varied. Papaya seed ash was analyzed by SEM-EDX and biodiesel physical properties was analyzed according to the European standards (EN 14214). SEM-EDX results indicated that papaya seed ash contains a number of minerals such as K2O, MgO and CaO which can function as catalysts in biodiesel synthesis. The produced biodiesel also met European standards. Highest biodiesel yield of 95.6% was obtained for reaction temperature of 60°C, reaction time of 2 hours, catalyst load of 2%, methanol to oil ratio of 12:1. Preliminary research revealed that PSA may be applied as a catalyst in biodiesel synthesis.

The Effect of Use Microwave Irradiation in Produce Biodiesel Nyamplung Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn) Using KOH Catalyst

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum Linn) is a non edible that has the potential to produce high yield biodiesel. Oil nyamplung in this study had amounted to 27,498% FFA content, therefore, needs a pretreatment process consisting of degumming to remove gum, esterification and neutralization to lower FFA <2% so that the oil can be resumed in the transesterification process. The purpose of this research to study the effect of microwave power, time and temperature of the reaction to yield biodiesel, identify methyl ester in the product and assess the kinetics of making biodiesel from oil nyamplung using microwave irradiation. Transesterification is done by using a variation of power (100, 200 and 400W), variations of time (5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 minutes) and variations of temperature (50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 °C). The results showed the best conditions using microwave power of 200 W at 65 ° C for 5 minutes, maximum yield of 84,62% biodiesel and biodiesel physical properties meet the standard of SNI 04-7182-2006. GCMS analysis showed that the methyl ester of biodiesel oil nyamplung is 30,23% methyl oleic, 25,76% methyl linolelaidate, 19.21% methyl palmitate, 15,75% methyl stearic, 2,11% methyl lignocerate, 1,41%, methyl eicosanoic, 0,54% methyl behenate and 0,37% methyl palmitoleic. Transesterification reaction rate constant of first order at a temperature of 55 °C, 65 °C and 70 °C is 0,395 min−1, 0,405 min−1 and 0,412 min−1. Pre exponential factor (A) amounted to 1,0161 L / mol min; the activation energy (Ea) 2579,834 J/mole and the rate of transesterification reaction (rt) = 1,0161e(2579,834/RT)[ME]. The results of this study showed that the rate of reaction using microwave irradiation higher and the reaction time becomes 1/6 times faster with activation energy value is smaller than with conventional methods.

A comprehensive parametric, energy and exergy analysis for oxygenated biofuels based dual-fuel combustion in an automotive light duty diesel engine

Presently methanol based dual fuel reactivity controlled compression ignition (DFRCCI) has more and more attention in fuel and engine research field because of its potential in reducing the engine-out harmful emissions and evading the dependency on fossil fuel resources. However, while using methanol along with diesel in DFRCCI combustion, a substantial increase in incomplete combustion loss was observed at lower loads due to lower fuel stratification, global reactivity and in-cylinder temperature. Hence, to address this limitation, diesel fuel was replaced by a biodiesel, and a detailed experimental study was performed with energy and exergy analysis to show the potential of biodiesel over diesel. In this study, a modified automotive diesel engine was tested under CDC and DFRCCI combustion strategy using Methanol/ Diesel (M/D) and Methanol/ Biodiesel (M/BD) fuel combinations at 2100 rpm, 3.4 bar BMEP load condition. The experimental parametric study shows that 60% of methanol energy can be effectively utilised with an advanced direct injection and a moderate level of exhaust gas recirculation. Energy analysis clearly indicated the reason for the improvement in brake thermal efficiency in DFRCCI combustion. Reduced energy loss in the exhaust and coolant, increased brake thermal efficiency was observed in DFRCCI compared to CDC. However, increased incomplete combustion loss was observed in M/D DFRCCI combustion compared to CDC. Whereas, reduced incomplete combustion loss was observed while using biodiesel instead of diesel due to increased fuel stratification caused by the physical properties of biodiesel and in-cylinder temperature. Further, lower exergy destruction was observed in M/BD DFRCCI compared to M/D DFRCCI combustion.

A reduced reaction mechanism of biodiesel surrogates with low temperature chemistry for multidimensional engine simulation

A reduced biodiesel mechanism composed of 156 species and 589 reactions is reduced from an original complex mechanism (3299 species and 10806 reactions) based on MD, MD9D, and n-heptane as the surrogates. The mechanism reduction is conducted using the path flux analysis method, which considers multiple reaction path generations in the analysis of species interactions, and isomer lumping. Calculations of homogeneous auto-ignition and perfectly stirred reactor (PSR) combustion on a variety of reaction states, including pressures from 1 to 100 atm and equivalence ratios from 0.5 to 2, are the basis of the reduction. The initial temperatures are from 700 to 1800 K for the auto-ignition, and the inlet temperature is 300 K for the PSR. These reaction states cover the high-pressure and low-temperature operating conditions of future engines using advanced combustion technologies characterized by fuel–air premixing and auto-ignition. The fidelity of the resulting reduced mechanism with low-temperature chemistry is examined using a variety of applications. Close agreements between the reduced and original mechanisms are obtained in the predictions of ignition delay, history of mixture temperature, and species mole fraction during homogeneous auto-ignition and the temperature profile in PSR. The reduced mechanism, further integrated with a nitrogen oxides chemistry and a two-step soot model, is implemented into the KIVA/CHEMKIN program for the 3D simulation of biodiesel spray combustion. The predicted liquid and vapor penetrations agree with the experimental data in a non-reactive biodiesel spray simulation, indicating an accurate estimation of biodiesel physical properties. In the simulation of biodiesel spray combustion, predicted spatial distributions of hydroxyl radical and soot also agree with the corresponding experimental data.

Study of FAME model systems: Database and evaluation of predicting models for biodiesel physical properties

The present paper reports a viscosity and density unpublished database of systems formed for fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), leading to 426 experimental data points of each property. Kay’s mixing rule and Grunberg-Nissan equation were used to estimate data and the group contribution models GC-VOL and GC-UNIMOD were used to predict density and viscosity, respectively. For surface tension, parameters of a Wilson modified equation were adjusted and tested in systems with composition similar to biodiesel. Density estimations resulted in global average relative deviations (ARD) of 0.02%, 0.07% and 0.15% for Kay’s mixing rule weighted in mass and molar fractions, and GC-VOL model, respectively. For viscosities, GC-UNIMOD was the most accurate model with global ARD of 5.17%. The surface tension prediction resulted in global ARD minor than 7.00%. These results are an important tool to improve the biodiesel production, its modeling and simulation.

Effect of Storage towards Oxidation Stability and Physical Properties of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel machines, forming from vegetable oil, animal fat, and cooking oil. The use of biodiesel increases with the enactment of Indonesian Ministerial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 12/2015, which requires the use of biodiesel (B100) by 20% in motorized vehicles, starting from January 2016. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of the vegetable oil industry, that can be converted into biodiesel. PFAD used in this research was obtained from the Palm Oil Plantation Research Center of North Sumatra, with free fatty acid content of 95.2 %mol. PFAD, which was converted to biodiesel through an esterification reaction is 99.6%, with molar ratio of PFAD:Methanol of 1: 9 and addition of sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.6% v/v methanol. Analysis of oxidative stability in biodiesel was carried out using Rancimat method. Biodiesel stored for approximately one month has an Induction Period (IP) of 5.25 hours, decreases from 6.15 hours without storage. Storage time for biodiesel can be extended by the addition of antioxidant X. In terms of economy, the optimum antioxidant X concentration added to biodiesel is 0.06 ppm. Biodiesel stored for approximately one month with addition of 0.06 ppm antioxidant X, has an Induction Period (IP) of 6.34 hours. Reaction rate constant of antioxidant X in biodiesel at temperature of 110°C is 0.0042 m−1 and the critical concentration of antioxidant X at 110°C is 7.618 × 10−6 M.

The Use of Super Base CaO from Eggshells as a Catalyst in the Process of Biodiesel Production

The use of heterogeneous catalysts in the biodiesel production process provides advantages because it is easier in the catalyst separation process. One type of heterogeneous catalyst that can be used is CaO. The raw materials for CaO are abundant in nature and can be obtained from various sources including agricultural waste such as eggshells. The alkalinity level of CaO can be increased to super baser CaO through the activation process of CaO by using an ammonium carbonate solution. Super base CaO which is used as a catalyst for transesterification reaction in the production of biodiesel made from palm oil. This research was carried out by varying the reaction time starting from 1, 2 and 3 hours. The highest yield was obtained at 3 hours reaction time of 93.92%. The results of the analysis of the physical properties of biodiesel obtained density in the range 853-854 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity 3.24-3.26 mm2/s (cSt), saponification number 193-201 mg-KOH/g biodiesel and acid number 0.3-0.7 mg-KOH/g. These characteristics meet the biodiesel quality standards based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 04-7182-2015. Thus the use of super base CaO from eggshells can be used as a catalyst in the process of biodiesel production.

Characterization and determination of thermodynamic properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel: Experimental, correlation and modeling density over a wide temperature range up to 393.15 and pressure up to 140 MPa

Biodiesel can be described as mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, derived from a vegetable oil in reactions with alcohols. The physical properties of biodiesel are largely determined by the length of the hydrocarbon chain, the degree of unsaturation, and the effect of molecular packing, while the calculation of the thermodynamic properties of biodiesel is difficult in reason they are high molar weight components and complex structures. The density data (136 points) for waste cooking oil biodiesel at several temperatures between 298.15 K and 393.15 K and pressures up to 140 MPa are reported. The chemical constituents were analyzed by GC/MS, 1HNMR and 13CNMR in order to determine the fatty acid composition of waste cooking oil biodiesel. An Anton Paar vibrating tube densimeter, calibrated with an uncertainty of ±0.7 kg m−3 was used to perform these measurements between 298.15 K and 393.15 K. In this work, the density experimental data of biodiesel were correlated with the Tait equation of state (EoS), an empirical equation widely used for high pressure density correlation. The PC-SAFT equation of state using group contribution methods was employed for the calculation of parameters and prediction of biodiesel densities.The statistical parameters of empirical Tait-correlation are much lower than the experimental uncertainty of the density measurements with the AAD (0.01%), MD (0.04%), Bias (7.1 × 10−4%), and standard deviation, σ (1.5 × 10−4g.cm−3), and from PC-SAFT, density of sample was reasonably well predicted with an average relative deviation 0.083%In addition, the isobaric thermal expansivity and the isothermal compressibility have been derived from the Tait-like equation.

Study on corrosion behavior of storage tanks filled with biodiesel and the blends

Corrosion is one of rising problem in the use of biodiesel. Improper storage of biodiesel may cause corrosion to occur faster and give a worse damage effect. Biodiesel is commonly stored longer in B100 (neat biodiesel). In this work, the corrosion characteristics of three different material of tanks for B100 and the blends (B20) are examined. Those metallic materials used are Stainless Steel 304 (SS), Carbon Steel (CS), and Galvanic Steel (GS). The fuel has been monitored every 45 days in 135 days. The corrosion occurrence related to some changes in the physical properties of the fuel stored. It is also identified through the change in tanks’ thickness, weight, and the morphology of metal tank surfaces. The result shows a great change in biodiesel physical properties occurred in GS tank, where the BXX acid value increased by 25.39% and the water content changed to 43.18%. While, biodiesel which stored in SS tank performed best with minor change in base and wall thickness with the change of under 1% and the weight change was only 0.02%. In a certain of time, the morphological examination shows CS as the recommended material for biodiesel storage due to uniform corrosion performance.

Utilization of kinnow peel extract with different wastewaters for cultivation of microalgae for potential biodiesel production

High cost of nutrients is a major limiting factor in achieving economically viable microalgal biodiesel production. In this study, three economically feasible cultivation medium containing sufficient amount of organic and inorganic nutrients required for algal biomass production were prepared from the extracts of kinnow peel separately in combination with dairy wastewater, sewage and distilled water. A maximum of 1.02 ± 0.03 g/L biomass yield was achieved with T. indica in KEMS in 24 days of cultivation period. Removal of micronutrients like 66.19% Ca, 27.33% K, 73% Mg, 44.28% Mn, 89.62% Al, 57.14% Fe, 59% Cu and 65.38% Pb were obtained in KEMS medium. T. indica consumed 95, 67% and 70% of ammoniacal nitrogen from KEM, KEMD and KEMS medium, respectively. The FAME profile of T. indica in KEMS contained myristic acid (0.53%), pentadecanoic acids (1.47%) palmitic acid (26%), oleic acid (28%), linoleic acid (18%), linolenic acid (5%) and eicosanoid acid (18.5%) as major fatty acids. Physical properties of biodiesel in KEMS were in an acceptable range of standards EN14214 and ASTM6751, and were also comparable with plant oil methyl esters. This study suggests that kinnow peel extract with different wastewaters produced high biomass and it is economically viable medium for biodiesel feedstock production.

Comparative Analysis of Fuel Composition and Physical Properties of Biodiesel, Diesel, Kerosene, and Jet Fuel

Biodiesel is an important alternative fuel synthesized by the trans-esterification of vegetable oils, animal fats, and recycled greases. In this experiment, students prepared biodiesel through the ...

Optimization of biodiesel production as a clean fuel for thermal power plants using renewable energy source

Abstract The cost of biodiesel production as a renewable source is always an obstacle in industry. In order to overcome this problem, another renewable source, solar collector was used to investigate and optimize the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil for methyl ester production. Three main factors, which include catalyst (NaOH) concentration, reaction temperature and time, were varied according to a central composite design. The yield of methyl ester as the first response was determined by using NMR method. The second response was the commercial cost of production. In order to reduce fossil energy consumption for electric power as a main part of cost, the solar collector was used to provide heat. The results based on response surface method showed that the best conditions for producing biodiesel in the constant molar ratio of 1:6 oil:methanol were the temperature of 60 °C, NaOH concentration of 0.3% wt/wt and reaction time of 60 min. In these optimum conditions, the yield of methyl ester and the cost of production for one-liter biodiesel were 78.6% and 0.706$, respectively. Also, some chemical and physical properties of biodiesel were compared with those of petro-diesel fuel and biodiesel production without solar collector has been done for achieving price differences.

Characterization of Biodiesel from Castor Raw Oil

In the present work, castor bio-diesel (C.B.D)fuel of raw castor oil (Ricinus CommunisL.) was synthesized in the presence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst. The influence of catalyst concentration on the yield of castor bio-diesel Fuel was studied. Therefore, different physical properties of bio-diesel could be termed as Caster Bio Diesel (C.B.D) was measured according to American Society of Testing Material (ASTM). Also, the chemical composition of bio diesel was determined by using Gas Chromatography, Mass spectrum (GC-MS) and the functional groups using Infra-Red spectrum (IR). Thus, the main conclusion was drived from both physical and chemical investigations that these synthesized bio-diesel could be used as alternative of diesel.

The influence of biodiesel composition on compression ignition combustion and emissions

Renewable alternatives to fossil fuels are necessary for the reduction of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the increased atmospheric concentrations of which are resulting in global climate change. Biodiesel, fatty acid esters prepared from the reaction of triglycerides with alcohols, is a potentially sustainable fuel for compression ignition combustion, and is already widely used to displace fossil-derived diesels. However, there is a wide range of potential feedstocks suitable for the production of biodiesel, and the composition of these oils and alcohols can have a significant impact on the combustion characteristics of the resultant biodiesel. Therefore, this paper presents a review of biodiesel composition from various sources, and the effects of differing composition on combustion phasing and the emissions of regulated pollutants, NOx and particulate matter, in compression ignition engines. The primary influence of biodiesel composition on fuel ignition delay is through the fatty acid alkyl moiety, with either an increase in alkyl chain length or degree of saturation reducing the duration of ignition delay. NOx emission levels are determined through in-cylinder temperature conditions, most strongly influenced in common rail injection systems by the duration of ignition delay and in mechanical injection systems by injection timing, which advances with increasing biodiesel bulk modulus. Emissions of particulate matter increase with biodiesel physical properties, such as boiling point or viscosity, which increase with both increasing fatty acid moiety and alcohol moiety alkyl chain length.