Physical Pole Research Articles

Phase structure of the on-shell parametrized 2+1 flavor Polyakov quark-meson model

Augmenting the improved chiral effective potential of the on-shell renormalized 2+1 flavor quark-meson (RQM) model with the Polyakov-loop potential that accounts for the deconfinement transition, we get the quantum chromodynamics (QCD)-like framework of the renormalized Polyakov quark-meson (RPQM) model. When the divergent quark one-loop vacuum term is included in the effective potential of the quark-meson (QM) model, its tree-level parameters, or the parameters fixed by the use of meson curvature masses, become inconsistent as the curvature masses involve the self-energy evaluations at zero momentum. Using the modified minimal subtraction method, the consistent chiral effective potential for the RQM model has been calculated after relating the counterterms in the on-shell scheme to those in the MS¯ scheme and finding the relations between the renormalized parameters of both the schemes where the physical (pole) masses of the π, K, η, and η′ pseudoscalar mesons and the scalar σ meson, the pion and kaon decay constants, have been put into the relation of the running couplings and mass parameter. Using the RPQM model and the PQM model with different forms for the Polyakov-loop potentials in the presence or the absence of the quark backreaction, we have computed and compared the effect of the consistent quark one-loop correction and the quark backreaction on the scaled chiral order parameter, the QCD phase diagrams, and the different thermodynamic quantities. The results have been compared with the 2+1 flavor lattice QCD data from the Wuppertal-Budapest Collaboration [ 73, ] and the HotQCD Collaboration []. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

SuSpect3: A C++ code for the supersymmetric and Higgs particle spectrum of the MSSM

We present the program SuSpect3 that calculates the masses and couplings of the Higgs and supersymmetric particles predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). The model is implemented in both its non-constrained version, the MSSM, and its constrained versions, such as the minimal supergravity and the gauge or anomaly mediated supersymmetry breaking models, in which the soft supersymmetry–breaking parameters obey certain universal boundary conditions at the high energy scale. The low energy parameters are then obtained using renormalization group equations and electroweak symmetry breaking, and all the dominant radiative corrections have been consistently implemented. SuSpect3 is a major rewrite, in C++ object oriented programming, of the FORTRAN code SuSpect. It includes all the features of the earlier code in an improved and updated manner, and involves new options such as compressed SUSY scenarios, an MSSM-inflation model and the possibility of using the observed Higgs mass as an input. The main features and the use of the program are explained. Program summaryProgram Title:SuSpect3CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/55jv4kdrm8.1Developer's repository link:http://suspect.in2p3.frLicensing provisions: GPLv3Programming language:C++, compatible C++98, C++11, C++14, C++17Nature of problem: Supersymmetric models such as the MSSM, mSUGRA, GMSB, AMSB and others have specific parameter sets and boundary conditions. SuSpect3 translates the parameter sets of the models into predictions of the Higgs and supersymmetric particles masses. The mixing matrices of the physical states as well as the mixing angles are calculated in addition to the scale dependent parameters.Solution method: The spectrum of the Higgs and supersymmetric particles depends on the model, its supersymmetric parameter set and the Standard Model parameters. The evolution of the parameters as function of the energy scale is calculated by solving numerically the Renormalization Group Equations. Model dependent boundary conditions are applied at the appropriate scale. Electroweak symmetry breaking is calculated iteratively at the electroweak scale. The application of radiative corrections translate the scale dependent particle masses into the physical pole masses.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The parameters and physical masses are defined to be real. Warnings are issued if intermediate results are unphysical.Compiles with gcc-4.8.5 and later (checked with gcc-8.1.0).

Artificial intelligence-controlled pole balancing using an Arduino board

Automation Process (AP) is an important issue in the current digitized world and, in general, represents an increase in the quality of productivity when compared with manual control. Balance is a natural human capacity as it relates to complex operations and intelligence. Balance Control presents an extra challenge in automation processes, due to the many variables that may be involved. This work presents a physical balancing pole where a Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent can explore the environment, sense its position through accelerometers, and wirelessly communicate and eventually learns by itself how to keep the pole balanced under noise disturbance. The agent uses RL principles to explore and learn new positions and corrections that lead toward more significant rewards in terms of pole equilibrium. By using a Q-matrix, the agent explores future conditions and acquires policy information that makes it possible to maintain stability. An Arduino microcontroller processes all training and testing. With the help of sensors, servo motors, wireless communications, and artificial intelligence, components merge into a system that consistently recovers equilibrium under random position changes. The obtained results prove that through RL, an agent can learn by itself to use generic sensors, actuators and solve balancing problems even under the limitations that a microcontroller presents.

Isospin-breaking in varepsilon '/varepsilon : impact of eta _0 at the dawn of the 2020s

For direct CP-violation in Krightarrow pi pi decays, the usual isospin-breaking effects at the percent level are amplified by the dynamics behind the Delta I=1/2 rule and conventionally encoded in Omega _mathrm{IB} parameters. The updated prediction Omega _mathrm{IB}^{(8)}=(15.9pm 8.2)times 10^{-2} of the Chiral Perturbation Theory for the strong isospin-breaking due to pi _3-eta _8 mixing confirms such a tendency but is quite sensitive to the theoretical input value of the low-energy constant corresponding to the flavour-singlet eta _0 exchange contribution in this truncated octet scheme. We rather exploit the phenomenological eta _8-eta _0 mixing as a probe for the non-negligible flavour-singlet component of the physical eta pole to find Omega _mathrm{IB}^{(9)}=(35pm 7)times 10^{-2} in a complete nonet scheme. A large central value in the nonet scheme is thus substituted for a large uncertainty in the octet one. Including the experimental pi ^+-pi ^0 mass difference as the dominant electromagnetic isospin-breaking, we obtain for the effective parameter entering the ratio varepsilon '/varepsilon an improved result hat{Omega }_mathrm{eff}^{(9)}=(29pm 7)times 10^{-2} to be compared with hat{Omega }_mathrm{eff}^{(8)}=(17pm 9)times 10^{-2} used in recent analyses of varepsilon '/varepsilon . Accordingly, we get a reduction from (varepsilon '/varepsilon )_text {SM}^{(8)}=(17.4pm 6.1)times 10^{-4} to (varepsilon '/varepsilon )_text {SM}^{(9)}=(13.9pm 5.2)times 10^{-4} and thereby an effective suppression of (varepsilon '/varepsilon )_text {SM} by isospin-breaking corrections as large as 40% relative to the recent RBC-UKQCD value.

Percepção de usuários sobre os Polos Comunitários de atividade física em duas cidades do Ceará, Brasil

Introdução: A realização da prática de atividade física proporciona benefícios para a saúde e, consequentemente, para a qualidade de vida das pessoas, auxiliando na promoção da saúde e na prevenção de doenças. Objetivo: Compreender a percepção dos usuários acerca dos polos de atividade física com ênfase na estrutura, funcionamento e suporte profissional nas práticas de promoção da saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa. Os loci do estudo envolveram dois polos comunitários de atividade física, sendo um deles do Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS), em distintos municípios. A amostra contou com 15 participantes, sendo 5 de um polo e 10 do outro ao qual funciona o PAS. Os dados foram coletados através da entrevista semiestruturada e sintetizados por meio de análise temática. Resultados: Observaram-se divergências em relação às falas da população sobre o polo comunitário de atividade física e sobre o polo do Programa Academia da Saúde. Foi evidenciada a ausência de profissionais para auxiliar nas práticas dos exercícios e para realizar orientações necessárias concernentes à prática da atividade. Registrou-se também que a distância entre a residência e o polo pode ser potencial incentivador ou desestimulador, uma vez que a localização dos polos distantes das residências dificulta a adesão rotineira da população à prática de atividades físicas. Conclusão: Prevalece entre os entrevistados a insatisfação sobre a organização e funcionamento dos polos comunitários de atividade física.

Systematic Evaluation of Microwave-Assisted Magnetic Recording

Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording (MAMR) is a type of energy assisted recording technology that uses microwaves to assist in the recording process. This allows for the use of high anisotropy media to maintain good thermal stability at high areal densities [1]. In MAMR, a spin torque oscillator (STO) is placed between the main pole and trailing shield to generate a magnetic field at microwave frequencies. The magnetic recording trilemma [2] is overcome by reducing the coercive field of the media via this microwave field, thereby aiding in the switching of media grains. Appropriate media stack configurations for MAMR and STO optimization have been investigated by both analytical theory and micromagnetic simulation [3], [4], [5]. In this paper, MAMR performance is evaluated on a reference design using our MAMR micro-magnetic model and the results are reported using EWSNR metrics [6]. In this study, we compare performance metrics for MAMR with other recording technologies such as Perpendicular Magnetic Recording (PMR) and Heat Assisted Magnetic Recording (HAMR). Recording media dynamics are modeled using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation for PMR and MAMR, and utilizing the renormalized LLG method for HAMR [7]. The DC magnetic write field is a current generation PMR writer design with 55 nm physical pole width and 1.0 T peak field strength. The STO stack has an optimized geometry that applies a 3D circularly polarized AC field to the media. STO field strength (∼0.1Hk) and oscillating frequency (∼35GHz) are determined by the magnetic properties of the field generation layer (FGL) and the magnitude of the injected spin current. The magnetic head to media spacing (HMS) is fixed at 6.0 nm and head velocity is modeled to be 20 m/s. For MAMR, single layer media with varying anisotropy are considered. The PMR ECC multilayer media model, which is calibrated based on current PMR products, contains multiple magnetic layers and non-magnetic break layers that provide optimal exchange coupling. The HAMR media is a single layer L1 0 FePt media with a Curie temperature distribution of 3% and anisotropy field distribution of 10%. The down track thermal gradient used in the HAMR model is around 8K/nm, which is consistent with common near field transducer designs. The average media grain size is around 8.0 nm with 17% grain size distribution. A magnetoresistive reader with 30 nm width is used for obtaining the play back signal. Magnetic information is encoded using pseudo random bit sequences (PRBS), which mimic real user data. Figure 1 shows a comparison between PMR, HAMR and MAMR with thick free layer designs in terms of common performance metrics. Ensemble waveform analysis is used to calculate the total spatial SNR, the breakdown between transition and remanence SNR contributions, and the channel bit density (CBD) [6]. Bit error rate (BER) is calculated using a pattern dependent Viterbi detector [8]. The use of an NFT in HAMR allows the recording of much narrower tracks than PMR, with similar CBD and reasonable SNR and BER. In general, MAMR exhibits a large CBD, which may be related to intersymbol interference and track edge erasure caused by the demagnetization field. This high CBD results in much worse BER than both HAMR and PMR at all track width and linear density combinations considered. For the same ADC (shown in the last two table items in figure 1), SNR and BER are much better when the linear density is higher and the track width is larger. Since track edge demagnetization effects seem to have such a large effect in MAMR, this data suggests MAMR should aim to increase ADC via higher linear density and lower track density. For thick free layers, multi domains and multi-scattering contributions to electron’s propagation can greatly deteriorate STO performance. Therefore, SNR versus recording media Hk for MAMR with thin free layer designs below 15 nm and STO width of 40 nm is shown in Figure 2. The figure suggests an optimal for MAMR media of around 25 kOe. MAMR SNR degradation at 20 kOe is due to erasure effects for low Hk material [9]. For high anisotropy media ∼30 kOe, the transition SNR is reasonable (around 12 dB), but remanence noise is high, causing a 2 dB loss in total SNR.

Renormalization in a Lorentz-violating model and higher-order operators

The renormalization in a Lorentz-breaking scalar-spinor higher-derivative model involving phi ^4 self-interaction and the Yukawa-like coupling is studied. We explicitly de-monstrate that the convergence is improved in comparison with the usual scalar-spinor model, so, the theory is super-renormalizable, with no divergences beyond four loops. We compute the one-loop corrections to the propagators for the scalar and fermionic fields and show that in the presence of higher-order Lorentz invariance violation, the poles that dominate the physical theory, are driven away from the standard on-shell pole mass due to radiatively induced lower dimensional operators. The new operators change the standard gamma-matrix structure of the two-point functions, introduce large Lorentz-breaking corrections and lead to modifications in the renormalization conditions of the theory. We found the physical pole mass in each sector of our model.

Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition in lattice Schwinger model with one flavor of Wilson fermion

We have made a detailed study of the phase structure for lattice Schwinger model with one flavor of Wilson fermion on the $(m,g)$ plane. For numerical investigation, we develop a decorated tensor renormalization method for lattice gauge theories with fermions incorporating the Grassmann tensor renormalization. Our algorithm manifestly preserves rotation and reflection symmetries. We find not only a parity-broken phase but also a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition by evaluating the central charge and an expectation value of a projection operator into the parity-odd subspace. The BKT phase boundaries converge into the degenerated doubler pole $(m,g)=(-2,0)$, while the parity-breaking transition line ends at the physical pole $(m,g)=(0,0)$. In addition, our analysis of scaling dimensions indicates that a conformal field theory with $\mathrm{SU}(2)$ symmetry arises on the line of $m=-2$.

Sanity check for NN bound states in lattice QCD with Lüscher’s finite volume formula – Disclosing Symptoms of Fake Plateaux –

The sanity check is to rule out certain classes of obviously false results, not to catch every possible error. After reviewing such a sanity check for NN bound states with the Lüscher’s finite volume formula [1–3], we give further evidences for the operator dependence of plateaux, a symptom of the fake plateau problem, against the claim [4]. We then present our critical comments on [5] by NPLQCD: (i) Operator dependences of plateaux in NPL2013 [6, 7] exist with the P value of 4–5%. (ii) The volume independence of plateaux in NPL2013 does not prove their correctness. (iii) Effective range expansions (EREs) in NPL2013 violate the physical pole condition. (iv) Their comment is partly based on new data and analysis different from the original ones. (v) Their new ERE does not satisfy the Lüscher’s finite volume formula.

A dark matter model that reconciles tensions between the cosmic-ray e± excess and the gamma-ray and CMB constraints

The cosmic-ray (CR) e± excess observed by AMS-02 can be explained by dark matter (DM) annihilation. However, the DM explanation requires a large annihilation cross section which is strongly disfavored by other observations, such as the Fermi-LAT gamma-ray observation of dwarf galaxies and the Planck observation of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Moreover, the DM annihilation cross section required by the CR e± excess is also too large to generate the correct DM relic density with thermal production. In this work we use the Breit–Wigner mechanism with a velocity dependent DM annihilation cross section to reconcile these tensions. If DM particles accounting for the CR e± excess with v∼O(10−3) are very close to a resonance in the physical pole case, their annihilation cross section in the Galaxy reaches a maximal value. On the other hand, the annihilation cross section would be suppressed for DM particles with smaller relative velocities in dwarf galaxies and at recombination, which may affect the gamma-ray and CMB observations, respectively. We find a proper parameter region that can simultaneously explain the AMS-02 results and the thermal relic density, while satisfying the Fermi-LAT and Planck constraints.

Towards quantitative precision in the chiral crossover: Masses and fluctuation scales

We investigate the relation between the physical pion pole and screening masses and the mesonic fluctuation scale in low-energy QCD, which relates to the curvature of the mesonic effective potential. This relation is important for the correct relative weight of quantum, thermal and density fluctuations. Hence, it governs the location of phase boundaries as well as the phase structure of QCD. The identification of the correct physics scales is also primarily important for the correct adjustment of the parameters of effective models for low-energy QCD. It is shown that subject to an appropriate definition of the latter, all these scales agree at vanishing temperature, while they deviate from each other at finite temperature.

Wideband Extrapolation of Spatial Responses of Resonant Structures Using Early-Time and Low-Frequency Data

An efficient procedure is presented to extrapolate a wideband electromagnetic response defined over an arbitrary spatial region using early-time and low-frequency data. The previous procedures presented in the literature are efficient for single-point extrapolation and can readily be applied to spatial regions but are terribly inefficient when a response is desired at many spatial locations. In this work, an optimized algorithm is presented to quickly extrapolate over a large number of spatial locations. The time and frequency behavior of the response is fitted by polynomials and pole terms, and the spatial variation is represented with spatially dependent polynomial coefficients and pole residues. A single set of poles, common to all spatial locations of interest, is shown to sufficiently describe the resonant behavior of response over the entire spatial region. A multisignal formulation of the matrix pencil method is applied to determine poles from early time data. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the procedure. Additionally, an automated approach to distinguish physical poles, which correspond to structural resonances, from nonphysical fitting poles is presented. The spatially dependent residues of physical pole terms, referred to here as modal residues, are shown to provide important insight into the resonant behavior of a structure.

Somatic build vs sports result of pole vault contestants aged 16 - 17

Experimental researches conducted between 2005 and 2009 included 20 sportsmen aged 16-17 pole vaulting at the sports club ‘Zawisza’ Bydgoszcz, TS ‘Olimpia’ Poznan, pole vault centre Gdansk, ‘Gwardia’ Pila, ‘Śląsk’ Wrocalaw. The aim of the thesis was to define the relation between somatic parameters and sports results of pole vaulters of junior category (aged 16-17). The following methods and research tools were used in the thesis: evaluation of physical development, testing physical dexterity, recording sports results and statistical description. The analysis of the researches showed great diversity of somatic features and physical dexterity results of particular athletes. The relation which occurs between sports result of the pole vault and the body height (0.66), the length of upper limb and lower limb (0.64, 0.54, respectively) are interesting. On the basis of the above analysis with regard to, among many, small number of the examined, it is not possible to draw far-reaching conclusions concerning the relation which occurs between somatic build and physical dexterity attempts and pole vault result.

The Effects of Electrode Size and Orientation on the Sensitivity of Myoelectric Pattern Recognition Systems to Electrode Shift

Myoelectric pattern recognition systems for prosthesis control are often studied in controlled laboratory settings, but obstacles remain to be addressed before they are clinically viable. One important obstacle is the difficulty of maintaining system usability with socket misalignment. Misalignment inevitably occurs during prosthesis donning and doffing, producing a shift in electrode contact locations. We investigated how the size of the electrode detection surface and the placement of electrode poles (electrode orientation) affected system robustness with electrode shift. Electrodes oriented parallel to muscle fibers outperformed electrodes oriented perpendicular to muscle fibers in both shift and no-shift conditions (p < 0.01). Another finding was the significant difference (p < 0.01) in performance for the direction of electrode shift. Shifts perpendicular to the muscle fibers reduced classification accuracy and real-time controllability much more than shifts parallel to the muscle fibers. Increasing the size of the electrode detection surface was found to help reduce classification accuracy sensitivity to electrode shifts in a direction perpendicular to the muscle fibers but did not improve the real-time controllability of the pattern recognition system. One clinically important result was that a combination of longitudinal and transverse electrodes yielded high controllability with and without electrode shift using only four physical electrode pole locations.

Enhancement of dark matter annihilation via Breit-Wigner resonance

The Breit-Wigner enhancement of the thermally averaged annihilation cross section $⟨\ensuremath{\sigma}v⟩$ is shown to provide a large boost factor when the dark matter annihilation process nears a narrow resonance. We explicitly demonstrate the evolution behavior of the Breit-Wigner enhanced $⟨\ensuremath{\sigma}v⟩$ as the function of universe temperature for both the physical and unphysical pole cases. It is found that both of the cases can lead a large enough boost factor to explain the recent PAMELA, ATIC, and PPB-BETS anomalies. We also calculate the coupling of the annihilation process, which is useful for an appropriate model building to give the desired dark matter relic density.

B-41 棒高跳び身体運動とポール特性の最適化(陸上)

B-41 棒高跳び身体運動とポール特性の最適化(陸上)

Refined gluino and squark pole masses beyond leading order

The physical pole and running masses of squarks and gluinos have recently been related at two-loop order in a mass-independent renormalization scheme. I propose a general method for improvement of such formulas, and argue that better accuracy results. The improved version gives an imaginary part of the pole mass that agrees exactly with the direct calculation of the physical width at next-to-leading order. I also find the leading three-loop contributions to the gluino pole mass in the case that squarks are heavier, using effective field theory and renormalization group methods. The efficacy of these improvements for the gluino and squarks is illustrated with numerical examples. Some necessary three-loop results for gauge coupling and fermion mass beta functions and pole masses in theories with more than one type of fermion representation, which are not directly accessible from the published literature, are presented in an Appendix.

QUANTUM AND CONSCIOUSNESS: IN SEARCH OF A NEW PARADIGM

Abstract. Two fundamental issues raised by Lothar Schäfer are considered: (1) the question of a suitable paradigm within which the findings of quantum physics can be optimally interpreted and (2) the question of the assessment of the presence and importance of mind and consciousness in the universe. In regard to the former, I contend that the ideal of science is to interpret its findings in an optimally consistent and minimally speculative framework. In this context Schäfer's assertion that certain findings in quantum physics (those that relate to virtual states) indicate the presence of mind at the quantum level implies a dualistic and hence unnecessarily speculative assumption. In regard to the assessment of mind and consciousness, a consistent and parsimonious paradigm suggests that mind and consciousness are not part of a chain of events consisting of an admixture of physical and mental events but that physical events form a single, coherent set of events, and mental events another set, with the two sets related, as Teilhard (and a number of other philosophers, including White head) affirmed, as the “within” and the “without” (or the “mental pole” and the “physical pole”) of one and the same fundamental reality. This panpsychist as contrasted with Schäfer's dualist paradigm provides a single self‐consistent framework for the interpretation of quantum (and all natural) events while recognizing the presence of mind in the universe as the least speculative realist implication of our immediate experience of consciousness.

Constraining renormalon effects in lattice determination of heavy quark mass

The Borel summation technique of infrared renormalons is applied to the lattice determination of heavy quark mass. With Borel summation a physical heavy quark pole mass and binding energy of a heavy-light meson can be defined in a rigorous and calculable manner. A notable feature of the Borel summation, compared to the usual perturbative cancellation of IR renormalons, is an automatic scale separation. The two approaches of handling renormalon divergence are compared in the B-meson as well as in an (imaginary) heavy-light meson with a mass much larger than the inverse of the lattice spacing.

Two-loop scalar self-energies and pole masses in a general renormalizable theory with massless gauge bosons

I present the two-loop self-energy functions for scalar bosons in a general renormalizable theory, within the approximation that vector bosons are treated as massless or equivalently that gauge symmetries are unbroken. This enables the computation of the two-loop physical pole masses of scalar particles in that approximation. The calculations are done simultaneously in the mass-independent $\overline{\mathrm{MS}}$, $\overline{\mathrm{DR}}$, and ${\overline{\mathrm{DR}}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ renormalization schemes, and with arbitrary covariant gauge fixing. As an example, I present the two-loop supersymmetric quantum chromodynamics corrections to squark masses, which can increase the known one-loop results by of order 1%. More generally, it is now straightforward to implement all two-loop sfermion pole mass computations in supersymmetry using the results given here, neglecting only the electroweak vector boson masses compared to the superpartner masses in the two-loop parts.