Physical Partition Research Articles

Diagnostic investigation of two EDMF planetary boundary layer schemes used in the GFS model

Abstract The behavior of two eddy-diffusivity mass-flux (EDMF) planetary boundary layer schemes used in Version 15 and 16 of NOAA’s Global Forecast System (GFS) is examined in terms of local and nonlocal mixing processes in a one-dimensional (1-D) model configuration. Diagnosis using process perturbation sensitivity experiments indicates that the nonlocal mixing represented by the mass-flux term is much more dominant in one scheme than the other. Quantitative aspects of the local eddy diffusivity are different between the two schemes, pointing to uncertainty in the physical partition of local and nonlocal mixing in the EDMF formulation. One of the two schemes is also shown to produce unphysical thermal and tracer tendencies due to the scheme’s specific numerical treatment of moist nonlocal mixing. To resolve this problem, a physically and numerically consistent approach is proposed to calculate these tendencies.

Topological twists of massive SQCD, Part II

This is the second and final part of ‘Topological twists of massive SQCD’. Part I is available at Lett. Math. Phys. 114 (2024) 3, 62. In this second part, we evaluate the contribution of the Coulomb branch to topological path integrals for N=2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathcal {N}=2$$\\end{document} supersymmetric QCD with Nf≤3\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$N_f\\le 3$$\\end{document} massive hypermultiplets on compact four-manifolds. Our analysis includes the decoupling of hypermultiplets, the massless limit and the merging of mutually non-local singularities at the Argyres–Douglas points. We give explicit mass expansions for the four-manifolds P2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {P}^2$$\\end{document} and K3. For P2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbb {P}^2$$\\end{document}, we find that the correlation functions are polynomial as function of the masses, while infinite series and (potential) singularities occur for K3. The mass dependence corresponds mathematically to the integration of the equivariant Chern class of the matter bundle over the moduli space of Q-fixed equations. We demonstrate that the physical partition functions agree with mathematical results on Segre numbers of instanton moduli spaces.

Effect of physical partition height on medical staff exposure in a barn-integrated operating room

The barn-integrated operating room (BOR), is defined as an operating room where multiple surgical operating tables are located in the same room, and this type of operating room has an advantage of full and efficient use of medical human resources. However, contaminants (i.e., surgical smoke) will inevitably flow from the surgical zone to other zones, and thus increase the exposure risk of the staff. Such exposure risks have not been analyzed, and there is still a lack of study on measures to avoid mutual interference between different surgical zones remain unmentioned so far. Therefore, a numerical investigation is conducted on the difference in exposure risk of surgeons and circulating nurses in the BOR and COR (conventional operating room, which is an operating room with only one surgical operating table), and then identified the significant potential of physical partition with different heights to reduce infection risk. The results show that the personnel exposure risk in the BOR is higher than that in the COR, especially for the circulating nurses. When a physical partition is mounted on the supply air inlet, the inhalation concentration of surgical staff can be reduced evidently, whether there is one contaminant releasing area or two. In addition, to minimize the risk of personnel exposure in different surgical areas, the partition height is recommended to be 0.3 m–0.9 m.

Diffusion of aerosol pollution in residential bathroom under different air distribution

In this study, based on the numerical simulation, we investigated aerosol pollution diffusion in residential bathroom with exhaust vents at different positions and different ventilation methods. The results show that setting an air outlet under the side wall next to the toilet can discharge aerosol pollutants in time, which not only shortens the diffusion path of aerosol pollutants, but also optimizes the air organization form. The dry and wet separation of the toilet area and the wash area separated by a physical partition adopts the principle of "screen", which effectively blocks the transmission path of aerosol pollutants.

Data Reconstruction of Wireless Sensor Network and Zonal Demand Control in a Large-Scale Indoor Space Considering Thermal Coupling

An indoor high and open space is characterized by high mobility of people and uneven temperature distribution, so the conventional design and operation of air conditioning systems makes it difficult to regulate the air conditioning system precisely and efficiently. Thus, a Wireless Sensor Network was constructed in an indoor space located in Hong Kong to monitor the indoor environmental parameters of the space and improve the temperature control effectively. To ensure the continuity of the measurement data, three algorithms for reconstructing temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide data were implemented and compared. The results demonstrate the accuracy of support vector regression model and multiple linear regression model is higher than Back Propagation neural network model for reconstructing temperature data. Multiple linear regression is the most convenient from the perspective of program complexity, computing speed and difficulty in obtaining input conditions. Based on the data we collected, the traditional single-input-single-output control, zonal temperature control and the proposed zonal demand control methods were modeled on a Transient System Simulation Program (TRNSYS) control platform, the thermal coupling between the subzones without physical partition was taken into account, and the mass transfer between the virtual boundaries was calculated by an external CONTAM program. The simulation results showed the proposed zonal demand control can alleviate the over-cooling or over-heating phenomenon in conventional temperature control, thermal comfort and energy reduction is enhanced as well.

Virtual-Partition Digital PCR for High-Precision Chromosomal Counting Applications.

Digital PCR (dPCR) is the gold-standard analytical platform for rapid high-precision quantification of genomic fragments. However, current dPCR assays are generally limited to monitoring 1-2 analytes per sample, thereby limiting the platform's ability to address some clinical applications that require the simultaneous monitoring of 20-50 analytes per sample. Here, we present virtual-partition dPCR (VPdPCR), a novel analysis methodology enabling the detection of 10 or more target regions per color channel using conventional dPCR hardware and workflow. Furthermore, VPdPCR enables dPCR instruments to overcome upper quantitation limits caused by partitioning error. While traditional dPCR analysis establishes a single threshold to separate negative and positive partitions, VPdPCR establishes multiple thresholds to identify the number of unique targets present in each positive droplet based on fluorescence intensity. Each physical partition is then divided into a series of virtual partitions, and the resulting increase in partition count substantially decreases partitioning error. We present both a theoretical analysis of the advantages of VPdPCR and an experimental demonstration in the form of a 20-plex assay for noninvasive fetal aneuploidy testing. This demonstration assay─tested on 432 samples contrived from sheared cell-line DNA at multiple input concentrations and simulated fractions of euploid or trisomy-21 "fetal" DNA─is analyzed using both traditional dPCR thresholding and VPdPCR. VPdPCR analysis significantly lowers the variance of the chromosomal ratio across replicates and increases the accuracy of trisomy identification when compared to traditional dPCR, yielding > 98% single-well sensitivity and specificity. VPdPCR has substantial promise for increasing the utility of dPCR in applications requiring ultrahigh-precision quantitation.

A new possible route of airborne transmission caused by the use of a physical partition

This study experimentally examines the effect of a physical partition on the risk of short-distance cross-infection in a densely occupied canteen. A human subject was employed to simulate an infected person and three thermal manikins were used to simulate the exposed persons, who sat around the same dining table. Four influential factors were examined, including the height and the type of physical partition (i.e., cross-partition and linear-partition), and the head posture and the activity (i.e., dining or not) of the infected person. The CO2 exhaled by the subject was used to simulate the exhaled air. The ratio of the CO2 concentration at the monitoring points to the background CO2 concentration in the canteen was defined as the exposure index. A partition that is not lower than the breathing level of the infected person by 3–5 cm can effectively block the horizontal development of the expiratory jet. Compared with no partition, the use of cross-partition and linear-partition results in an increase of the exposure index in the source compartment (i.e., the area facing the subject) by 97.2% and 25.5%, respectively. It takes, on average, 11 min for the CO2 concentration in the source compartment to decay back to the background concentration, after the subject completes dining and leaves the seat. This implies that a latter diner is possibly exposed to the high concentration of the expiratory air released by the former diner, presenting a new possible transmission route. The findings obtained in this study should contribute to an improved design and application of physical partitions.

Compartmentation of microbial communities in structure and function for methane oxidation coupled to nitrification–denitrification

A hollow-fiber membrane biofilm reactor was designed and constructed to achieve simultaneous nitrification–denitrification coupled to methane oxidation in low O2/CH4 ratio and high nitrogen removal rate. Three O2/CH4 ratio stages were operated. Ammonia removal rates reached 77.5 and 95 mg/(L·d) at the O2/CH4 ratio of 1.47 and 2.1, respectively. Microbial community analysis revealed that aeration through physical partition and O2/CH4 ratio stages achieved compartmentation of microbial community in structure and function. Combined functional genes analysis using qPCR, the aeration through gas distributer was proved to promote the enrichment of autotrophic ammonia oxidizers in the suspended liquid/mixed filler samples, and the aeration through hollow-fiber membrane favored the growth of methanotrophs and heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification bacteria. This study helps to develop effective regulatory strategies for high nitrogen removal based on the understanding of the community assembly process and the key driving factors.

Vortex-enhanced thermal environment for air-cooled data center: An experimental and numerical study

Poor airflow management attributed to hot air recirculation and cold air by-pass adds massive thermal inefficiencies to air-cooled data center’s cooling system. The containment system usually was adopted to mitigate such drawbacks by isolating the space using a physical partition wall, such as hot aisle containment. Although the recirculation and by-pass can be effectively suppressed, the consequent high backpressure built up in the containment reducing the server air flowrate and possibly increasing the server temperature beyond the acceptable limit. This study presents a new enclosure mechanism for air-cooled data center using a vortex flow as an alternative to the conventional hot aisle containment to reduce the hot recirculation and, at the same time to retain the server air flowrate. The experiments conducted in a half-scale test cell (2-times smaller than a typical data center hall in length scale) examined vortex containment's effectiveness. The experiment results revealed that the average Supply Heat Index (SHI) in vortex hot aisle containment could be reduced to 0.11. Although vortex hot aisle containment did not enclose all hot recirculation compared to the full containment deployed in the benchmark layout, the relieved backpressure (the high pressure in the hot aisle) retains the rack flowrate by 42% (2.1 m/s in the vortex hot aisle containment with a diameter 1.2 m (VFL1200) layout compared to 1.2 m/s in full containment) and results in a 4.3% lower normalized server temperature (1.03 in VFL1200 layout compared to 1.076 in full containment CL). In the end, the validated CFD model provides more insights on vortex containment characteristics, such as the vortex strength and pressure distribution.

On-road virtual reality autonomous vehicle (VRAV) simulator: An empirical study on user experience

Autonomous-vehicle (AV) technologies are rapidly advancing, but a great deal remains to be learned about their interaction and perception on public roads. Research in this area usually relies on AV trials using naturalistic driving which are expensive with various legal and ethical obstacles designed to keep the general public safe. The emerging concept of Wizard-of-Oz simulation is a promising solution to this problem wherein the driver of a standard vehicle is hidden from the passenger using a physical partition, providing the illusion of riding in an AV. Furthermore, head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a means of providing a Wizard-of-Oz protocol for on-road simulations of AVs. Such systems have potential to support a variety of study conditions at low cost, enabling simulation of a variety of vehicles, driving conditions, and circumstances. However, the feasibility of such systems has yet to be shown. This study makes use of a within-subjects factorial design for examining and evaluating a virtual reality autonomous vehicle (VRAV) system, with the aim of better understanding the differences between stationary and on-road simulations, both with and without HMD VR. More specifically, this study examines the effects on user experience of conditions including presence, arousal, simulator sickness and task workload. Participants indicated a realistic and immersive driving experience as part of subjective evaluation of the VRAV system, indicating the system is a promising tool for human-automation interaction and future AV technology developments.

Resilience of Woman in Amrita Pritam's Pinjar

“I am no bird; and no net ensnares me: I am a free human being with an independent will.” ― Charlotte Bronte , Jane Eyre During Independence of the Nation, where the country was being divided on the bases of religion, women were being victimized, oppressed and traumatized for being a ‘Woman’. This has been rendered in writings of various writers who have shown an agonizing and harrowing condition of women by citing events which occurred during partition of India and Pakistan. But this was only one side of the coin as on the other side there were women who strongly opposed the harassment being done on them or others either by killing or dying in the struggle. Amrita Pritam’s novel Pinjar has broken the stereotype image of women and shown a strong character like Puroo, who defy the social law and acts like an impregnable bird who can never be captured again in the cage of society. The aforesaid novel clearly depicts the resilience of women and enunciates the victimized as strong, powerful gender that not only suffered the geographical, mental, physical and social partition but also sacrificed their life as true martyrs. The proposed paper would highlight the resilience of Puroo, a victim of cross-religious conflict, who is abducted by a man who later marries her. She also takes up a stand on her decision of staying back with her abductor husband during the Recovery Programme of 1947. She does that only because he accepted her when her own people were not ready to do so. Puroo manifests the condition of all the women who were not allowed to come back by their family in fear of social stigma. She asserted herself by saying that after her abduction “religion had become an insurmountable obstacle; neither her parents nor her in-laws had been willing to accept her. And now the same religion had become so accommodating!” She delineates into the fact that a woman is not an object which can be exchanged on the possessors will; rather a woman has all the right to decide what she wants or whom she wants to choose. Amrita Pritam also shows Puroo as a woman who despite herself being a sufferer does not confines to her own suffering but has a panorama of the condition of women during Partition. She delves in temerarious situation while trying to save her sister-in-law from her abductor; she secretively keeps her in her house and hands over her sister-in-law to her husband. Thus she is an epitome of a strong woman who stands as a model for the society. A reading of Pinjar is a clear testimony to the fact that Amrita Pritam dared to be different and didn’t portray partition victims’ only as pathetic creatures depending for male support or shedding tears and taking pity on their painful past but as true martyrs who underwent silent sacrifice.

A simple model for precisely describing liquid–liquid equilibrium and better understanding extraction mechanism

AbstractDescribing distribution of solute equilibrium concentrations between two solvents is important for liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE). Due to non‐ideality of solutions, the distribution usually possesses non‐linear characteristic. In this work, the non‐ideality was simply represented by pseudo reaction (or chemical interaction) between the solute and the solvent without recourse to the complicated activity coefficient models. On this basis, a simple model, which combined physical partition and pseudo reaction equilibriums, was proposed and can precisely correlate various LLE systems, for example, the immiscible, the partially miscible, the organic, and even the electrolyte. More interestingly, the model can accurately reflect intrinsic mechanism by fitted parameters, that is, stoichiometric ratio of the pseudo reaction and total equilibrium constant for the interaction intensity. Besides, influence of the solute, the extractant, and temperature on the parameters was discussed deeply. This simple model is promising for precisely describing the LLE systems and better understanding their intrinsic extraction mechanism.

Application of silver-based dihydric alcohol to the extraction of methyl linolenate with high extractability and stability replacing ionic liquids

Abstract A novel silver-based dihydric alcohol extractant was substituted for ionic liquids to enrich methyl linolenate (C18-3) from tallow seed oil methyl ester in this study. The interactions among dihydric alcohol, Ag(I) and C18-3 were explored by FT-IR spectroscopy. The effects of dihydric alcohol structure, carrier Ag(I) concentration, temperature and initial feed concentration on extraction yield and selectivity were reported. The good extraction performance was achieved by 1,4-butanediol containing AgBF4. The complexation of Ag(I) with C18-3 was dominant in extraction operation rather than physical partition. Furthermore, a multi-step reverse extraction method was proposed to obtain C18-3 product and regenerate the extractant. 1-Hexene as the stripping phase can facilitate C18-3 reverse extraction. The content of C18-3 in the product was up to 93.36%, and the yield was 73.76%. This work opened a new route for the utilization of the dihydric alcohol properties to manipulate the carrier efficiency for extracting unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters at a lower cost.

A Real-Time Flexible Telecommunication Decoding Architecture Using FPGA Partial Reconfiguration

Modern telecommunication decoding schemes, leading to high computational complexity and power consumption, are weakening the feasibility of real-time applications. In this brief, a real-time reconfigurable decoding architecture is introduced to alleviate the contradiction mentioned above. The proposed architecture is partially reconfigurable on the fly so that different decoding schemes can be deployed onto merely one physical partition of reconfigurable hardware and be switched with another without significant penalty on timing and complexity. The decoding system is implemented on an FPGA evaluation board and the experiment result shows that our approach renders ple decoding schemes implemented in one system with feasibility, simplicity and power-saving ability. By adopting our architecture and the development flow, a three-LDPC-code decoder is implemented. Moreover, nearly 50% savings on hardware logic and milli-second-level real-time switching speed for decoders are both achieved.

A Single‐Step Dual Stabilization of Smart Window by the Formation of Liquid Crystal Physical Gels and the Construction of Liquid Crystal Chambers

AbstractSmart windows are very attractive because they not only provide comfortable indoor conditions for cars and buildings, but also protect privacy. However, current smart windows have problems such as high energy consumption, slow response time, and poor stability. To solve these problems, a single‐step dual stabilization (SSDS) is newly proposed for the fabrication of robust liquid crystal (LC) smart windows switching fast at low voltage. Upon irradiating ultraviolet light on the selected area of the nematic (N) LC optical cell with photoisomerizable macrogelators (B3AZ) and photopolymerizable monomers, NLC physical gels (LCPGs) and partition walls are simultaneously constructed. LCPGs play a role of light shutter under a low electric field (9.6 Vpp) which is ten times lower than that of the conventional polymer‐stabilized LC‐based smart windows. Partition walls constructed by the selected area photopolymerization significantly enhance the mechanical stabilities. Based on the experimental results, it is realized that the NLC layer generated near the partition walls makes the LCPGs respond to a low voltage. Robust SSDS smart windows could open new doors for the development of high‐performance smart windows.

Evaluation of MOD16 Algorithm over Irrigated Rice Paddy Using Flux Tower Measurements in Southern Brazil

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the hydrological cycle. Understanding the ET process has become of fundamental importance given the scenario of global change and increasing water use, especially in the agricultural sector. Determining ET over large agricultural areas is a limiting factor due to observational data availability. In this regard, remote sensing data has been used to estimate ET. In this study, we evaluated the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface ET product estimates (hereafter MOD16 ET – MODIS Global Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Product) over two rice paddy areas in Southern Brazil, through the ET measured using the eddy covariance technique (hereafter EC). The energy balance components were evaluated during fallow and flooded seasons showing latent heat flux dominates in both seasons. The results showed that MOD16 ET underestimated EC measurements. Overall, the RMSE (root mean square error) ranged between 13.40 and 16.35 mm 8-day−1 and percent bias (PBIAS) ranged between −33.7% and −38.7%. We also assessed the ET (measured and estimated) main drivers, with EC yielding higher correlation against observed net radiation (Rn) and global radiation (Rg), followed by air temperature (Temp) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), whilst MOD16 ET estimates yielded higher correlation against leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR). The MOD16 algorithm was forced with meteorological measurements but the results did not improve as expected, suggesting a low sensitivity to meteorological inputs. Our results indicated when a water layer was present over the soil surface without vegetation (LAI around zero), the largest differences between EC measurements and MOD16 ET were found. In this period, the expected domain of soil evaporation was not observed in MOD16 ET physical processes partition, indicating the algorithm was not able to detect areas with high soil moisture. In general, the MOD16 ET product presented low accuracy when compared against experimental measurements over flooded rice paddy, suggesting more studies are necessary, in order to reduce uncertainties associated to the land cover conditions.

Cell-Membrane-Cloaked Oil Nanosponges Enable Dual-Modal Detoxification.

The lack of pharmaceutical antidotes for deadly toxicants has motivated tremendous research interests in seeking synthetic nanoscavengers to absorb and neutralize harmful biological or chemical agents. Herein, we report a cell-membrane-cloaked oil nanosponge formulation capable of dual-modal detoxification. The biomimetic oil nanosponge consists of an olive oil nanodroplet wrapped by a red blood cell membrane. In such a construct, the oil core can nonspecifically soak up toxicants through physical partition and the cell membrane shell can specifically absorb and neutralize toxicants through biological binding. The dual-modal detoxification capability of the oil nanosponges was validated using three distinct organophosphates (OPs), including paraoxon, diisopropyl fluorophosphate, and dichlorvos. By inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, OPs cause the accumulation of acetylcholine, which leads to neuromuscular disorders and even death. In mouse models of OP poisoning, the oil nanosponges reduced clinical signs of OP intoxication, lowered OP concentration in tissues, and greatly enhanced mouse survival in both the therapeutic regimen and the prophylactic regimen. Overall, oil nanosponges combine the merits of both cell membrane and oil nanodroplets for safe and effective detoxification, which also serve as a prototype of multimodal detoxification platforms.

Supersymmetric localization in GLSMs for supermanifolds

In this paper we apply supersymmetric localization to study gauged linear sigma models (GLSMs) describing supermanifold target spaces. We use the localization method to show that A-twisted GLSM correlation functions for certain supermanifolds are equivalent to A-twisted GLSM correlation functions for hypersurfaces in ordinary spaces under certain conditions. We also argue that physical two-sphere partition functions are the same for these two types of target spaces. Therefore, we reproduce the claim of [1, 2]. Furthermore, we explore elliptic genera and (0,2) deformations and find similar phenomena.

Process optimization of reactive extraction of clorprenaline enantiomers by experiment and simulation

This paper studied the process optimization of reactive extraction of clorprenaline enantiomers (CP) by experiment and simulation. An efficient extraction system was obtained through single stage extraction experiments, where boric acid (BA) in aqueous phase and D-isobutyl tartrate (DT) in organic phase were selected as extractant and 1,2-dichlorethane was selected as organic solvent. The best enantioselectivity (α) with 2.012 was obtained. The extraction mechanism was proposed and thermodynamic constants such as physical partition coefficient and reactive equilibrium constants were obtained. Based on single stage extraction, phase and reactive equilibrium as well as the law of mass conservation, a model describing the fractional extraction process was acquired. The process of symmetrical separation of CP was optimized by the model. The optimal conditions including flow rate ratio (O/W) of 1.5, pH of 5.0, CH3COONa/CH3COOH solution of 0.1 mol/L, clorprenaline concentration of 5 mmol/L, BA concentration of 0.10 mol/L and DT concentration of 0.075 mol/L were obtained. Under this case, equal enantiomeric excess (eeeq) could reach up to 67% by 10 stages. The simulated results revealed that the minimum series for eeeq > 97% and eeeq > 99% were 26 and 33, respectively. The results will provide guides for scale up and design.

Process optimization of chiral extraction of 2,3-diphenylpropionic acid by experiment and simulation

Abstract This paper reports the process optimization of chiral extraction of 2,3-diphenylpropionic acid (2,3-2-PPA) enantiomers by experiment and simulation in centrifugal contactor separators. An efficient extraction system was obtained firstly through single-stage extraction experiments and single-stage extraction model, where sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and 1,2-dichlorethane were selected as the optimal extractant and organic solvent, respectively. The mechanism of the extraction system was proposed and the thermodynamic constants such as physical partition coefficient and reactive equilibrium constants were obtained. Based on phase and reactive equilibrium as well as the law of mass conservation, a model describing the fractional extraction process was acquired. The process of symmetrical separation of 2,3-2-PPA enantiomers was optimized by the fractional extraction model. The optimal conditions composed of flow rate ratio (W/O) of 3.0, pH of 3.00 and SBE-β-CD concentration of 0.10 mol/L were obtained. Under this case, equal enantiomeric excess (eeeq) can reach up to 37% at 10 stages. The simulated results reveal that the minimum series for eeeq > 97% and eeeq > 99% was 78 and 102, respectively.