Physical Mechanics Research Articles

Multiscale Modeling and Simulation of Falling Collision Damage Sensitivity of Kiwifruit

Falling damage is the most common form of damage sustained by kiwifruit during the process of picking and post-processing, and it is difficult to conduct a quantitative analysis of this phenomenon through traditional experimental methods. In order to deeply understand the sensitivity of kiwifruit to falling collision damage, the finite element numerical simulation method was used to evaluate and predict the sensitivity of kiwifruit to falling collision damage during harvesting. First, we obtained the appearance characteristics of kiwifruit through reverse engineering technology and determined the geometric and mechanical property parameters of kiwifruit through physical mechanics experiments. Then, according to the characteristics of fruit tissue structure, a multiscale finite element model, including the skin, pulp, and core, was constructed to simulate the effects of different falling heights, collision angles, and contact surface materials on fruit damage, and the accuracy of the model was verified through falling experiments. Finally, based on the simulation results, the Box–Behnken design was employed within the response surface methodology to establish a sensitivity prediction model for the drop damage sensitivity of kiwifruit across different contact materials. The results showed that the maximum relative error between the speed change obtained using finite element simulation and the speed obtained by the high-speed camera was 5.19%. The model showed high rationality in energy distribution, with the maximum value of hourglass energy not exceeding 0.08% of the internal energy. On the contact surface material with a large elastic modulus, a higher falling height and larger collision angle will significantly increase the risk of fruit bruise. When the contact surface material was a steel plate, the falling height was 1 m, and the collision angle was 90°; the maximum bruise sensitivity of kiwifruit reached 6716.07 mm3 J−1. However, when the contact surface material was neoprene, the falling height was 0.25 m, and the collision angle was 0°, the damage sensitivity was the lowest, at 1570.59 mm3 J−1. The multiscale finite element model of kiwifruit falling collision constructed in this study can accurately predict the damage of kiwifruit during falling collision and provide an effective tool for the quantitative analysis of kiwifruit falling collision damage. At the same time, this study can also provide guidance for the design and optimization of the loss reduction method of the harvesting mechanism, which has important theoretical significance and practical value.

Mechanics of reproductive differentiation in the land plants: a paradigm shift?

This article addresses the physical mechanics of gametogenesis in vascular plants. The earliest events that initiate reproductive differentiation in the land plants are not well understood. How are the few cells that initiate reproductive differentiation specified and how is that information translated into action at the cellular level? In this article I propose a physical mechanism that resolves the problem of spatial targeting without invoking dependence on diffusible morphogens or other external signals. I suggest that the initiation of archesporial differentiation can instead be attributed to the confluence of organ geometry, surficial topography, and the physical mechanics of sporangial growth, resulting in the spontaneous emergence of an isotropic singularity that locates and precipitates archesporial differentiation. In discussing the logic of single-cell target selection and the limits of stochastic molecular signaling I propose that the sporangium would be better understood as a pressurized stress-mechanical lens that focuses turgor-generated growth forces on a central location, generating a physical singularity that locates and specifies the cell or cells that become the archesporium and initiates their transition from somatic proliferation to reproductive differentiation.

Surface layer reinforcement modification for wood with high strength and flame retardancy performances

The high-value utilization of low-value wood can effectively address the shortage of wood resource, while also contributing to the global green sustainable development and the implementation of “dual carbon” strategy. The present study employed an innovative technology to achieve controllable surface reinforcement modification of fast-growing poplar wood, resulting in improved strength and exceptional flame retardancy for structural applications. The achievement was realized through a three-step method, involving delignification, impregnation, and surface densification, while minimizing the loss of wood volume. The results demonstrated that surface functional densification can significantly improve the mechanical properties of fast-growing poplar wood, with the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) reaching 140.6 MPa and 11.8 GPa, respectively, representing a 3.4-fold and 2.5-fold increase compared to the control group (CK). The samples were found to possess thin surface-densified layers, while the core layer remained unaltered, thereby exhibiting a sandwich structure with significant disparity in density between the layers, reaching up to a factor of 2. The pores structure of the surface layers underwent significant densification, with a gradual deformation distributed throughout its thickness direction. A process optimized for surface densification involving a 2-hour delignification duration and a pressure of 3 MPa. The sample subjected to surface functional modification exhibited a 90-second delay in the peak of heat release compared with the CK. The heat release rate (HRR) experienced a significant deceleration, accompanied by notable reductions in total heat release (THR) and smoke production rate (SPR). The mechanisms underlying the enhancement of surface functionality were elucidated from the perspectives of physical mechanics, microstructure, and flame retardancy, providing a theoretical foundation for the efficient utilization of fast-growing wood.

Relative entropy based uncertainty principles for graph signals

In physical quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle in presence of quantum memory [Berta M, Christandl M, Colbeck R,et al., Nature Physics] can reach much lower bound, which has resulted in a huge breakthrough in quantum mechanics. Inspired by this idea, this paper would propose some novel uncertainty relations in terms of relative entropy for signal representation and time-frequency resolution analysis. On one hand, the relative entropy measures the distinguishability between the known (priori) basis and the client basis, which implies that we have partial “memory” of the client basis so that the uncertainty bounds become sharper in some cases. On the other hand, in some cases, if the reference basis along with nearly the same energy distribution could be given, then the uncertainty bound would tend to zero, as shows that there is no uncertainty any longer. These novel uncertainty relationships with sharper bounds would give us the potential advantages over the classical counterpart. In addition, the detailed comparison with classical Shannon entropy based uncertainty principle has been addressed as well via combined uncertainty relations. Finally, the theoretical analysis and numerical experiments on certain application over graph signals have been demonstrated to show the efficiency of these proposed relations.

Mathematical Modeling of Nonequilibrium Processes at the Department of Physical Mechanics, St. Petersburg State University. Part 1. Modeling of Processes in Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Mathematical Modeling of Nonequilibrium Processes at the Department of Physical Mechanics, St. Petersburg State University. Part 1. Modeling of Processes in Gases, Liquids, and Solids

Effects of colemanite, heavy aggregates and lead fibers on physical mechanics and radiation shielding properties of high-performance radiation shielding concrete

Radiation shielding concrete (RSC) is widely utilized as a construction material in specialized infrastructure of nuclear power plants and medical facilities. In this study, a high-performance-RSC (HPRSC) with excellent mechanical properties and radiation shielding properties was developed based on the modified Andreasen and Andersen model. HRPSC can effectively shield a broad spectrum of radiation rays due to the combination of neutron absorber (colemanite) and gamma scatterers (e.g., heavy aggregates of barite and magnetite, and lead fibers). The experiment results revealed that the compressive strength of HPRSC exceeds 70 MPa due to a scientific skeleton structure design, which contributes the formation of an exceptional interfacial transition zone between the heavy aggregate/lead fiber and the cementitious matrix. The type of heavy aggregates influenced the physical mechanics properties of HPRSC. The compressive strength of magnetite-based HPRSC was higher than that of barite-based counterparts under the same dosage of heavy aggregates. The incorporation of heavy aggregates and lead fibers enhanced the γ-ray shielding capacity of HPRSC. The μ index of designed HPRSC reached 0.1988 due to the synergistic complementary effects between the cementitious matrix and the radiation shielding additives. HPRSC shows a promising application prospect in high radiation environments.

Atomic transport dynamics in crossed optical dipole trap

Abstract We study the dynamical evolution of cold atoms in crossed optical dipole trap theoretically and experimentally. The atomic transport process is accompanied by two competitive kinds of physical mechanics, atomic loading and atomic loss. The loading process normally is negligible in the evaporative cooling experiment on the ground, while it is significant in preparation of ultra-cold atoms in the space station. Normally, the atomic loading process is much weaker than the atomic loss process, and the atomic number in the central region of the trap decreases monotonically, as reported in previous research. However, when the atomic loading process is comparable to the atomic loss process, the atomic number in the central region of the trap will initially increase to a maximum value and then slowly decrease, and we have observed the phenomenon first. The increase of atomic number in the central region of the trap shows the presence of the loading process, and this will be significant especially under microgravity conditions. We build a theoretical model to analyze the competitive relationship, which coincides with the experimental results well. Furthermore, we have also given the predicted evolutionary behaviors under different conditions. This research provides a solid foundation for further understanding of the atomic transport process in traps. The analysis of loading process is of significant importance for preparation of ultra-cold atoms in a crossed optical dipole trap under microgravity conditions.

Study of physical and mechanical properties of plant fruits on the example of walnut

Perennial plantations that are zoned in Ukraine allow to obtain high-quality fruits (nuts), which are widely used in the perfumery, pharmaceutical, oil, confectionery and other industries, as well as in the production of feed and feed additives. The known technologies of mass processing of walnut kernels mostly work well with crops that have a spherical or close to spherical external shape. The simplest, but least productive, are primitive manual devices for peeling walnut shells. Despite the simplicity of their design, these devices are inefficient and unsuitable for adjusting their operation to different varieties and physical and mechanical properties of biological fruits. The analysis of the known designs of walnut shell destruction machines and mechanisms showed the need to study the physical and mechanical properties of biological fruits (walnuts), to develop technical recommendations for the design of impact mechanisms to improve the quality of shell destruction and the possibility of their application in mass production technologies. A research methodology was developed, a laboratory setup was manufactured, and experiments were conducted. To determine the strength characteristics, the author designed and manufactured a device. It consists of a lever mechanism and a deforming device. The dimensions and load measurements were carried out according to well-known methods of physical mechanics. The statistical analysis of the results showed the need for in-depth scientific research of the geometric parameters of the design of the working bodies of machines for destroying the walnut shell in the mechanisms of fruit peeling machines, taking into account the quality indicators performance of works with certain conditions of their implementation. We conclude that according to the results of the experiments, there is a fairly high dependence between the geometric dimensions of the walnut fruit at the level of 0.72, 0.57 and 0.49, respectively. The weight of the fruit also depends on its dimensional characteristics, which is logical at the level of 0.6–0.75. The force of critical static fracture has a weak correlation with the dimensional characteristics at the level of 0.3. And it depends little on the plane of its application.

Numerical and experimental investigation of temperature dependence vs. mobility degradation on I–V characteristics in N-LDMOS structure

The thermal behavior analysis is undoubtedly the main concern when studying semiconductor devices' and structures' physical mechanics. To the best of our knowledge, simulations studies with an experimental validation of the temperature effect vs. mobility on electrical characteristics in semiconductor devices, specifically in LDMOSFET devices are not well explored in the research literature. Considering this, this paper investigates the thermal influence vs. mobility degradation in the N-LDMOS structure and its impact on electrical performance. It also addresses the temperature impact on channel current Ids and these effects on component performance. The zero-temperature coefficient (ZTC) is evaluated in a N-LDMOS structure using numerical simulations and experimental tests. A study of the drain current behavior at ZTC (IZTC) is proposed in the linear and saturation regions. The influence of temperature mobility degradation on IZTC is analyzed. The consequences of mobility degradation show that the temperature increase gives rise to two contradictory phenomena: firstly, the channel current Ids increases when its value is lower than the current level (IZTC) and secondly, decreases when is higher. These two phenomena are studied by using simulated and experimental approaches, in order to extract and prove the physical aspects near the gate-drain access region (hot spot, electric field, electron concentration, surface carrier density, electron mobility), at the parameter evaluation origin, using SILVACO-TCAD based numerical simulation. Mobility degradation due to the temperature effect is compared to the critical value in N-LDMOS based on I–V behavior obtained with experimentation and simulations. This is explained by the role of negative thermal coefficient in LDMOS transistors. This coefficient proves to be particularly beneficial in terms of mobility gain at low inversion densities.

Study on the evolution law of physical mechanics and abrasion characteristics of granite under high temperature-water cooling treatment

During deep geothermal resource development, the estimation of drilling efficiency and tool wear in extremely hard rocks relies primarily on CAI testing. However, the degradation of rocks caused by high-temperature water cooling conditions leads to unpredictable changes in CAI. To address this issue, this study conducted P-wave velocity, hardness, thermal conductivity testing, BTS experiments, CAI testing, and NMR testing on granite samples subjected to water cooling at different temperatures (25–600 °C). The study analyzed the degradation mechanisms of granites under high temperature-water cooling conditions, the relationship between various parameters and the CAI index, and established a dual-parameter fitting model. The results indicate that the degradation of rocks under hightemperature-water cooling conditions is primarily attributed to mineral thermal reactions, thermal expansion effects at high temperatures, and rapid cooling-induced thermal contraction effects. Once the degradation effects exceed the skeleton constraint limit, macroscopic cracks gradually form within the granite. The formation of macroscopic cracks has a mitigating effect on abrasivity. The research findings on the correlation between CAI and various parameters can provide important theoretical support for the application of high-temperature rock breaking engineering.

Determination of the critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows by the perspective of physical mechanics and Shields stress

Determination of the critical rainfall of runoff-initiated debris flows by the perspective of physical mechanics and Shields stress

DLFSI: A deep learning static fluid-structure interaction model for hydrodynamic-structural optimization of composite tidal turbine blade

Horizontal axis tidal turbines (HATT) conversion of ocean tidal waves into electricity represents a promising source of clean and sustainable energy. However, the widespread adoption of these turbines has been hindered by persistent challenges, primarily stemming from the high costs associated with their construction and maintenance; and efficient conversion of tidal energy. Addressing these challenges is paramount for propelling tidal turbine technology and ensuring its economic viability. This study focuses on the efficient conversion of tidal energy into electricity by optimization of composite material turbine blades which is a complex problem that spans multiple physical domains, including hydrodynamics (the study of water flow) and structural mechanics (the study of material behavior under loads). To tackle these multifaceted challenges, we introduce an innovative DLFSI (Deep learning fluid-structure interaction) model which represents a groundbreaking approach to predict and optimize the hydrodynamic and structural performance of tidal turbine blades. DLFSI leverages the power of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to recognize intricate geometric features of turbine blades rapidly and accurately. By seamlessly integrating the blade element momentum (BEM) theory and finite element method (FEM), the DLFSI model facilitates comprehensive predictions of how composite blades will perform in real-world conditions. With this approach, we have achieved substantial improvements in critical performance metrics such as the power coefficient (a measure of energy conversion efficiency) and the maximum equivalent stress (a key indicator of structural integrity). The innovative DLFSI model presented in this study holds the potential for practical application within the realm of tidal turbine design and is poised to catalyze the sustainable progression of renewable energy technologies.

Tunnel deformation prediction during construction: An explainable hybrid model considering temporal and static factors

This paper presents a novel hybrid model designed for predicting mountain tunnel deformation during construction, incorporating both temporal and static factors. Utilizing a boosting ensemble technique, the model effectively integrates a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) network—acclaimed for its proficiency with time-series data—with the Light Gradient Boosting Machine (Light GBM) model—recognized for its adept handling of tabular data. In the prediction procedure, the Bi-LSTM and Light GBM modules are engaged to process time-dependent and static factors, respectively. The model’s performance was evaluated against seven other established machine learning models using data from the Liangwangshan Tunnel, whose outcomes demonstrated the superiority of our model in terms of its local and overall reduction in prediction errors. By introducing static factors associated with each monitoring section via the Light GBM, our model offers a robust solution to the issue of time delayed prediction—a challenge inadequately addressed in time series prediction. Finally, we used the SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) method to interpret the hybrid model’s decision-making mechanisms. The findings reveal a significant correlation between the prediction rules employed by our model and the fundamental principles of tunnel engineering and physical mechanics, thereby underlining its reliability and potential applicability in practical scenarios.

Tunable bandgap characteristic of various hexagon-type elastic metamaterials for broadband vibration attenuation

Inspired by the advantages of the hexagon lattices and auxetic metamaterials, the typical two-dimensional (2D) hexagon-type elastic metamaterials (EMs), that is, the concave, the convex, and the rectangular hexagon-type EMs, are presented for investigating the dynamic behavior systematically. Firstly, the lumped mass-spring models are used to construct the band structures, and the eigenmodes are obtained by solving the eigenvalue problem of motion equations to unveil the formation mechanisms of bandgap (BG). Note that the specific dispersion branches are characterized by eigenfrequencies with the eigenmodes presenting similar vibrational forms, rather than just ranking the eigenfrequencies from low to high. Furthermore, the dependence on the main structural parameters of the lumped mass-spring models is investigated to achieve tunability of the bandgap characteristics. Then, the continuum models are also established to study the formation of bandgaps as well as the propagation of waves based on eigenmodes and transmission. The comprehensive study of the physical mechanics of the unit cells is carried out, encompassing the analysis of iso-frequency contours, deformation fields, and mesh-independent analysis. Finally, both the numerical analysis and experimental validation demonstrate the effect of vibration attenuation on in-plane elastic waves, which has the ideal great agreement with the prediction of the band structures (the values of the frequency response functions are much less than -20 dB within the ranges of BGs). This research is expected to provide valuable insight into the design of vibration isolators, beams, plates, and other devices that are being renewed.

Mathematical modeling of nonequilibrium processes on chair of physical mechanics of St. Petersburg State University. Part 1. Modeling of processes in gas, fluid and solid

The article gives the review of works of employees of chair and laboratory of physical mechanics of St.Petersburg State University from the moment of its establishment in 1986 and till 2023 inclusive, that are devoted to modeling of the non-equilibrium processes in gas, fluid and solid. The basic attention is given several major results: 1) creation of model of adsorption layer for the description of locomotion of flying vehicles in near space and an upper atmosphere; 2) a theoretical and experimental substantiation of the general approach to modeling high-speed and short-duration processes in various mediums; 3) application of the specified general approach to studying of shock-induced processes in solid. The detailed substantiation of necessity of the integro-differential form of the transport equations for nonequilibrium processes is given. That is shown that time’s evolution of system, to which interaction of structural elements of medium on the mesoscale leads, is described by the cybernetic methods developed by A. L. Fradkov within the limits of the Control Theory of adaptive systems with feedback. Other results are given short enough.

Effects of Increasing Pitch Count on Pitch Type Ball Metrics and Release Height in High School Softball Pitchers.

Softball research has investigated changes in physical characteristics, mechanics, and ball speed as elements of fatigue. However, the influence of pitch volume on ball metrics is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of pitch volume on ball performance and release metrics in softball pitchers across different pitch types. As pitch volume increased, there would be a decrease in ball metrics of the fastball and changes in breaking pitches would be observed earlier than the fastball or changeup. Descriptive laboratory study. Level 5. A total of 21 (15.4 ± 1.6 years; 1.6 ± 0.2 m; 76.0 ± 17.2 kg) softball pitchers participated. Procedures consisted of participants pitching a simulated game consisting of 100 pitches, taking a 30-minute break, and then throwing 12 pitches to simulate the first inning of a doubleheader. Participants randomly threw each pitch type (fastball, changeup, curveball, or dropball). Ball performance and release metrics were measured using a Rapsodo portable pitch tracker. A 3 (time) by 4 (pitch type) multivariate analysis of variance revealed that pitch speed was significantly higher in the first inning compared with the last inning and the doubleheader inning. The fastball, curveball, and dropball revealed a significant difference in pitch speed between timepoints. Specifically, the curveball and dropball first-inning pitch speed was significantly greater than the last and doubleheader inning. Alternatively, the fastball had a significant increase in pitch speed from the last inning to the doubleheader inning. The typical 30-minute break given between games for doubleheaders may be sufficient recovery time for the fastball but not for the curveball and dropball. The Rapsodo device is an accessible method of tracking ball performance and pitch release metrics and could be helpful in identifying when a pitcher may be experiencing performance detriments in response to increasing pitch count.

Prediction of Antibody Viscosity from Dilute Solution Measurements.

The high antibody doses required to achieve a therapeutic effect often necessitate high-concentration products that can lead to challenging viscosity issues in production and delivery. Predicting antibody viscosity in early development can play a pivotal role in reducing late-stage development costs. In recent years, numerous efforts have been made to predict antibody viscosity through dilute solution measurements. A key finding is that the entanglement of long, flexible complexes contributes to the sharp rise in antibody viscosity at the required dosing. This entanglement model establishes a connection between the two-body binding affinity and the many-body viscosity. Exploiting this insight, this study connects dilute solution measurements of self-association to high-concentration viscosity profiles to quantify the relationship between these regimes. The resulting model has exhibited success in predicting viscosity at high concentrations (around 150 mg/mL) from dilute solution measurements, with only a few outliers remaining. Our physics-based approach provides an understanding of fundamental physics, interpretable connections to experimental data, the potential to extrapolate beyond training conditions, and the capacity to effectively explain the physical mechanics behind these outliers. Conducting hypothesis-driven experiments that specifically target the viscosity and relaxation mechanisms of outlier molecules may allow us to unravel the intricacies of their behavior and, in turn, enhance the performance of our model.

Beyond Biomechanics: Gait Patterns as the Indicators of Masculine and Feminine Traits

This research paper takes an exciting journey beyond traditional biomechanics, delving into the world of walking patterns as emblematic indicators of intrinsic masculine and feminine traits. Using a complex mix of different areas of study, the researchers uncover the fascinating story hidden within the human locomotion, a story deeply intertwined with the complex aspects of gender identity. By carefully analysing the way people walk or through kinematic analysis, this study uncovers subtle details that can give insight into how someone expresses their psychological gender. The researchers believe that gait dynamics is a kind of unspoken language that can communicate a wide range of gender expressions and how people understand them. This research suggests that the way we move goes beyond just physical mechanics—it's also connected to how society thinks about and defines gender roles. In challenging conventional ideas, this research suggests that the way we walk isn't just about our bodies, but also about the larger social ideas of what it means to be masculine or feminine. This study invites us to rethink how our bodies and societal ideas about gender interact. In doing so, it reveals a hidden conversation through which our bodies communicate, shedding light on the intricate relationship between our physicality and the cultural symbols that shape our experiences as human beings.

Mechanisms of adaptation to high intensity exercise in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background Many individuals with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) demonstrate exercise limitation. For a proportion this may be related to their overall cardiorespiratory fitness influenced by physical activity habits, body mechanics, or habitus. In others there is evidence of central and/or peripheral pathophysiology. However, some individuals with HCM demonstrate favourable adaptation to exercise. In the SAFE-HCM study, participants who underwent 12 weeks of high intensity exercise showed significant improvement in exercise indices including peak VO2, VO2/kg at anaerobic threshold (AT), time to AT, and overall exercise time compared to a usual care group. Purpose There have been no studies investigating the mechanistic adaptation(s) to exercise in HCM. This sub-study aimed to identify whether the observed improvements in exercise indices were attributable to central or peripheral adaptation. Methods Eighty patients with HCM (45.7±8.6 years) underwent baseline clinical, quality of life and psychological assessment. Individuals were randomised to a 12-week high intensity exercise programme (n=40) or usual care (n=40). Baseline evaluation was repeated at 12 weeks. The Fick equation (oxygen uptake (VO2) = cardiac output (CO) X (arterial-venous oxygen content (a-vO2 difference)) was used to assess whether central and/or peripheral adaptation was responsible for observed improvements. 2D speckle tracking imaging was utilised to calculate left ventricular longitudinal strain from the apical 2-, 3- and 4 chamber views (EchoPAC, V202, GE Healthcare). Results 12-weeks of high intensity exercise training produced a statistically significant increase in CO (1.1±0.4 L/min, CI (0.2,2.0), p=0.016) compared with the usual care group. There was no difference in the change in a-vO2 difference between groups (p=0.682) suggesting central adaptation to high intensity exercise. This was driven by an increase in stroke volume (SV) (6.1±3.0ml, CI (0.1,12.2), p=0.047) rather than an increase in heart rate (0.6±3.6 bpm, CI (-6.6,7.7), p=0.874). However, there was no change in resting myocardial deformation to account for the observed improvement in CO. Analysis of strain data demonstrated no difference in resting regional 4Ch (-0.7±0.6, CI (-1.9, 0.5), p=0.270) 3Ch (-1.1±0.9, CI (-2.8, 0.6), p=0.201), 2Ch (-1.3±0.9, CI (-3.1, 0.5), p=0.162) or average global longitudinal strain (0.9±0.6, CI (-2.2,0.3), p=0.144) between groups at 12 weeks. Conclusion Favourable central adaptations, predominantly driven by an increase in SV, enable improvements in exercise capacity following a high intensity exercise programme. Further studies are required to understand the physiological processes underlying this adaptation including assessment of myocardial deformation at peak exercise

Microcontroller-Based Mechanics Experiments in Physics Learning: Systematic Literature Review Using PRISMA

Microcontrollers are capable of digitizing conventional equipment so that it will make it easier for practitioners to carry out experiments. The aim of this research is to determine the use of microcontrollers in physical mechanics experiments using the Systematic Literature Review method. The data collected was in the form of national and international journal articles from accredited and indexed electronic databases and then extracted. The research results show mechanical experiments using microcontroller-based experimental tools, supporting sensors used in these tools, the learning models applied, learning achievements that can result from activities and the types of research used to discuss these experimental tools