Physical-mechanical Properties Research Articles

Role of Nanotitania Ceramic Particulate Filler on Mechanical and Wear Behaviour of Dental Composite

Nanotitania is a well-acceptable material in biomedical applications due to its excellent biocompatibility. However, its other performances in terms of physical properties, mechanical properties and specific wear rate have been the keen interest of researchers. The study aims to modify dental composite formulation by adding nanotitania filler in different mass fractions and study to investigate its influence on physical and mechanical properties. A conventional monomer matrix consisting of Bisphenol A-Glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA), Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), Camphor Quinone (CO), Ethyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB) was first added and modified with varying nanotitania filler fractions (0,0.5,1,1.5 wt. %). The performance of newly formulated composites was investigated in four major parameters like apparent porosity, hardness, compressive strength and specific wear rate. All tests are performed as per ISO4049 standard which are requirements for fabrication, characterization, direct/indirect restoration of dental composite, inlays, onlays, veneers, crowns and bridges. Specific wear rate was estimated using pin on disk tribometer under constant load of 20N. Due to its extremely hard and brittle nature, the micro-hardness and compressive strength of resin composite on adding 0.5 wt.-% of nanotitania filler fraction (DC0.5TiO2) were increased by 68% and 16% respectively. Using a pin on disc tribometer, a wear assessment has been performed and it was found that under constant wear parameters and distilled water environmental conditions, the specific wear rate was decreased by 26 % on adding 0.5 wt.-% mass fraction of nanotitania. Nanotitania indicated excellent performance based on mechanical and wear properties and hence, it can be suggested to use nanotitania as a novel filler of dental composite for the replacement of other non-biocompatible ceramic filler.

An experimental study on 3D printed concrete reinforced with fibers recycled from wind turbine blades

The large-scale retirement and high recycling difficulty of wind turbine blades (WTB) pose great challenges to environment and society. To explore the practical applicability of recycled WTB in 3D printed concrete (3DCP), a systematic experimental study was conducted on the printability and physical-mechanical properties of 3DCP incorporating RWTB fiber. The distribution of RWTB fiber and porosity were analyzed using X-ray CT scan and Scanning Electron Microscopy, with the aim of unveiling the reinforcing and anisotropic mechanisms of 3DCP with RWTB fiber. The concrete with 3%–7% of RWTB fiber presented good extrudability and buildability, although slightly decreased the fluidity. Due to the directional effect and the layer-by-layer stacking process inherent in 3D printing, the RWTB fiber exhibited enhanced alignment along the printing direction, leading to modifications in the porosity. Incorporating 5% RWTB fiber in 3DCP significantly improved mechanical properties, with notable increases of 13.2%–29.9% in unconfined compressive strength and up to 147.4%–465.4% in bending toughness in the Y and Z loading directions, as compared to samples without fiber. Moreover, the mechanical anisotropy of 3DCP with RWTB fiber was less significant than that with the fiber having higher tensile strength, leading to a promising way to repurpose WTB and promote sustainability of 3DCP.

Strength classes of brazilian hardwoods for structural design

For the elaboration of projects on timber structures, the Brazilian standard (ABNT, in Portuguese Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas) 7190 (ABNT 1997) ensures the correct application of physical-mechanical properties according to strength classes of lignocellulosic materials. This procedure eliminates the need for botanical identification of woods, since these strength classes support the efficient utilization of a wide range of woody varieties available in Brazil. Due to high mechanical resistances, the hardwoods are usually applied for structural projects of timber construction. This Brazilian standard document prescribes four strength classes (C20, C30, C40 and C60) for these woods, which are determined by characteristic value from the compressive strength parallel to the grain (fc0,k). But, these classes were obtained from experimental outcomes using a few wood varieties. The reorganization of strength classes should result in the best use of mechanical potentials of woods since the updating of these categories leads to the optimization of structural projects for timber construction in order to reposition this biomaterial at even more competitive levels. In this context, the present study aims to verify the current strength classes of hardwoods and if they lead to a good allocation of the fc0,k characteristic values. Otherwise, new strength classes can be determined for better allocations for efficient structural uses. As a result, 56 hardwoods were considered using 672 experimental determinations. Statistically, the current categories can lead to 12,5 % of incorrectly allocated values. The inclusion of C50 and C70 classes allow greater representation for these categories, in order to optimize the use of the hardwoods given the new strength classes. These findings ought to support future revisions of this Brazilian standard document.

Experimental Study on Strength Enhancement and Porosity Variation of 3D-Printed Gypsum Rocks: Insights on Vacuum Infiltration Post-Processing

AbstractThree-dimensional printing (3DP) technology has shown great potential in rock mechanics and mining engineering due to its ability to create complex and customized objects with high precision and accuracy. At present, an emerging research focus is improving the mechanical properties of 3D-printed samples, which originally has low strength and stiffness, to match those of natural rocks. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of different post-treatments on the strength enhancement of 3D-printed gypsum samples. To achieve this goal, 3D-printed gypsum samples were subjected to different post-treatments including dipped infiltration treatment and vacuum infiltration treatment using different infiltrants: water, saltwater, ColorBond, and StrengthMax. Subsequently, each sample was subjected to ultrasonic wave velocity testing and uniaxial compression experiments to characterize their mechanical properties, CT scans to investigate their microstructural characteristics. Additionally, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) tests were conducted to explore the underlying reasons for changes in macroscopic strength. Finally, the physical characteristics and mechanical properties of untreated and post-processed 3D-printed gypsum samples were compared with natural rocks. The results showed that the strength of samples treated with water and saltwater was much lower than that of those treated with ColorBond and StrengthMax, while the porosity was the opposite. In water-treated and saltwater-treated samples, water or saltwater treatment can alter particle characteristics, but weak adhesive bonding and numerous pores result in low mechanical strength. Samples treated with Colorbond or StrengthMax exhibit improved strength due to effective gap filling and cohesive structure formation, with StrengthMax-treated samples showing higher strength despite having more pores than Colorbond-treated ones. Moreover, the physical and mechanical properties of these treated samples matched a wider range of natural rock types compared to the untreated samples.

Petrographic and Mechanical Analysis of Grano-Diorite Deposits in the Qala Region, Dikundi Province, Afghanistan

This research paper offers a detailed investigation into the petrographic composition and physical-mechanical properties of granodiorites in the Qala area of Dikundi Province. It starts with a geological overview of the region. It examines macroscopic and microscopic petrographic characteristics, paragenetic mineral composition, and critical physical-mechanical properties such as bulk density, water absorption, and uniaxial compressive strength. XRF analysis was also employed for accuracy. The research approach is purely investigative, with samples collected from the Qala area and tests conducted by international standards. These granodiorites' uniaxial compressive strength was approximately 94.02 Mega Pascals, signifying their exceptional structural durability. Additionally, these granodiorites exhibit a specific gravity of 2.57, considered high, and a water absorption rate of about 0.29%, making them highly suitable for construction. In summary, this academic research comprehensively analyses granodiorites within the Qala region, Dikundi Province. These findings are essential for evaluating the suitability of these granodiorites for various applications, particularly in the construction industry, contributing significantly to our understanding of this geological resource. The research recommends the need for government investment in the granodiorite mining sector, particularly in the Qala deposit. Detailed geological investigations are imperative to harness the full potential of this resource, generate employment opportunities, reduce dependency on stone imports, and explore international markets.

Mechanical and Physical Changes in Bio-Polybutylene-Succinate Induced by UVC Ray Photodegradation.

Bio-polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a biodegradable polymer obtained from renewable feedstock having physical-mechanical properties like traditional low-density polyethylene (LDPE). PBS is employed by many manufacturing sectors, from biomedical to agri-food and cosmetics. Although some studies have already evaluated the resistance of PBS to photodegradation caused by natural outdoor solar exposure (UVA-UVB), a systematic study on the resistance to degradation caused by exposure to UVC rays, which is the subject of this study, has not yet been carried out. PBS was exposed to UVC either neat or filled with 2% carbon black (CB). Mechanical and physical characterization (tensile, hardness, calorimetry, contact angle, morphology, and surface roughness analyses) indicates that the bulk and surface properties of the polymer matrix changes after exposure to UVC radiations, due to a severe degradation. However, the presence of carbon black compensates for the degradation phenomenon. Because UVC rays are used for the sterilization process, necessary in applications such as biomedical, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, food, and other products, a comparison of the protocol used in this paper with the literature's data has been reported and discussed.

Stability and durability assessment of alum-tawed skin by light transmission analysis

Alum-tawed skin has been widely used in the past for the production of bookbindings elements because of its physical–mechanical properties and production process, easier and faster than that required for leather. Nevertheless, unlike for other skin-based materials employed in books production, such as parchment and leather, for alum-tawed skin the manufacturing process appears to be less standardized and rather few data are available in the literature on its durability and sensitivity to deterioration.In this work, a number of commercial samples of alum-tawed skin, from different manufactures and belonging to different animal species, were analysed by Light Transmission Analysis (LTA) to characterize their collagen hydrothermal stability, so as to gather useful information regarding their possible use for restoration works. The samples were then subjected to an artificial ageing process to assess their possible long term stability compared with that of some historical samples coming from 14th, 15th and 16th century bindings.The obtained results show that, as expected, the treatments the investigated alum-tawed skin samples undergo during the manufacture processes does not induce a level of stability of the collagen molecules higher than that of the vegetable and chrome tanning used for the leather treatment, although such treatment, in some cases, makes the alum-tawed skin slightly more stable than parchment. Moreover, accelerated ageing analysis showed that whatever the initial stability of the analysed samples, it decreases with ageing more rapidly and markedly than for parchment and leather, revealing a general lower durability of the alum-tawed skin to hydrothermal deterioration.

Physical-mechanical properties and microstructure changes in mortars with chemically treated coir fibers

Physical-mechanical properties and microstructure changes in mortars with chemically treated coir fibers

Study on the performance of porous polyimide bearing cage material modified with molybdenum disulfide and glass fiber

This study explores material modification utilizing molybdenum disulfide and glass fiber as lubricating and reinforcing modified materials respectively. The specimens underwent tests for mechanical-physical properties, oil storage capacity and frictional characteristics. The differential analysis identified the optimal mechanical-physical properties of the porous composite PI material at a molding pressure of 192 MPa, molding temperature of 330°C, 9% of AC foaming agent content, 8% of molybdenum disulfide content, and 20% of glass fiber content. The wear coefficient increased with load and decreased with rotational speed, indicating the suitability of this porous composite oil-retaining PI material for medium-high-speed and low-load frictional conditions.

Grain by-products and Saccharomyces cerevisiae application in paper packaging material: impact on physical–mechanical and barrier properties

AbstractRenewable materials and material circularity are key priorities for the coming decades. While paper is the most utilized material in the packaging sector, its applications in food packaging are limited due to low barrier properties. Coating it with petroleum-based polymer barrier coatings renders it unrecyclable both mechanically and biologically. Bio-coated paper packaging, made from agricultural waste or by-products, presents environmentally favorable solutions that can benefit the biological cycle of the circular economy. The main objective of this study is to assess the applicability of grain and beer production by-products in wood pulp food packaging materials. It examines the effects of different grain by-products (industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran) particles and concentrations (15 wt% and 40 wt%), as well as the impact of brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at a concentration of 10 wt%, on the physical–mechanical and barrier properties of Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) and chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulps. Material composites were fabricated using a standard sheet forming method. Physical–mechanical properties were analyzed through tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness tests. Barrier-related properties were analyzed through roughness, air permeance, and water contact angle tests. Results revealed that the vast majority of physical–mechanical properties decreased with the increase of both types of grain production fillers. Industrial wheat grain processing residues had a lower impact on physical–mechanical properties than wheat bran filler. A higher percentage of property decrease was absorbed in NBSK pulp than in CTMP. Roughness of CTMP can be improved by adding both industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran. Wheat bran particles can increase hydrophobicity. CTMP pulp strength properties can be increased with the addition of yeast; however, the yeast additive’s effect on air permeance demonstrated a negative impact. In the case of NBSK pulp, which has higher primary strength properties, the addition of yeast does not make any significant changes. The conducted experiments demonstrated that, overall, the addition of these fillers resulted in a decline in physical–mechanical properties such as tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness. This decline was more pronounced with higher concentrations of fillers. In the case of CTMP pulp, both types of fillers exhibited similar trends in affecting properties, whereas for NBSK pulp, wheat bran had a more significant impact compared to wheat grain processing residues. The addition of yeast generally led to a reduction in physical–mechanical properties, particularly in tensile strength and tear resistance. However, samples containing yeast displayed increased flexibility compared to controls. The influence on barrier properties varied: while yeast increased air permeability, it also enhanced surface hydrophobicity, thereby reducing the paper’s receptivity to liquids.

Influence of Biogenic Material Content on the Biodegradability of Styrene-Butadiene Composites with Incorporated Chlorella vulgaris Biomass.

Bio-fillers are intensively studied for advanced polymer composite circular design and production. In this context, the algal biomass may be considered an important and relatively low-cost resource, when harvested as a by-product from wastewater treatment plants. The biomass of the algal species Chlorella vulgaris is frequently used in this type of environmental process, and its macro constituents' composition ranges from around 15-25% carbohydrates, 10-20% lipids, and 50-60% proteins. Poly (styrene-butadiene-styrene) (SBS) copolymers have a matrix composed of glassy polystyrene domains connected by flexible polybutadiene segments. Although the physical-mechanical properties of SBS copolymers recommend them for many industrial applications, they have the drawback of low biodegradability. This study aimed to assess the aerobic biodegradability of polymer composites by integrating biomass from Chlorella vulgaris at varying mass percentages of 5, 10, and 20% into SBS copolymer composites. Biodegradation tests were conducted under industrial composting conditions (58 °C and 50% relative humidity) for 180 days. The biodegradability of materials was evaluated by measuring the CO2 produced in each vessel during the study period. Potential correlations between the amount of carbon dioxide released and the percentage of biomass added to the polymer matrix were examined. Structural and morphological changes were assessed using Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal analysis (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Physical and chemical testing revealed a decrease in sample density after the industrial composting test, along with noticeable changes in melt flow index (MFI). The observed physical and chemical changes, coupled with FTIR, SEM, and DSC data, indicate increased cross-linking and higher porosity in biodegraded polymer structures with higher biomass content. This behavior is likely due to the formation of cross-linked connections between polymer chains and polypeptide chains resulting from protein degradation, enhancing connections between polystyrene units facilitated by peptide bonds with the benzene units of the styrene blocks within the polymer matrix.

Possibility of Phase Transformation of Al2O3 by a Laser: A Review

Aluminum (Al) components of high quality often require an optimal ratio of lightness and favorable mechanical properties. In order to improve the physical-mechanical properties of Al, an aluminum oxide (Al2O3) film is usually formed on the surface of Al, which itself is characterized by high strength, hardness, corrosion resistance, and other technical properties. Unfortunately, depending on the conditions, the oxide film may be formed from different crystal phases on the Al surface, which are not always of desirable quality, i.e., the α-Al2O3 phase. The present review demonstrates that the properties of the Al2O3 film may be improved by Al processing with a laser beam according to the scheme: Al (Al alloy) → electrochemical anodizing → treatment with laser irradiation → α-Al2O3. Both Al substrate and the anodizing electrolyte affect the phase transformation of anodic Al2O3. Laser irradiation of the Al2O3 surface leads to high heating and cooling rates, which may promote the formation of a highly crystalline α-Al2O3 phase on anodic Al2O3.

Sustainable composites based on polypropylene and clay

The production and consumption of plastic materials have been increasingly studied, since the excessive use of its raw material, oil, and its incorrect final destination can cause serious damage to the environment. For this reason, plastic recycling has been frequently used due to its economic, social and ecological viability. Due to reprocessing, plastics lose properties with each recycling cycle. To optimize the properties of plastics, which are often recycled, natural fibers are mixed with these materials, forming composites. Polymeric composites are increasingly used in a wide range of applications due to their excellent physical-mechanical properties. Recycled HDPE composites were obtained in a twin-screw extruder, with three different fibers in the presence and absence of compatibilizer. Overall, the presence of the fiber promoted a reduction in impact resistance and thermal deflection temperature. On the other hand, it provided an increase in the softening temperature of the composites. Considering the results obtained, the PEZMA composite resulted in a material with greater impact resistance and a higher softening temperature.

THIN LIGNOCELLULOSIC LINERS BASED OF SPRUCE SHAVINGS

The article is devoted to determining the basic physical and mechanical properties of sheet materials up to 1.5 mm thick based on wood shavings and PVAc glue with a high proportion of water, pressed under high pressure up to 25 MPa and a temperature of around 190°C, so that the softening of lignin caused by the generated steam, allow to create a compact and non-crumbling surface. In order to characterize the physical-mechanical properties of the new wood-based sheet material with minimum thickness and characteristic elasticity, tests according to the CEPI (Confederation of European Paper Industries) standards were adopted. Procedures for tensile strength according to ISO 1924-2 (2008), Burst strength according to ISO 2758 (2014), puncture according to ASTM D781-68 (1973), water absorption according to ISO 5637 (1989) and porosity according to TAPPI Test method T460 were applied.

Open-Cell Spray Polyurethane Foams Based on Biopolyols from Fruit Seed Oils.

Natural oils from watermelon, cherry, black currant, grape and pomegranate fruit seeds were applied in the synthesis of biopolyols using the transesterification reaction. In this manuscript, the preparation possibility of open-cell foams from a polyurethane system in which petrochemical polyol was fully replaced with biopolyols is analyzed. Firstly, polyurethane foam systems were developed on a laboratory scale, and they were next tested under industrial conditions. It was shown that the foaming method has a significant impact on the foaming process and the cell structure of obtained foams as well as their thermal insulation properties. Based on the conducted research, it was found that the method of processing the polyurethane system has a significant impact on the properties of open-cell spray foams. Foams produced under industrial conditions have a much higher cell density, which has a positive effect on their selected physical-mechanical properties compared to foams produced on a laboratory scale. The open-cell biofoams obtained using a high-pressure machine had apparent densities 12-17 kg/m3, thermal conductivity coefficients 35-37 mW/m·K, closed-cell contents < 10% and were dimensionally stable at low and high temperatures.

Особливості електронно-променевого зварювання магістральних трубопроводів з титанового сплаву

Titanium alloys have high strength and satisfactory weldability. They are widely used in the production of aircrafts and other structural elements in the modern aerospace industry. However, due to a high requirement for aviation and rocket-space technology, increasing the reliability and durability of responsible purpose remains an urgent issue. In this study, the results of welding tubular billets with an electron beam are presented. The subject of this article is the features of tubular billets made of complex titanium alloy electron beam welding. The purpose of this work is to ensure that welds of tubular work pieces have a high level of mechanical properties, based on the welding modes experimental testing results. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set up and solved in this work: to investigate the mechanism of pore formation in welded joints; to study the effect of electron beam welding on the properties of the weld; ensure high indicators of physical and welded joints mechanical properties. The following research results were obtained. It was possible to obtain satisfactory characteristics of the welded joint by welding in the lower position on the substrate and in the horizontal position. The use of heat treatment increases the strength of welded joints to the level of the base metal. Welded seams, regardless of the welding method, have a coarse-grained structure with liquefaction heterogeneity, which is manifested in uneven etching of the seam. Conclusions: Various metallurgical aspects of titanium electron beam welding were studied. During electron beam welding of tubular blanks, pores are formed mainly near the fusion zone and in the seam axis. Edge mechanical processing, speed reduction, work piece rotation, and welded metal remelting dramatically reduce the number of pores in seams welded in the lower position. Crater removal with a stationary work piece avoids root defect formation in the area of annular seam closure. The obtained results have scientific and practical value in the welded joints of tubular blanks mechanical properties improvement.

Experimental investigation of physical and tensile mechanical properties of granite after different heating and cooling treatments

In this study a series of physical properties of granite were tested after different cooling treatments. Correspondingly, Brazilian splitting testing combined with acoustic emission (AE) testing was conducted on five groups of granite samples at different temperature levels, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the microstructure of granite. It was found that the P-wave velocity, hardness and thermal conductivity decreased with rising temperature. The tensile strength of granite was deteriorated by the action of temperature, and the progression of cracks was monitored using AE technology. The SEM results also indicated a significant increase in both the number and density of cracks in granite samples subjected to temperature variations compared to a naturally cooled group. In addition, after heating and cooling at different temperatures, samples with lower tensile strength exhibited rougher fracture surfaces, which were attributed to the generation of more thermal cracks during the heating and cooling processes. Moreover, a variation in the mechanisms for granite after temperature treatment is proposed.

Engineering Sulfur-Containing Polymeric Fire-Retardant Coatings for Fire-Safe Rigid Polyurethane Foam.

With the advantages of lightweight and low thermal conductivity properties, polymeric foams are widely employed as thermal insulation materials for energy-saving buildings but suffer from inherent flammability. Flame-retardant coatings hold great promise for improving the fire safety of these foams without deteriorating the mechanical-physical properties of the foam. In this work, four kinds of sulfur-based flame-retardant copolymers are synthesized via a facile radical copolymerization. The sulfur-containing monomers serve as flame-retardant agents including vinyl sulfonic acid sodium (SPS), ethylene sulfonic acid sodium (VS), and sodium p-styrene sulfonate (VSS). Additionally, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate are employed to enable a strong interface adhesion with polymeric foams through interfacial H-bonding. By using as-synthesized waterborne flame-retardant polymeric coating with a thickness of 600µm, the coated polyurethane foam (PUF) can achieve a desired V-0 rating during the vertical burning test with a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) of >31.5vol%. By comparing these sulfur-containing polymeric fire-retardant coatings, poly(VS-co-HEA) coated PUF demonstrates the best interface adhesion capability and flame-retardant performance, with the lowest peak heat release rate of 166kW m-2 and the highest LOI of 36.4vol%. This work provides new avenues for the design and performance optimization of advanced fire-retardant polymeric coatings.

Composition and Basic Physical Properties of the Phobos Surface: A Comprehensive Review

The surface of Phobos is an intriguing subject of research for many scientists. This is associated, among other things, with the fact that it is perceived as a potential launch site for future human Mars exploration. Additionally, measurements conducted on its surface would not only deepen our knowledge about Phobos but also provide insights into geochemical processes occurring on similar small bodies in the Solar System. Therefore, understanding the physical–mechanical properties of regolith is a crucial aspect of planetary exploration. These properties are key factors needed for both planning safe landings and establishing future bases on celestial bodies. In this paper, information is compiled regarding hypotheses about its origin, the probable composition of Phobos’ surface (spectral properties and HiRISE data), as well as its morphology. The article also presents the process of regolith formation covering Phobos’ surface and its presumed physical properties. It has been established that the estimated bulk density of Phobos, compared to the densities of other asteroids and meteorites, is most similar to C-type asteroids. It was also found that C-type asteroids, in terms of total porosity, best reflect Phobos. However, determining the surface composition of Phobos and its detailed physical properties requires additional information, which could be obtained through in situ studies or sample return missions.

Incorporation of clay brick wastes and calcium hydroxide into geopolymers: Compressive strength, microstructure, and efflorescence

This study aimed to evaluate the incorporation of clay brick waste (CBW) into geopolymers for the production of sustainable building materials. Eight mixtures were prepared with and without the incorporation of calcium hydroxide (CH) and with 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 75 % of the mass of metakaolin (MK) replaced by CBW. Physical-mechanical tests evaluated the macrostructural properties and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses evaluated the microstructure. The results showed that the incorporation of CH significantly improved the physic-mechanical properties of the produced geopolymers due to the formation of C-A-S-H gel in the geopolymer matrix. Thus, CH produced an increase in compressive strength of 357.8 %, 157.6 %, and 95.2 % at 7, 28, and 91 days in the mixture with high CBW content. SEM/EDS analysis showed that Fe3+ partially replaced Al3+ in the geopolymer matrix with the incorporation of CBW. In addition, the partial replacement of Al3+ by Fe3+ from CBW in the N-A-S-H gel contributed to the mitigation of efflorescence with increasing CBW content. Therefore, the results showed that CH contributes to the production of CBW-based geopolymers with satisfactory compressive strength for use as construction materials.