Physical Layer Specifications Research Articles

New Standards Initiatives on Wi-Fi [Standards

The IEEE 802.11 Working Group on Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) is a Working Group of the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. It is chartered to define one medium access control (MAC) and several physical layer (PHY) specifications for wireless connectivity for fixed, portable, and moving stations (STAs) within a local area, with the purpose of providing wireless connectivity for fixed, portable, and moving STAs within a local area <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> .

On the Impact of Multiple Access Interference in LTE-V2X and NR-V2X Sidelink Communications

Developing radio access technologies that enable reliable and low-latency vehicular communications have become of the utmost importance with the rise of interest in autonomous vehicles. The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has developed Vehicle to Everything (V2X) specifications based on the 5G New Radio Air Interface (NR-V2X) to support connected and automated driving use cases, with strict requirements to fulfill the constantly evolving vehicular applications, communication, and service demands of connected vehicles, such as ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability. This paper presents an analytical model for evaluating the performance of NR-V2X communications, with particular reference to the sensing-based semi-persistent scheduling operation defined in the NR-V2X Mode 2, in comparison with legacy sidelink V2X over LTE, specified as LTE-V2X Mode 4. We consider a vehicle platooning scenario and evaluate the impact of multiple access interference on the packet success probability, by varying the available resources, the number of interfering vehicles, and their relative positions. The average packet success probability is determined analytically for LTE-V2X and NR-V2X, taking into account the different physical layer specifications, and the Moment Matching Approximation (MMA) is used to approximate the statistics of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) under the assumption of a Nakagami-lognormal composite channel model. The analytical approximation is validated against extensive Matlab simulations that a show good accuracy. The results confirm a boost in performance with NR-V2X against LTE-V2X, particularly for high inter-vehicle distance and a large number of vehicles, providing a concise yet accurate modeling rationale for planning and adaptation of the configuration and parameter setup of vehicle platoons, without having to resort to extensive computer simulation or experimental measurements.

Implementasi Arsitektur Firewall Sebagai Sistem Keamanan Jaringan Wifi 802.11ax Aruba Software Defined Wan (SD-Wan)

The concept of WLAN technology continues to evolve so as to be able to keep up with the increasing number of user densities, schemes with density Access Point (AP) and User Stations (STA), IEEE 802.11 creates an IEEE 802.11ax (TGax) to develop a set of physical layer specifications (PHY) and Media Access New Control (MAC). IEEE 802.11ax is called a high efficiency WLAN (HE). currently in the concept of its application in the implementation of the firewall architecture on the 802.11ax WIFI network security system. This study aims to determine the concept of an 802.11ax Wifi network security system architecture developed by Aruba with the latest Access Point system that is able to support the latest Wi-Fi standards and is a wireless Access Point product that may be the first to get Wi-Fi Alliance (WFA) certification in Indonesia. the field of the latest WPA3 and Enhanced Open security system standards, and can provide much stronger encryption services and have simpler IoT security configuration settings. This research uses the literature method where the researcher collects data - information data related to the subject of the research conducted by the researcher. As well as using the data analysis technique used is using content analysis in the form of written documentation and organizing data into categories, describing it into units, what is meant by data analysis techniques. The results of this study.

New Standards Initiatives on Ultrawideband [Standards

The IEEE 802.15 Working Group on Wireless Specialty Networks is a working group of the IEEE 802 LAN/ MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society. It is chartered to develop interoperability standards addressing wireless networking for emerging Internet of Things applications. Among the many standards the working group has been developing, IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE Standard for LowRate Wireless Networks, is one of the popular ones whose technology is used for many different higher-layer standards, such as ZigBee, Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART), and 6LoWPAN. IEEE 802.15.4 defines the physical layer (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) sublayer specifications for low-data-rate, low-power, and lowcomplexity wireless connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices with no or very limited battery consumption requirements. In addition, it defines operating modes that support precision ranging capability, which can be accurate to 1 m.

PHY, MAC, and RLC Layer Based Estimation of Optimal Cyclic Prefix Length

This work is motivated by growing evidence that the standard Cyclic Prefix (CP) length, adopted in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer (PHY) specifications, is oversized in propagation environments ranging from indoor to typical urban. Although this ostensibly seems to be addressed by 5G New Radio (NR) numerology, its scalable CP length reduction is proportionally tracked by the OFDM symbol length, which preserves the relative CP overhead of LTE. Furthermore, some simple means to optimize fixed or introduce adaptive CP length arose from either simulations or models taking into account only the bit-oriented PHY transmission performance. On the contrary, in the novel crosslayer analytical model proposed here, the closed-form expression for the optimal CP length is derived such as to minimize the effective average codeblock length, by also considering the error recovery retransmissions through the layers above PHY—the Medium Access Control (MAC) and the Radio Link Control (RLC), in particular. It turns out that, for given protective coding, the optimal CP length is determined by the appropriate rms delay spread of the channel power delay profile part remaining outside the CP span. The optimal CP length values are found to be significantly lower than the corresponding industry-standard ones, which unveils the potential for improving the net throughput.

Analysis of wavelength deployment schemes in terms of optical network unit cost and upstream transmission performance in NG-EPONs

Next-generation Ethernet passive optical networks (NG-EPONs) were standardized by the IEEE 802.3 Working Group in 2020 [IEEE 802.3ca-2020–IEEE Standard for Ethernet Amendment 9: physical layer specifications and management parameters for 25 Gb/s and 50 Gb/s passive optical networks, 2020]. Due to the channel bonding technology [“Recent progress on 25G EPON and beyond,” in 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC) (2016).] adopted by NG-EPONs, multiple wavelengths can be assigned to an optical network unit (ONU) simultaneously, leading to higher peak transmission rates. As a result, assigning traffic in multiple wavelength channels provides greater scheduling flexibility, a higher peak upstream rate, and better upstream transmission performance (i.e., lower latency); however, it leads to the use of high-cost ONUs with multiple transceivers and further increases the total cost of NG-EPONs. Therefore, selecting a proper wavelength deployment scheme is very important when designing future NG-EPONs. In this paper, we focus on the trade-off between ONU cost and the upstream performance in a static scenario, and we develop an integer linear programming model to formulate the problem. In addition, we propose a heuristic wavelength deployment scheme comparison and selection (WDSCS) algorithm to effectively select appropriate wavelength deployment schemes. According to our simulation results, our proposed WDSCS algorithm can efficiently find a finer number of deployment wavelengths to balance the cost of ONUs and the upstream transmission performance. The wavelength deployment schemes for future NG-EPONs can also be specified based on whether network operators prioritize network performance or cost.

MAC layer performance modelling for IEEE 802.15.7 based on discrete‐time Markov chain

Potential lack of enough wireless frequency spectrum has guided researchers towards visible light communication (VLC), emerging as a sturdy support to Wi-Fi. Though the IEEE 802.15.7 standard has comprehensive medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layer specifications, the emerging VLC technology still faces MAC challenges. Further, throughput is one of the major concerns for the VLC personal area network (VPAN) as it directly impacts the network speed. We propose a novel Markov chain model with two clear channel assessments, which proves to be a significant milestone in improving the network throughput for a star topology VPAN. This paper extends the already available analytical models for the MAC layer to efficiently plan and predict the VPAN performance. We also extensively evaluate other network metrics, like network collision probability and end-to-end epoch, to demonstrate the proposed model's applicability. We verify the model's analytical results with elaborate MATLAB simulations and obtain good estimation, especially for large network sizes.

Dynamic Bandwidth Part Allocation in 5G Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles with High Data Rate Traffic.

The 3GPP standardized the physical layer specification in 5G New Radio to support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) coexistence in usage scenarios including aerial vehicles (AVs). Dynamic multiplexing of URLLC traffic was standardized to increase the outage capacity. DM allocates a fully overlapped bandwidth part (BWP) of eMBB and URLLC AVs to perform the immediate scheduling of URLLC traffic by puncturing ongoing eMBB traffic. However, DM often suffers from a significant frame error incurred by puncturing. Meanwhile, BWP can be sliced orthogonally for eMBB and URLLC AVs, possibly preventing overdimensioning the resources depending on the eMBB and URLLC traffic loads. In this paper, we propose a dynamic BWP allocation scheme that switches between two multiplexing methods, dynamic multiplexing (DM) and orthogonal slicing (OS), so as to minimize an impact of uRLLC traffic on eMBB traffic. To implement efficient BWP allocation, the capacity region is analyzed by considering the effect of physical layer parameters, such as modulation and coding scheme (MCS) levels and code block group size on DM and OS. OS is effective for improving the eMBB throughput under a URLLC latency constraint for deterministic and predictable URLLC traffic, whereas DM has limited error-correcting capability against the URLLC’s puncturing effect. The relative MCS level of eMBB and URLLC is critical in determining the eMBB traffic tolerance against puncturing. Identifying the performance tradeoff between DM and OS, the tolerance level is quantified by a URLLC load threshold. It is given in an approximate closed form, which is an essential reference for selecting DM over OS, enabling dynamic BWP allocation for the URLLC AV.

HARQ in Full-Duplex Relay-Assisted Transmissions for URLLC

The Release 16 completion unlocks the road to an exciting phase pertain to the sixth generation (6G) era. Meanwhile, to sustain far-reaching applications with unprecedented challenges in terms of latency and reliability, much interest is already getting intensified toward physical layer specifications of 6G. In support of this vision, this work exhibits the forward-looking perception of full-duplex (FD) cooperative relaying in support of upcoming generations and adopts as a mean concern the critical contribution of hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) mechanism to ultra-reliable and low-latency communication (URLLC). Indeed, the HARQ roundtrip time (RTT) is known to include basic physical delays that may cause the HARQ abandonment for the 1 ms latency use case of URLLC. Taking up these challenges, this article proposes a hybrid FD amplify-and-forward (AF)-selective decode-and-forward (SDF) relay-based system for URLLC. Over this build system, two HARQ procedures within which the HARQ RTT is shortened, are suggested to face latency and reliability issues, namely, the proposed and the enhanced HARQ procedures. We develop then an analytical framework of this relay based HARQ system within its different procedures. Finally, using Monte-Carlo simulations, we confirm the theoretical results and compare the proposed relay-assisted HARQ procedures to the source-to-destination (S2D) HARQ-based system where no relay assists the communication between the source and the destination.

WITHDRAWN: A study on single frequency network on high speed train

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive study on millimetre wave (mmWave)-based mobile hotspot network (MHN) system for high-speed train (HST) communications, including system design, field trial, channel modeling based on measurement campaign, simulation and validation. Firstly, the physical layer specification and single frequency network (SFN) which includes MHN enhanced design (MHN-E) and the overview of the MHN system is provided. Secondly, For MHN conventional (MHN-C) and MHN-E systems, the prototypes and the overall design is presented and the MHN-C prototype and demonstrations with the MHN-E prototype are analysed with the help of results of field trial which conducted at Seoul subway line 8.Thirdly, the paper presents a characteristics of a measurement campaign investigating channel which is based on rural HST environment. Lastly, the performance of the MHNE system is validated by the help of computer simulation. The simulation is done at the speed of 500 km/h under the QuaDRiGa channel model which is also known as the good method for validation of HST communication systems, since it is impractical by real testbeds now. The simulation results revealed that with a peak data rate which exceeding 5 Gbps at a speed of 500 km/h the MHN-E system can able to provide a broadband mobile wireless backhaul (MWB).

Scalability Validation of the Posting Access Method through UPPAAL-SMC Model-Checker

The standard IEEE 802.15.6 provides a new phys-ical layer (PHY) and medium access control sublayer (MAC) specifications that support several challenges of wireless body area networks (WBANs). The posting is the access method of the IEEE 802.15.6 MAC protocol that is used by the hub to send data to the nodes. In this paper, we use a formal method to evaluate the posting access method under the WBANs stochastic environment. Based on the statistical model checking (SMC) toolset UPPAAL-SMC, we model and evaluate the behavior of the posting access method in terms of scalability. The evaluation results showed that according to the allocated time intervals, the energy consumption, and the throughput the scalability was validated.

Key Technologies and Measurements for DTMB-A System

Digital terrestrial television multimedia broadcasting-advanced (DTMB-A), the new digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) system proposed by China, has been accepted by International Telecommunications Union as the international DTTB standard in July, 2015. By adopting several advanced technologies, such as near-capacity channel coding and modulation as well as improved frame structure, DTMB-A can provide faster system synchronization, higher receiving sensitivity, better performance against multipath effect, higher spectrum efficiency, and the flexibility for future extension, compared with its previous generation, DTMB system. This paper provides the technical analyses on the physical layer specifications of DTMB-A system in detail, together with the discussion on the key technologies adopted. Laboratory test and field trial results are also given which demonstrate that DTMB-A can offer excellent overall system performance for both fixed and mobile receptions under complicated terrestrial broadcasting conditions, and is capable of supporting multiple services with different quality of service requirements.

A Comprehensive Study on mmWave-Based Mobile Hotspot Network System for High-Speed Train Communications

This paper presents a comprehensive study on millimeter-wave-based mobile hotspot network (MHN) system for high-speed train (HST) communications, including system design, field trial, channel modeling based on measurement campaign, simulation, and validation. First, an overview of the MHN system and the design of an MHN enhanced (MHN-E) system including physical layer specification and single frequency network are provided. Second, the overall design of prototypes for MHN conventional (MHN-C) and MHN-E systems is presented, and then the recent experimental results of a field trial conducted at Seoul subway line 8 with the MHN-C prototype and demonstrations with the MHN-E prototype are analyzed. Third, this paper presents a measurement campaign investigating channel characteristics of a rural HST environment and a QuaDRiGa-based channel model developed based on the parameters extracted from the measurement. Finally, a computer simulation is conducted to validate the performance of the MHN-E system at high mobility of up to 500 km/h under the QuaDRiGa channel model, which suggests a good methodology for the validation of HST communication systems at the highmobility since it is impractical to be tested by real testbeds as of now. The simulation results revealed that the MHN-E system is capable of providing a broadband mobile wireless backhaul with a peak data rate exceeding 5 Gb/s at a speed of 500 km/h.

An Alternative to IEEE 802.11ba: Wake-Up Radio With Legacy IEEE 802.11 Transmitters

Current standardization process for Wake-up Radio (WuR) within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group, known as the IEEE 802.11ba, has brought interest to the IEEE 802.11-related technologies for the implementation of WuR systems. This paper proposes a new WuR system, where the Wake-up Transmitter (WuTx) is based on the legacy IEEE 802.11 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM) Physical Layer (PHY) specification. Using the IEEE 802.11, OFDM PHY makes it possible for an IEEE 802.11a/g/n/ac transmitter to operate as WuTx for this WuR system. The WuTx generates a Wake-up Signal (WuS) coded with an amplitude-based digital modulation, achieving a bit rate of 250 kbps. This modulation, which we call Peak-Flat modulation, can be received using low-power receivers. A simulated proof of concept of the WuTx based on the IEEE 802.11g is presented and evaluated using MATLAB WLAN Toolbox. A method to generate the Peak-Flat modulated WuS from an IEEE 802.11a/g standard-compliant transmitter, using only software-level access, is explained. In addition, two possible low-power Wake-up Receiver (WuRx) architectures capable of decoding the presented modulation are proposed. The design of those receivers is generic enough to be used as a reference to compare the performance of the Peak-Flat Modulation with the other state-of-the-art approaches. The evaluation results conclude that the Peak-Flat modulation has similar performance compared to the other IEEE 802.11 WuR solutions on the reference receivers. Moreover, this solution provides a notorious advantage: legacy OFDM-based IEEE 802.11 transmitters can generate the Peak-Flat modulated WuS.

Design of Digital Satellite Processors: From Communications Link Performance to Hardware Complexity

Latest developments in satellite communications encompass semitransparent transponder architectures. Such architectures have potentials: 1) to operate with enhanced frequency planning flexibility and physical layer specifications of evolving communications standards and 2) to support dynamic reconfiguration of connectivity plans. In this frame, significant on-board digital processing is involved, which calls for careful system modeling and accurate digital hardware design to achieve feasible tradeoffs between hardware efficiency and overall link-budget performance. In our recent works, we have proposed and validated a quantitative framework for performance analysis and design of digital transparent processors (DTPs): the model relies on an extended notion of noise figure that allows a radio link-budget to natively incorporate the nonideal behavior (e.g., quantization and rounding errors and linear distortions) of the various DTP segments. This paper complements the previous works by providing: 1) an explicit computation of implementation complexity of a DTP and 2) a methodology to carry out a complete design flow that moves from system requirements and brings to a detailed definition of digital hardware (HW) components in the DTP. Through numerical examples, we demonstrate that, given a requirement on the overall link budget performance in contexts of practical interest, significant differences in HW complexity are obtained for different design choices.

Design and prototyping of low‐power wide area networks for critical infrastructure monitoring

Low-energy critical infrastructure monitoring (LECIM) networks is essential for the monitoring of infrastructure facilities in smart cities. One critical requirement of an LECIM network is its wide coverage of up to several kilometres by using a star topology instead of the tree or mesh networks. In meeting this requirement, this study develops a system with a transceiver of extremely high receiver sensitivity based on the IEEE 802.15.4k physical layer specifications. To reduce the energy consumption, the modulation schemes suitable for low complexity detection are chosen for the data transmission in the design. Also, an efficient parallel preamble and payload data detection are adopted at the access point of the proposed LECIM to acquire concurrent packets from respective nodes. Meanwhile, a data-aided dynamic timing adjustment scheme is proposed for data field detection to rapidly and adaptively synchronise to the long duration of data packet. Furthermore, a testbed is implemented using a software-defined radio to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system design.

An Ultra Wideband Survey: Global Regulations and Impulse Radio Research Based on Standards

This paper presents an updated survey on research related to ultra wideband (UWB) communications, particularly that of impulse radio (IR) technology. In addition to the research, we survey UWB physical layer specifications of the two existing standards-the IEEE 802.15.6-2012 and the IEEE 802.15.4-2015-as well as the leading global UWB spectrum regulatory limitations which have been updated recently. The latter standard including the UWB specifications was first published in 2007 and the latest revision dates to 2015. The focus in this paper is the period from 2007 to 2015. Our purpose is to provide an in-depth survey with a clearly specified topic together with the standard specifications and the related regulatory restrictions. Additionally, the last part of this paper discusses the possibilities of increasing the current IR-UWB data rates to meet increasing future demands.

Recent Progress on Standardization of Next-Generation 25, 50, and 100G EPON

In this paper, an overview is given on the recent developments in next-generation high-speed PON. A summary is presented on the progress being made by the IEEE P802.3ca task force on the standardization of 25, 50, and 100G EPON. An outline of the physical layer specification for next-generation high-speed PON as well as MAC layer functions such as channel bonding to achieve 100 Gbps line rates is discussed. Also, the wavelength plan for 100G EPON coexistence with the various PON generations are discussed.

The Synchronization Design and Implementation of LTE-Advanced Real-Time Test Platform Based on Software Defined Radio

To meet the needs of future mobile communication, an essential approach is adopting new architectures of the mobile communication network and advanced technologies of wireless transmission. We choose GNU Radio and Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) to construct a test platform for mobile communication technologies based on SDR. With the platform, a real communication conforming to LTE-Advanced physical layer specification is implemented by the PSS/SSS of LTE radio frame. The platform provides a tool to design, test and verify mobile communication technologies in real environment.

The Journey of Ethernet Towards 1 TBPS and Various Fields of Application

Objectives: The main objective of this report is to describe in detail about the elements of Ubiquitous Ethernet, Physical layers specifications of 40/100 Gbps Ethernet technology, various fields of applications and the evolution of the predominant Ethernet from 100 Mbps to 1 Tbps data rate. Statistical Analysis: The Journey of the Ethernet from the beginning of mid 1970’s is illustrated. The Physical layer specifications of latest 802.3ba Ethernet technology along with survey of the fields of applications made this report unique. Brief illustration of each application with its inherent protocol and the encoding /decoding of data communication over the serial lanes of the physical layer convey the core process of Ethernet technology. Findings: The Ease of adoptability made the remarkable Ethernet and its existence in variety fields of applications such as industry to avionics, video and voice based applications which are intended for higher network speeds. Such high data transfer applications are realized on far-flung networks by targeting the physical layer interfaces which are discussed elaborately. Up to date research findings and latest Amendments of IEEE 802.2bs which is meant for the data rate 400Gbps are cited in this report. Applications/Improvements: Broad literature survey of the existing IEEE 802.3 in various fields of application made this report unique, usher and Endeavour the researcher in the field of data communications.