Physical Layer Of IEEE Research Articles

CARA-OHT: Collision-Aware Rate Adaptation for Optimal High-Throughput in IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks

The wireless mesh network (WMN) is a future network technology that develops single-hop wireless local area networks (WLANs) into multi-hop wireless mesh networks, based on the IEEE 802.11s standard. However, this development still presents many challenges, such as determining the best route between sources and destinations, especially taking into account the use of the medium access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers of IEEE 802.11n/ac. Some papers have proposed rate adaptation algorithms particularly for single-hop networks; however, these only focused on mechanisms to find data rates suitable for channel conditions. In IEEE 802.11s WMNs, the design of the rate adaptation algorithm is more challenging. Besides considering the problem of channel quality and optimal throughput, it is necessary to also consider the problem of collision and the best route. It is important to take collision into account because the collision probability in multi-hop mesh networks is higher than that in single-hop networks and can lead to a lower throughput. Rate adaptation algorithms for IEEE 802.11s WMNs have been proposed in other papers, but they also do not consider the use of the MAC and PHY layers of IEEE 802.11n/ac. In this paper, we propose the collision-aware rate adaptation for optimal high-throughput (CARA-OHT) algorithm for WMN IEEE 802.11s. An evaluation through the extensive use of a network NS-3 simulator shows that the proposed algorithm exhibits a higher throughput than previously developed algorithms.

Area and power‐efficient variable‐length fast Fourier transform for MR‐OFDM physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4‐g

The authors present a novel 16/32/64/128-point single-path delay feedback pipeline fast Fourier transform (FFT) architecture targeting the multi-rate and multi-regional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MR-OFDM) physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4-g. The proposed FFT architecture employs a mixed-radix algorithm to significantly reduce the number of complex multipliers. It utilises a configurable complex constant multiplier structure instead of a fixed constant multiplier to efficiently conduct W 32 , W 64 , and W 128 twiddle factor multiplication. A hardware-sharing mechanism has also been formulated to reduce the memory space requirements of the proposed 16/32/64/128-point FFT computation scheme. The proposed design is implemented in Xilinx Virtex-5 and Altera's field-programmable gate array devices. For the computation of 128-point FFT, the proposed mixed-radix FFT architecture significantly reduces the hardware cost in comparison with existing FFT architecture. The proposed FFT architecture is also implemented by adopting the 90 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology with a supply voltage of 1 V. Post-synthesis results reveal that the design is efficient in terms of gate count and power consumption, compared to earlier reported designs. The proposed variable-length FFT architecture gate count is 22.3K and consumes 3.832 mW, while the word-length is 12-bits and can be efficiently useful for the IEEE 802.15.4-g standard.

Multi-channel wireless sensor network for Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicles

A typical new generation Heavy-Lift Launch Vehicle (HLV) has more than 600 sensors on board. More than 80% of these sensors are used for non-critical operational and technological data. This data is sent to the ground launching controllers allowing them to supervise, in real time or a posteriori, information concerning the state of the HLV and the progress of the launching operation. Sensors are traditionally connected to a concentrator entity using cables. The concentrator is a special node in charge of collecting data that is generated by sensors and transmit it to the ground controllers unit. The use of wireless technology to interconnect sensor nodes with the concentrator would allow an ease of deployment and a weight gain which will help achieve assembly time reduction and a gain in terms of generated power. Nevertheless, of-the-shelf wireless technologies cannot guarantee a wired equivalent reliability in terms of packet delivery ratio or end-to-end delay. Indeed, when transmitting over wireless communication links it is challenging to find a solution that avoids data loss especially in high data rate scenarios. This is essentially due to the nature of the wireless medium that is very sensitive to the surrounding environment and to the possible simultaneous multiple accesses to the medium by the different sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose a wireless solution based on the physical layer of IEEE 802.15.4 standard in the 2.4 GHz frequency band that enhances packet delivery ratio under an acceptable end-to-end delay threshold during all phases of the launching operation. The proposal is a multi-channel and multi-hop protocol that allows sensors that are deployed close to the interstage of the HLV to communicate with a multi-radio interface concentrator node. Simulation results show promising performance in terms of packet delivery rate and end-to-end delay.

An IEEE 802.22 transceiver framework and its performance analysis on software defined radio for TV white space

With rapid increase in new applications and services, there is huge demand for internet bandwidth. Several researchers around the world have found that, majority of licensed bands (mostly terrestrial TV band) are either unused or underused. These underutilized bands allocated for TV transmission are known as TV white space (TVWS). For effective utilization of TVWS, the IEEE 802.22 is proposed. The IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network (WRAN) is the latest standard for effective utilization of TV bands. This standard is based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with various modulation techniques to provide different data rates. In this paper, an implementation framework for physical layer of IEEE 802.22 WRAN standard for normal mode is demonstrated and analyzed. This transceiver is implemented using the National Instruments Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench programming software on the National Instruments universal software radio peripheral 2952R. We have also analyzed different blocks of IEEE 802.22 based on their execution time, and identify the critical blocks of IEEE 802.22 that should be optimized for real-time applications for commercial product development and field deployments. We have also highlighted the difference between theoretical and practical performance of the considered error control codes for IEEE 802.22 specified block size. Additionally, various covariance based spectrum sensing methods are also analyzed for real-world environment.

Low-Power Digital Baseband Transceiver Design for UWB Physical Layer of IEEE 802.15.6 Standard

This paper presents the design and implementation of ultrawideband digital baseband transceiver for wireless body area networks (WBAN) applications. The power dissipation and area of the proposed architecture are minimized by combining algorithmic and architectural level modifications. A new algorithm for Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) encoding is implemented and the coding gain of the BCH decoder is improved by 0.5 dB, with a cost of only one percent area overhead. An area efficient, low-complexity, and low-power BCH decoder is implemented and it has 42 $\%$ lower area and 38 $\%$ lower power dissipation compared to a conventional hard-decision decoder. Other salient features of this paper include a low-complexity, low-power packet detection unit, and a low-power module for removing the shortening bits. The baseband transceiver has been designed in 90 nm CMOS technology and it has an energy efficiency of 73 pJ/bit in transmitter mode and 225 pJ/bit in receiver mode.

Study and overview on WBAN under IEEE 802.15.6

WBAN (wireless body area networks) is an upcoming technology which stands to be a base for wearable and implantable sensors. The IEEE 802.15.6 formulates the physical and medium access for body area networks. The Body area networks can be implemented in several applications like health monitoring, ambient living environments and consumer electronics. This paper gives a clear overview about the functions of WBAN. The medium access layers and the physical layers of IEEE 802.15.6 are deeply examined and studied in this work. The access mechanisms of the protocol are explained in this paper. A clear literature review has also been stated to know the current state of art of this technology. The future possibilities and area to be explored also has been defined in this work.

Performance of OPS-SAP technique for PAPR reduction in IEEE 802.11p scenarios

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are wireless networks that emerged thanks to the rapid evolution of wireless technologies and the automotive industry. The IEEE 802.11p standard is part of a group of standards related to all layers of protocols for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) communications, which defines Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical (PHY) levels. The PHY layer of IEEE 802.11p is essentially based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) due to its advantages. However, OFDM signal suffers from high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) at the transmitter side, which causes a significant power efficiency penalty. An efficient peak power reduction technique is Simple Amplitude Predistortion aided by Orthogonal Pilot Sequences (OPS-SAP), which consists in moving certain outer constellation points of the frequency-domain OFDM symbol. In this paper, we propose the application of this OPS-SAP scheme in the IEEE 802.11p scenario, and, moreover, its evaluation under a complete PHY layer.

Physical layer structure of next generation mobile WiMAX technology

To meet the tremendous demand and growth for mobile Internet and wireless multimedia applications, various advanced mobile technologies are under extensive investigation in recent years. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group Task Group m (TGm) has been developing a 4G mobile WiMAX system since early 2007. This paper provides a detailed overview of the prominent features and structure of the physical layer of IEEE 802.16m and also provides simulation results of spectral efficiency performance.