Results Of Physical Evaluation Research Articles

Formulation and Evaluation of Face Mask Gel Peel Off Combination of Avocado Leaf Extract (Perssea Americana Mill) and Jicama (Pachyrrhuzul Erosus L.)

Avocado leaves and jicama contain antioxidants. Topical use of antioxidants can reduce UVA radiation which can cause skin darkening. Utilization of avocado leaves and jicama is done by making a peel-off gel facial mask. This research was conducted to formulate and determine the physical quality of a gel peel-off facial mask combination of avocado and jicama leaf extracts. The quantitative experimental method was used and four formulas for varying the concentration of the active substance were prepared, with a comparison of the total extracts used, avocado and jicama leaf extracts. The combination of avocado leaf extract and jicama can be formulated as a gel peel off facial mask, with the results of physical evaluation have met the requirements.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL EVALUATIONS OF TOPICAL RADIANCE SERUM CONTAINING NANOEMULSION COMBINATION OF ASTAXANTHIN AND ZEAXANTHIN: DESIGNED AS ANTI-WRINKLE AND SKIN-BRIGHTENING SERUM

Objective: The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the radiance serum containing the combination of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion designed for anti-wrinkle and skin brightening serum by topical route of administration. Methods: The nanoemulsion containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin was prepared using the self-nano emulsifying method, followed by incorporation into the radiance serum by the conventional mixing method. The quantity and ratio of surfactant, co-surfactant, and oil phase have been optimized in the previous study, as well as the radiance serum formula. The evaluation of the nanoemulsion and radiance serum was carried out by physical and chemical characterization. At the end of the study, an antioxidant activity of the serum containing nanoemulsion of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin was performed by DPPH method and the antioxidant activity was compared to its pure forms. The evaluation of the ex vivo permeation study was carried out to evaluate its possibility as an anti-wrinkle and skin brightener. Results: An astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion had a good physical properties with a globule size around of 20 nm (narrow particle size distribution), an entrapment efficiency range greater than 85%, and had a spherical morphology. The radiance serum had a good organoleptic and spreadability with the semifluid characteristic. Based on the result of antioxidant activity, the radiance serum had a highly active antioxidant activity. The radiance serum contained of astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion of 1% concentration, astaxanthin had a 2-6 times cumulative released compared than zeaxanthin (p<0.05) and all of the formulations exhibited a high skin permeation significantly. Conclusion: A formulation of nanoemulsion-based serum containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin for topical delivery has been successfully developed. Based on the results of physical evaluation and especially from the permeation study, it seems that radiance serum containing astaxanthin and zeaxanthin nanoemulsion was potential to be used as an anti-wrinkle and skin brightening, however this function must be proven in further research.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN SERUM WAJAH LENDIR BEKICOT (Achatina fulica) DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI XANTHAN GUM SEBAGAI GELLING AGENT

Snail slime (Achatina fulica) has a strong inhibitory power against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, this is because snail mucus has an active compound achasin. This study aims to determine the formulation and physical evaluation of serum and effect of variations in the concentration of xanthan gum as a gelling agent. In this research method used qualitative experiments with variations in the concentration of xanthan gum, namely F1 = 0,25%, F2 = 0,50%, F3 = 0,75%. The results of the third organoleptic test have almost the same shape, smell and color, semi-solid, odorless and album white in color. The homogeneity test shows that the three formulas are homogeneous. The resultof the evaluation of facial serum pH is F1=4,56±0,05; F2=4,96±0,05; F3=4,97±0,03 met the requirements for a good facial serum pH of 4,50-6,50. The results of the dispersion test at F1=6,83±0,01cm; F2=6,78±0,03cm; F3=6,72±0,02cm fulfills the requirements for the dispersion test, which is 5-7cm. Viscosity test results F1=544,82±23,17cPs; F2=5.568,70±280,26cPs; F3=10.326±219,54cPs indicates that only F1 meets the requirements for a good serum viscosity of 230-1150cPs. Transferred volume test results F1=97,44±0,01; F2=95,67±0,50; F3 = 95,33±0,50 meets the requirements. The results of the hedonic test were F1 the most preferred based on the color and aroma categories and F2 the most preferred based on the color and texture categories. Based on the results of statistical tests using One Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis, it can be ascertained that variations in the concentration of xanthan gum have no effect on the results of physical evaluation

Formulation and Evaluation of Lime Peel Extract (Citrus aurantiifolia) Gel with Semi-Refined Carrageenan and Glucomannan as Gelling Agent

Lime peel extract contains quercetin with sunscreen activity. It could make into gel preparations, which has a transparent semisolid and generally gives a cooling sensation to the skin. A combination of semi-refined carrageenan and glucomannan as a gelling agent can be an alternative to form the strength and elasticity of the gel mass. This study aimed to determine the effect of concentration variations of gelling agents on the physical evaluation of gel preparation results and the optimal formulation for lime peel extract gel as sunscreen. Lime peel extract would make into gel preparation with variations in the concentration of the gelling agent, which are 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, and 1.75%. Afterward, the physical evaluation included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion tests. The organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test results show that all formulations meet the requirements. Viscosity test results obtain the best formula III with 3940,00 cPs at 60 rpm . The results of the dispersibility test show the best formulas I and II with 6,10 cm and 5,50 cm. Based on the data analyzed, variations of gelling agents affect the pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion test results. The optimal lime peel extract gel formulation has not defined from the physical evaluation results.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Alpinia malaccensis (Burm. f.) Roscoe and Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome Essential Oil Gel Formulations by Carrageenan Induction Method

Bioactive compound from essential oils of Alpinia malaccensis (AM) and Kaempferia galanga (KG) rhizomes, respectively, such as methyl cinnamate and ethyl-p-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. The present study aimed to determine the topical anti-inflammatory activity of 3 gel formulations (Formula 1, 2 and 3) having different concentrations of essential oil from AM and KG rhizomes. The gelling agent used in this study was Carbopol 934. The physicochemical parameters of the gel formulations such as organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and spreadability as well as hedonic test were also examined. The anti-inflammatory activity assay was carried out using the carrageenan induced rat paws edema method. The chemical composition of AM and KG rhizomes was identified by GC-MS with LRI index. The major essential oils content in AM and KG rhizome was methyl cinnamate (58.80%) and ethyl-p-methoxy cinnamate (59.68%), respectively. Based on the results of physical evaluation, hedonic test and anti-inflammatory activity, Formula 1 with 5% AM and 2.5% KG essential oils is the best formula with % inflammation inhibition of 36.32 ± 6.32%.

Brain-Immune Interactions as the Basis of Gulf War Illness: Clinical Assessment and Deployment Profile of 1990-1991 Gulf War Veterans in the Gulf War Illness Consortium (GWIC) Multisite Case-Control Study.

The Boston University-based Gulf War Illness Consortium (GWIC) is a multidisciplinary initiative developed to provide detailed understanding of brain and immune alterations that underlie Gulf War illness (GWI), the persistent multisymptom disorder associated with military service in the 1990–1991 Gulf War. The core GWIC case-control clinical study conducted in-depth brain and immune evaluation of 269 Gulf War veterans (223 GWI cases, 46 controls) at three U.S. sites that included clinical assessments, brain imaging, neuropsychological testing, and analyses of a broad range of immune and immunogenetic parameters. GWI cases were similar to controls on most demographic, military, and deployment characteristics although on average were two years younger, with a higher proportion of enlisted personnel vs. officers. Results of physical evaluation and routine clinical lab tests were largely normal, with few differences between GWI cases and healthy controls. However, veterans with GWI scored significantly worse than controls on standardized assessments of general health, pain, fatigue, and sleep quality and had higher rates of diagnosed conditions that included hypertension, respiratory and sinus conditions, gastrointestinal conditions, and current or lifetime depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. Among multiple deployment experiences/exposures reported by veterans, multivariable logistic regression identified just two significant GWI risk factors: extended use of skin pesticides in theater (adjusted OR = 3.25, p = 0.005) and experiencing mild traumatic brain injury during deployment (OR = 7.39, p = 0.009). Gulf War experiences associated with intense stress or trauma (e.g., participation in ground combat) were not associated with GWI. Data and samples from the GWIC project are now stored in a repository for use by GWI researchers. Future reports will present detailed findings on brain structure and function, immune function, and association of neuroimmune measures with characteristics of GWI and Gulf War service.

The Formulation and Physical Evaluation of Emulgel the Kalakai (Stenochlaena Palustris Bedd) Roots Ethanol Extract As a Sunscreen

Kalakai (Stenochlaena palustris) is one of the diversity of Kalimantan typical plants that are often consumed as food but can also be used as medicinal plants. Ethanol Extract of Kalakai Root has been shown to have very strong antioxidants and has an SPF value of extreme ability level. Researchers want to examine a form of cosmetic emulgel which potentially as sunscreen. The purpose of this study is as a preliminary stage to see how the physical evaluation results (organoleptic, pH and dispersal power) of emulgel kalakai roots ethanol extract at 1% and 2% concentration. The results obtained for formula I (1%) and formula II (2%) of emulgel kalakai roots ethanol extract meet the organolepic test quality parameters, pH and spreadability test.

Risk Factors Influencing Tolerance and Clinical Features of Food Protein-Induced Allergic Proctocolitis

B Buyuktiryaki, I Kulhas Celik, SB Erdem. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(5):574–579 This multi-center study sought to describe the clinical features and natural course of disease in a large group of 257 infants with food protein induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) with assessment of risk factors for persistence of disease. Two hundred and fifty-seven infants diagnosed with FPIAP between 2014 and 2017 in 5 different allergy or gastroenterology outpatient clinics were included in this study. Infants who were admitted with rectal bleeding and had a diagnosis of FPIAP were enrolled. Age, sex, time of onset and type of symptoms, causative food(s), concomitant diseases, physical evaluation results, skin …

Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Anti Bakteri Masker Gel Peel-Off Ekstrak Daun Pacar Air (Impatiens balsamina linn.) Dengan Kombinasi Basis PVA dan HPMC

Peel-off gel mask is one of the practical masks, because after dry the mask can be directly removed without rinsing. In this research, a peel-off gel mask formulation from a pacar air leaf extract (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) Has antibacterial activity against Staphylococus Aureus bacteria. The peel-off gel mask is prepared in 3 formulas by varying the PVA and HPMC concentrations of F1 (1: 2,6), F2 (1: 3), F3 (1: 3,5). Evaluation of gel quality used is organoleptic test, viscosity, adhesion, drying time, dispersion, pH. Testing of antibacterial activity was done by using the diffusion method of wells. The positive control used was clindamycin phosphate 1.2%, the negative control used was the base of the peel-off gel mask. Results of physical evaluation and antibacterial activity test were analyzed using SPSS software with trust level of 0.05. Based on the results obtained F3 is the optimum formula, because F3 has a corresponding pH of 5.2 ± 0.10, the corresponding depth of 6.85 ± 0.13, the fastest drying time of 21.68 ± 0.33 and the anti-activity the best bacteria. Based on testing of antibacterial activity of F1, F2 and F3 have antibacterial activity against Staphylococus Aureus bacteria.

Formulation of Antioxidant Gel from Black Mulberry Fruit Extract (Morus nigra L.).

Background:Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun that is composed of UVA and UVB can cause premature aging when exposed to the skin. Black mulberry fruit (Morus nigra L.) contains anthocyanins as antioxidants that can be protective against UV exposure. The aim of this research was to produce gel formulation from the extract of black mulberry as an antioxidant and sunscreen.Materials and Methods:This research started with the maceration process using 96% ethanol solvent. Later, antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and compared with vitamin C. Furthermore, the extracts were formulated into gel with variations of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Carbopol 934, and extract concentrations. The products were then physically evaluated, including organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and dispersion, as well as the hedonic test, irritation test, and antioxidant activity test.Results:The results showed that black mulberry extract had antioxidant activity with the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 146.73ppm and its antioxidant strength was 39.6 times lower than that of vitamin C. The formulation with best physical evaluation results was given by formula 4 (Carbopol 934, 1.5%) with extract concentration 0.61%. This formula showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 104.659ppm. Furthermore, on the basis of hedonic test and irritation test, this formula was the most popular and was categorized as a safe topical gel.Conclusion:The gel of black mulberry extract had antioxidant activity and was categorized as a safe topical gel.

Development of Gel Dossage Form From Mulberry Fruit Extract as A Facial Treatment

Skin care is very important in cosmetics, especially facial treatments. Black mulberry is rich in phenols and is therefor usable in the treatment of acne. It also contains anthocyanin, a well-known antioxidant and a potential source of sun protection. This research aimed to develop a gel dossage from black mulberries (Morus nigra) extracts that would function as an antibacterial, antioxidant and sun blocking facial treatment. This research started with black mulberry fruit extracted through the maceration method by using ethanol (96%). Then, the antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by the disc-diffusion method, while the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined by the microdilution method. Antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using the 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) method with vitamin C as a comparison. Furthermore, the extracts were formulated into gel formulas with variations of HPMC, Na-CMC, carbopol 934 and extract concentrations. The products were then physically evaluated for organoleptics, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and dispersion as well as undergoing a hedonic test, an irritation test, an antioxidant activity test and determining the SPF value of the preparation. The results showed that the black mulberry fruit extract has antibacterial activity with MIC value of 0,025 g/mL against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, while MBC values were 0,025 g/mL and 0,05 g/mL, respectively. The black mulberry extract had antioxidant activity with IC50 value, i.e 146,73 μg/mL vitamin c i.e. 3,17 μg/mL. Formulation with best physical evaluation results showed ina formula containing a carbopol gel base of 934 0,015 g/mL with an extract cconcentration of 0,075 g/mL. This formula resulted in antioxidant activity with an IC50 value, i.e 1004,6 μg/mL, antibacterial activity with inhibition zone 6.83 ± 1.4 mm against and 6.76 ± 0.9 mm against S. epidermidis and P. acnes respectively and an SPF value of 1.9.

Peel-off gel formulation from black mulberries (Morus nigra) extract as anti-acne mask

Background: Acne is a skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation in the polisebasea that often occurs in adolescence. Utilization of the black mulberry fruit with a high phenolic is one alternative for the treatment of acne. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this research are to develop and test a peel-off mask gel prepared from black mulberries (Morus nigra) extracts, which has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Materials and Methods: Black mulberry fruit was extracted with the maceration method by using ethanol (96%). Then, the antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by the disc-diffusion method, while the mean inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mean bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by the microdilution method. Then, the extract was formulated into the base of the peel-off mask gel containing variations in concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (7%, 9%, and 10%) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2% and 2.5%). The formulations prepared were evaluated for their physical properties, including organoleptic behavior, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time. Irritation tests were performed, and antibacterial activity of the formulation was also assessed. Results: The results showed that the black mulberry fruit extract has antibacterial activity with MIC value of 2.5% against S. epidermidis and P. acnes, while MBC values were 2.5% and 5%, respectively. Formulations with the best results of physical evaluation were obtained for the formula containing polyvinyl alcohol at 7% and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose at 2.5%. The antibacterial activity of the peel-off mask gel formulation from black mulberries (M. nigra) extract occurs with 3 × MIC and produce inhibition zone 6.11 ± 3.2 mm against S. epidermidis and 5.43 ± 0.6 mm against P. acnes. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the peel-off mask gel prepared from black mulberry (M. nigra) fruit extract is effective as well as safe to be used as a topical preparation.

Spherical agglomeration of telmisartan by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion technique to improve the solubility and dissolution rate

Spherical agglomerates of telmisartan (TEL) were prepared with and without the polymers viz. Polxamer F68, Gelucire 50/13, hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC E15) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K90) at different concentrations by quasi emulsion solvent diffusion (QESD) technique, using the solvent system consisting of N,N dimethyl formamide, water and chloroform as good, poor solvent and bridging liquid respectively. All the prepared agglomerates were characterized for yield, particle size, flow properties, drug content, solubility, in vitro dissolution release, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results of physical evaluation indicates that, all the prepared agglomerates showed improvement in flowability, compactability, solubility and dissolution rate of TEL compared with pure TEL. Agglomerates prepared using polymers showed further improvement in solubility and dissolution rate compared to agglomerates with no drug, which in turn depends on type and concentration of polymer used. Spherical agglomerates containing 0.05 % Poloxamer F68 was considered optimum as it showed 9.96 and 4.48 folds improvement in solubility and dissolution rate respectively, compared with pure drug. FTIR spectrums of agglomerates indicated no incompatibility between the drug and solvents/ polymers used. PXRD patterns showed the agglomerates retained their crystal characteristics with reduced crystallanity or partial amorphization of TEL. SEM images confirm the spherical shape of agglomerates and their micro porous, rough and crevice surface. Thus, spherically agglomeration of TEL with polymers is a successful approach for improving the micromeritic, solid state and physicochemical properties.

Comparison of Gradation Characteristics between Three Typical Medical Imaging Display Devices Using Psychophysical Analysis

Although there are remarkable differences in maximum luminance in cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors and film/viewer systems, these differences cannot be recognized in our perception of them. To clarify the reason for this conflict, we analyzed the psychophysical gradient (delta), which is based on the minimum perceptible luminance difference (DeltaL(min)) and can express contrast visually recognized by observers. In this study, we first confirmed the compatibility of the psychophysical analysis to the CRT and the LCD monitors by using their threshold contrasts (C(t)s). Second, we calculated and compared the delta's of the above output devices. The C(t)s values of each device were in good agreement. Moreover, the Moon & Spencer model, which expressed the perceptibility of luminance change, was well suited to the measured C(t)s over the whole luminance range. The psychophysical analysis is therefore available not only for the film/viewer system, but also for the CRT and LCD systems. The difference of physical gradient G of the luminance characteristics curve among the output devices was larger than 20 times, whereas that of d was within 3 times. The display devices listed in the order of decreasing delta were film/viewer>LCD>CRT. These results corresponded to the visual contrast sensation and our clinical experience, which cannot recognize remarkable differences in perception. By using the psychophysical analysis, we clarified the reason for the conflict between the results of physical evaluation and the contrast visually recognized by observers.