Physical Environmental Variables Research Articles

The Role of Resilience as Mediation in Burnout Work Environment on the Performance of RSUD Sidoarjo Employees in the Era of the Pandemic Covid 19

Background: The influence of resilience on burnout is so important for hospital staff to stay focused when providing services to patients, making researchers want to see how much influence resilience has on burnout work environment on employee performance. Purpose: To analyze the influence of the Role of Resilience as Mediation in the Burnout Work Environment on the Performance of RSUD Sidoarjo Employees in the Covid 19 Covid-pandemic era. Method: The research method used is cross-sectional analytic research. The population is 1,745 people who work at the Sidoarjo Regional General Hospital with proportional random sampling, the sample obtained is 326 employees. The measuring instrument used is a questionnaire. The data analysis used is path analysis. Results: The research results show that indirectly physical work environment variables through resilience do not significantly affect performance (0.173 > 0.163). For physical variables resilience does not significantly affect performance (0.008 > -0.022). Psychological variables through resilience do not significantly affect performance (-0.017 > -0.074). Then the behavioral variable through resilience does not significantly affect performance (-0.055 > -0.253). Conclusion: No there is a role of resilience in overcoming burnout work environment on performance. Resilience indirectly through physical, psychological, and behavior in the work environment has a significant effect on performance.

Tide impacts the dispersion of eDNA from nearshore net pens in a dynamic high‐latitude marine environment

AbstractEnvironmental DNA (eDNA) is increasingly used to detect animals in aquatic habitats, but uncertainty remains about the relationship between the present location of an animal relative to eDNA detections. In marine environments, physical characteristics—such as tides and currents—can influence the distribution of eDNA. In this study, we make use of hatchery net pens containing >46 million juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in nearshore Southeast Alaska to test for dispersion of eDNA and the effects of tide. Initially, we collected and filtered surface water every 80 m along a 2 km transect to test eDNA attenuation over surface distance during incoming and outgoing tides on a single day. The following year, we sampled at three depths (0 m, 5 m, and 10 m) every 500 m along the same transect as well as along a perpendicular transect, to understand dispersion by depth and in additional directions. Chum salmon eDNA was quantified using species‐specific qPCR. We found that surface samples showed a consistent signal of decreasing chum salmon eDNA across the 2 km transect (R2 = 0.665), with the majority of eDNA detections within 1.5 km of the net pens. Tide had a significant effect, resulting in higher concentrations of chum DNA throughout the transect during incoming tide and a steeper decline in eDNA over distance during outgoing tide (R2 = 0.759). Depth affected chum salmon DNA concentration, with the majority of eDNA at the surface and a decreasing amount of DNA with increasing depth. This study addresses one of the critical knowledge gaps in applying eDNA to marine fisheries management by providing empirical evidence of eDNA dispersion and demonstrating that most eDNA detections are likely from nearby individuals that are either currently or recently present. Yet even at close proximity, eDNA signal strength fluctuates and depends on the physical environmental variables during a given sampling event.

The Effect of Financial Compensation, Intrinsic Motivation and Physical Work Environment on the Performance of Employees of the Human Resources Development Agency of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of financial compensation, intrinsic motivation and physical work environment on the performance of employees of the Human Resources Development Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. The type of research used is quantitative research. This study used primary data by distributing questionnaires as many as 138 respondents. Data analysis uses descriptive and inferential analysis. In the implementation of the study using primary data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires and processed with SPSS 25. The results of the study showed that the financial compensation variable (X1) had a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of the Human Resources Development Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. The intrinsic motivation variable (X2) has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of the Human Resources Development Agency of the Republic of Indonesia. Physical work environment variables (X3) have a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of the Human Resources Development Agency of the Republic of Indonesia.

Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja Fisik dan Motivasi Kerja terhadap Kinerja Guru di SMP Negeri 03 dan SMA Negeri 03 Kecamatan Talang Ubi Kabupaten Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir

This study aims to determine the effect of Physical Work Environment and Work Motivation on Teacher Performance in SMP Negeri 03 and SMA Negeri 03 Talang Ubi District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency. The population of this study were all teachers at SMP Negeri 03 and SMA Negeri 03. The sample in this study were 36 respondents totaling 56 respondents.. This type of research is Descriptive research with a Quantitative approach. The data used is primary data. Data collection methods using questionnaire techniques. Data analysis techniques are Multiple Linear Regression, F test, Determination Coefficient T test, and Correlation Coefficient test. The results of Multiple Linear Regression Variable Physical Work Environment and Work Motivation have a positive influence on Teacher Performance in SMP Negeri 03 and SMA Negeri 03 Talang Ubi District Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency. The results of the F test analysis show that simultaneously there is a significant effect of Physical Work Environment Variables and Work Motivation have a significant effect on Teacher Performance in State Junior High School 03 and State Senior High School 03 Talang Ubi District Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency. The partial t test results show that the Physical Work Environment and Work Motivation Variables have a significant effect on Teacher Performance in SMP Negeri 03 and SMA Negeri 03, Talang Ubi District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency. Analysis of the Coefficient of Determination shows that 67.1% of the variables of Physical Work Environment and Work Motivation affect Teacher Performance in State Junior High School 03 and State Senior High School 03, Talang Ubi District, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir Regency, while the remaining 32.9% is influenced by other variables not included in this study.

The Effect of Physical Work Environment, Work Discipline, and Financial Compensation on the Performance of Employees of the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia

This research is used to determine the presence or absence of a physical work environment, work discipline and financial compensation for the performance of employees of the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia. By taking into account the level of control of human resources (HR), an agency is expected and makes a major contribution in improving employee performance. This view also uses primary data. The data collection technique used was to use questionnaires received by distributing questionnaires through google form to 104 employees of the National Archives. The information analysis approach used in this review is multiple linear regression evaluation, which is operated through the SPSS 23 application. Based on the results of this study shows that the variables of physical work environment, work discipline and financial compensation have a significant effect on employee performance. That partially physical work environment variables have a significant effect on employee performance. That the variable of work discipline has a dominant effect on employee performance. And the variable of financial compensation has a significant positive effect on the performance of employees of the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia.

Psychosocial and Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in Korean Adults.

Using hypothesized structural equation modeling, we investigated contributions to physical activity (PA) from psychological, social, and environmental variables. Participants were 768 adults aged 30 years or older (men = 353, women = 415; Mage = 42.51, SD = 10.21years) living in Jungrang-gu, Seoul. To assess psychological, social, and environmental variables, respondents completed scales measuring self-efficacy, decisional balance, social support, physical environment, and leisure time exercise. We found that psychological, social, and environmental variables had a statistically significant effect on PA, with psychological variables mediating the effects of social and physical environmental variables on PA. These findings lend support to the assumed internal and external validity of the social ecological model (SEM) as an explanation for PA.

Investigating the diurnal effects of on-street population and streetscape physical environment on street theft crime: A machine learning and negative binomial regression approach using street view images

Street theft crime remains a significant public safety concern in China and a central focus of urban crime prevention initiatives. Recent studies have combined street view images and deep learning networks to detect on-street population and streetscape physical environment features, highlighting their significance in comprehending the occurrence of street crime. However, the question of whether on-street population better represents the ‘true risk population of street crime’ compared to previous static (residential) and dynamic (ambient) measures, and whether this advantage persists across different times of the day, remains unexplored. Additionally, the association between streetscape physical environment features and street theft crime, as established in the existing literature, has not been thoroughly examined with respect to temporal variations throughout the day. To address these gaps, this study employed a machine learning model and a simultaneous negative binomial regression model to explore the influence of on-street population and streetscape physical environment on street theft counts. Specifically, we assessed whether their effects exhibit noticeable variations between day and night. Furthermore, we controlled for potential effects of crime attractors, generators, and sociodemographic variables. Our findings demonstrate, firstly, that on-street population extracted from street view images outperforms other measures in assessing the risk population for street theft due to its superior ability to indicate outdoor activities. Moreover, this advantage of on-street population holds true during both daytime and nighttime hours. Secondly, differences in the impact of streetscape physical environment variables and control variables on street theft counts are observed across daytime and nighttime hours. On-street population proves to be a promising alternative for measuring the risk population of street crime victimization, and temporal variations should not be overlooked in future research endeavors.

Start of dawn singing as related to physical environmental variables in an alpine environment

Birds often have a peak of singing activity at dawn, and the timing of dawn song is species-specific. However, the start of singing at dawn may also depend on environmental factors. We investigated the effects of different environmental variables on the start of dawn singing in six common songbird species in the woodlands of the Swiss National Park. Moon phase, aspect, temperature and road noise had the most consistent effects across species: dawn singing started earlier after brighter and warmer nights, on more east-exposed slopes, and in areas with more road noise. On average, birds started to sing 2.8 min earlier in areas with high road noise level compared to areas without road noise, and 4.7 min earlier in east-exposed slopes compared to west-exposed slopes. Further, birds started to sing on average 5.0 min earlier after full moon compared to new moon nights, 1.2 min earlier after warmer compared to colder nights, and 2.5 min earlier at 2200 m than at 1500 m a.s.l. The effects of date were more species-specific: Alpine Tits started to sing on average 4.9 min later at the end compared to the beginning of the study period, whilst Song Thrushes started to sing 9.0 min earlier. Our findings are in line with the results of previous studies on the effects of road noise, nocturnal light, and partly on temperature. Our study shows that variation in environmental variables may influence the start of dawn singing in different ways, and that anthropogenic factors like road noise can affect bird behaviour even in a highly protected area.

The Influence of Product Quality and Physical Environment on Repurchase Interest Through Customer Satisfaction of Warteg Kharisma Bahari in Bekasi City

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of product quality and physical environment on repurchasing interest through customer satisfaction on Warteg Kharisma Bahari in Bekasi City. This research is quantitative research using a descriptive correlation design with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study are the customers of Warteg Kharisma Bahari in Bekasi City whose number is unknown. The sample in this study was 100 people who were taken by non-probability sampling technique with incidental sampling technique. The data collection technique is by using a questionnaire. The analytical method used are descriptive analysis method and path analysis method. The results showed that the product quality variable and the physical environment variable simultaneously had a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction. Product quality and physical environment variables have a negative and not significant effect on repurchasing interest. The variable of customer satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on repurchasing interest. Furthermore, the customer satisfaction variable is able to mediate between the product quality and physical environment variables on the repurchasing interest variable.

Use of GIS‐based multicriteria evaluation for improved selection of suitable sites for cage fish farming in Mwanza Gulf, Lake Victoria

AbstractStagnating capture fisheries and increasing fish protein demand necessitate aquaculture production to bridge the gap. Lake Victoria is a potential water body for increasing fish production through cage farming. The sustainability of Lake Victoria for cage farming depends on timely and holistic site selection. However, current site selection methods involve complex, resource‐intensive field surveys that lack a holistic approach to integrate multiple factors. Accordingly, information regarding suitable sites for sustainable fish cage farming in Lake Victoria remains scarce. In this study, a transparent geographic information systems (GIS) and multicriteria evaluation (MCE) here after reffered to as GIS‐MCE was used to reveal potential sites to be permitted or avoided during cage aquaculture development in the Mwanza Gulf of Lake Victoria (Tanzania). Our analysis involved weighting and integration of sub‐models representing ecologically sensitive areas, physical environment, and socio‐economic and water quality variables into a single spatial model portraying different site suitability levels in the Mwanza Gulf. The results indicated that the sub‐models identified relatively larger suitable and most suitable sites compared to the overall model. No site maintained its status across all sub‐models. The overall model designated a small area (5.10 km2 or 1.52%) as the most suitable site, with 24.20 km2 (7.44%) as suitable, 64.47 km2 (19.82%) as less suitable, and 42.63 km2 (13.12%) as unsuitable for cage fish farming. The remaining area (188.84 km2 or 58.06%) was a constrained site to be avoided during cage aquaculture development. Taken together, the individual sub‐models are ineffective in designating potential sites for fish cage culture and thus should not be used solely. The GIS‐MCE general model provides a fast and timely method for identifying potential sites for cage farming in Lake Victoria. Fish farmers and managers should use the GIS‐MCE overall model in inland waters to facilitate site selection for complying with licensing requirements and decrease field extensive surveys.

Integrating hydrological connectivity and zooplankton composition in Arctic ponds and lakes

Abstract Arctic landscapes are characterised by their numerous ponds and lakes. With increased climate warming and consequent changes in hydrological connectivity, the ecology of many of these waterbodies is expected to change. We sampled 13 ponds and 22 lakes for zooplankton and various limnological and physical environmental variables in the vicinity of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut (69.1169° N, 105.0597° W), with the aim of testing how well the degree of hydrological connectivity explained patterns in species composition and abundance and contributed to crustacean production. Ponds were hydrologically isolated while the lakes were arranged in four lake chains and ranged from the headwaters to highly inter‐connected lakes receiving water from one to 768 upstream lakes. In all sites combined, 77 zooplankton species were found, including 56 rotifers, six copepods, 11 cladocerans, two fairy shrimp species, a mysid, and a tadpole shrimp. We show that the zooplankton communities differed between hydrologically isolated (ponds) and connected (lakes) systems, with 17 species unique to ponds and 20 to lakes. Furthermore, the communities were more similar within lake chains and hence in lakes closer to each other. In ponds, distances between waterbodies had no impact on community similarity. Zooplankton abundance was higher in lakes (255 ind/L) than in ponds (65 ind/L) due to the higher number of rotifers that accounted for nearly 80% of the zooplankton abundance in lakes. In ponds, rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods were equally abundant. In terms of biomass, cladocerans represented 65% of total biomass in all waterbodies except for a chain of deep lakes that had abundant fish communities. In these lakes, cladoceran abundance and biomass were low and probably limited by fish predation. Zooplankton production was higher in ponds (4.6 mgC m−3 day−1) than in lakes (1.7 mgC m−3 day−1), and within lakes was lowest in the chain composed of large lakes (1.3 mgC m−3 day−1). The high production in ponds was closely linked to high zooplankton biomass and further explained by high gross primary production supported by relatively high nutrient concentrations in these shallow systems. Our study emphasises that hydrological connectivity is key to shaping zooplankton communities, although fish presence also appears to affect them. It shows that isolated ponds (that currently account for c83% of all waterbodies on southern Victoria Island) are hotspots of aquatic biological productivity that probably play an essential role in Arctic freshwater landscapes. Finally, our study provides critical baseline information on the current composition of Arctic zooplankton communities important for estimating climate change impacts.

Socio-Environmental and Physical Factors of Flood Risk in African Cities: An Analysis of Vulnerabilities in Two Contrasting Neighbourhoods in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

The literature on vulnerability to flooding highlights the multiple dimensions of risk factors. However, little research has analysed the joint effects of environmental and social variables on flood risk at the household level in African cities. We use an interdisciplinary approach to analyse the differentiated significance of these dimensions for the status of ‘flood victim’ in Abidjan, the major city of Côte d’Ivoire. The data used were collected in a survey of 503 households residing in two contrasting neighbourhoods of Abidjan. Modelling data with logistic regressions, the results show that physical variables (the slope of the housing plot), environmental variables (liquid and solid waste disposal) and social variables (the gender of the head of household or the composition of the household) are factors jointly associated with flood risk. The multidimensional nature of vulnerability at the household level must be seen as a challenge faced by public authorities in post-disaster management.

Influences of High School Physical Learning Environments on Students' Anxiety in China.

High school students are at an increased risk of developing generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) due to significant pressure to achieve academic success. Although it is known that a school's physical learning environment can influence students' GAD, there is limited research examining this relationship. To fill this knowledge gap, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 students from two high schools in China. A survey questionnaire captured students' GAD self-evaluations (dependent variables), perceptions/preferences of their school physical environment (independent variables), and social and personal conditions (confounding variables). Bivariate analysis showed that students' GAD scores were associated with multiple factors related to the learning environment, physical activities, and personal characteristics. The multivariate analysis examined the relationship between GAD scores and physical learning environment variables while controlling for confounding variables. The results indicated that adequate lighting (B = -0.154, p = .029) and perceived effectiveness of using self-service cafeterias in reducing anxiety (B = -0.138, p = .044) were significantly associated with GAD scores. These findings provide evidence for the importance of designing high schools with students' mental health in mind. Specifically, school administrators and designers should consider how to improve the physical learning environment by incorporating natural light, a self-service cafeteria, and spaces for physical activities to promote students' mental well-being.

The Effect Of Physical Environmental Accounting Disclosures, Monetary Environment Accounting And Environmental Performance On Company Value At PTPN XI Gending Sugar Factory

Many companies ignore environmental costs because they think that these costs are only limited to supporting the company's operational activities and are not directly related to the production process. Environmental accounting is a term that specializes in financing companies or the government from operational activities which later raise environmental costs and companies are required to pay these costs. The formulation of the problems examined in this thesis are: 1) Do physical environment accounting have a significant effect on firm value? 2) Do monetary environmental accounting have a significant effect on firm value? 3) Doenvironmental performance have a significant effect on company value? 4) Do physical environment accounting, monetary environmental accounting and environmental performance simultaneously have significant effect on firm value? The aims of this research are 1) to analyze the significant of physical environment accounting on firm value. 2) To analyze the significant effect of monetary environmental accounting on firm value. 3) To analyze the significant effect of environmental performance on firm value. 4) To analyze the significant effect of physical environment accounting, monetary environmental accounting and environmental performance simultaneously on firm value. This study uses a quantitative approach to the type of researchfield reseach. The population and sample of this study were the accounting and processing staff of the Gending Sugar Factory, totaling 43 employees by distributing questionnaires to 43 respondents using a saturated sample technique. Data analysis tools include validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test and multiple linear regression analysis, hypothesis testing and coefficient of determination test (R2) with the help of the SPSS program Statistics version 22. This study can be concluded that partially the physical and monetary environmental accounting variables have a significant effect on firm value. Physical environment accounting variable value tcount3,098 > ttable 2.022, significant value 0.004 <0.05, monetary environmental accounting variable t valuecount7,271 > ttable 2.022, a significant value of 0.000 <0.05. The environmental performance variable has no significant effect on firm value where the value of tcount-1,764< ttable 2.022 significant value 0.086 > 0.05. While simultaneously the variables of physical environmental accounting, monetary environmental accounting and environmental performance have a positive and significant effect on firm value with a value of Fcount 24,883 > Ftable2.855 and a significant value of 0.000 <0.05.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MARKETING MIX ON THE LENDING STRATEGY OF THE COMMERCIAL & CORPORATE SEGMENT AT PT BANK ABC

This study aims to determine the effect of the Marketing Mix on the Commercial & Corporate Segment Credit Strategy at PT Bank ABC. The results showed that the price, product and process variables partially influenced the decision to take credit at PT Bank ABC. Place, promotion, people and physical environment variables partially have no effect on the decision to take credit at PT Bank ABC. All independent variables Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical Environment simultaneously influence the decision to take credit at PT Bank ABC. In terms of price variables that affect the debtor's decision to take credit at Bank ABC, Banks can carry out appropriate pricing strategies to be charged to debtors after going through various considerations by the Bank. In terms of product variables that affect the debtor's decision to take credit at Bank ABC, the Bank can develop new credit products according to current market needs and always conduct regular product development and evaluation so that it can stay abreast of business developments in the market. In terms of process variables that affect the debtor's decision to take credit at Bank ABC, the Bank can carry out strategies from the debtor's side and the bank's internal side.

Productivity in the workplace and Its relation to physical and intangible factors

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the effect of physical and non-physical work environment on employee productivity. The population of this study consisted of fifty employees of Samsung Experience Store Jayapura. The census sampling method was used to determine the sample size of this study, so that all population members were used as samples. The data source used is primary data, which is data collected directly from respondents through questionnaires by researchers. Descriptive statistical analysis, validity and reliability test, normality test, autocorrelation test, heteroscedasticity test, multicollinearity test, and hypothesis testing through multiple linear regression analysis, partial test, simultaneous test, and coefficient of determination test will be part of the data analysis procedure. The findings of this study indicate that physical and non-physical work environment variables have a positive influence on the work productivity of Samsung Experience Store Jayapura employees. The findings of this study indicate that the physical and non-physical work environment has a positive and statistically significant influence on the work productivity of Samsung Experience Store Jayapura employees.

Socio-Environmental Vulnerability to Drought in the Seridó Potiguar, Brazil: Building Indicators

Imprecise in space-time and with damaging effects, drought as a historical-natural phenomenon of high complexity has been afflicting the population of the Seridó Potiguar Region, located in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. For centuries, the region, of state relevance, is part of the Brazilian semiarid region. This reality produces socio-spatial, socio-economic, and political-institutional conflicts. Considering this, and the fact that drought in the 21st century continues to reach disastrous proportions and cause harm to human systems, this research aimed to offer a partial overview of the socio-environmental vulnerability of the Seridó region to drought, focusing on seven key municipalities: Bodó, Caicó, Currais Novos, Ipueira, Jardim de Piranhas, Jucurutu, and Parelhas. The Drought Vulnerability Index (DVI) was applied to these municipalities, composed of the sub-indices of Exposure, Susceptibility, and Adaptive Capacity, based on socio-economic and physical-environmental variables, which were calculated, classified, and cartographically represented using the RGB color composition. After analyzing the results, it was found that the municipalities ranged from low to moderate vulnerability, which can be justified by the compensation between the variables themselves and the good indicators regarding social assistance, mixed economy, hydraulic infrastructure, and means of coping with the semiarid region.

The Influence of The Work Environment on Job Satisfaction of Samsat Office UPT Revenue Regional Region of Makassar 1

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the work environment on the job satisfaction of the Samsat Office UPT Regional Income Makassar 1 regionally partially and simultaneously. The samples used were 40 employees of the UPT Regional Revenue Samsat Office Makassar Region 1. The data collection technique was carried out by means of a questionnaire. Data analysis techniques consist of validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test consisting of normality test, multicollinearity test, and heteroscedasticity test, multiple linear analysis test, hypothesis test, test of the coefficient of determination. Physical Work Environment Variables have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction, and Non-Physical Work Environment variables have a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. The most dominant variable affecting job satisfaction is the non-physical work environment variable. The dependent variable job satisfaction can be explained by variables consisting of the physical work environment, and the remaining non-physical work environment is explained by other variables that were not examined in this study.

Meta-Analysis Study: Environmental Risk Factors of Tuberculosis (TB)

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a major cause of global health problems. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the risk factors of the physical environment in terms of ventilation, home density, and lighting, as well as to test their sensitivity to TB. Methods: The Meta-Analysis method was used with the PICOS technique, and a total of 11 articles were obtained through Google Scholar and Science Direct. Results and Discussions: The meta-analysis showed that home density posed the highest risk among the physical environment variables with a pooled PR = e1.33 = 3.781 (95% CI 1.10 – 1.56). Furthermore, the results were relatively on the variable of ownership and home density, and unstable on the lighting. Conclusion: Based on the results, home density had the highest risk among the physical environment variable. Therefore, the community is advised to improve promotive services by providing information related to TB, such as healthy homes and fulfilling requirements.

Towards Carbon-Neutral Cities: Urban Classification Based on Physical Environment and Carbon Emission Characteristics

Cities are highly industrialized and populated areas and major sources of greenhouse gas emissions. For carbon neutrality, examining the correlation between urban characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions is necessary. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of each city from a carbon neutrality perspective. As such, we conducted a carbon-neutral city analysis. First, the physical environmental variables of 250 municipal, county, and district local governments were collected and constructed and then reduced and purified through factor analysis. Second, the type was derived by performing cluster analysis on the reduced factor variables and carbon emissions by analysis unit. Finally, the characteristics of each type were analyzed, and the carbon-neutral city planning and applicable carbon-neutral technology fields were proposed according to the characteristics. After the categorization of carbon-neutral cities throughout Korea, six cluster types were derived; cities in each cluster had similar characteristics. This study suggests that solutions for carbon reduction should be applied by comprehensively considering the social, economic, and environmental characteristics of each city. It concludes that regional physical environmental indicators and energy consumption statistics can be used comprehensively to establish effective policies and apply technologies and techniques at the local government level.