Physical Diagnosis Texts Research Articles

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and gender bias in illustrations in anatomy and physical diagnosis texts

Sex and gender bias in illustrations in anatomy and physical diagnosis texts

Sex and gender bias in illustrations in anatomy and physical diagnosis texts

Sex and gender bias in illustrations in anatomy and physical diagnosis texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and gender bias in illustrations in anatomy and physical diagnosis texts

Sex and gender bias in illustrations in anatomy and physical diagnosis texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Illustrations in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Texts

Sex and Gender Bias in Anatomy and Physical Diagnosis Text Illustrations

To examine the sex and gender distribution of illustrations in two atlases, five anatomy texts, and five physical diagnosis texts. Of 4060 illustrations that were identifiable by sex and gender in 12 commonly used anatomy and physical diagnosis textbooks, 3827 were categorized by two reviewers as female, male, or neutral. Females were represented, on average, in 21.2% of the anatomy text illustrations; males were represented, on average, in 44.3%; 34.4% of the illustrations were neutral. Of the nonreproductive anatomy illustrations, a mean of 11.1% (range, 4.6% to 23.8%) depicted women and 43.1% (range, 35.4% to 56.2%) depicted men. Of nonreproductive anatomy illustrations, a mean of 45.8% (range, 27.2% to 59.9%) were neutral. Overall, the physical diagnosis text illustrations demonstrated a more equal sex and gender distribution (21.5% female and 24.8% male). However, in the reproductive chapters of the physical diagnosis texts, females were depicted in a mean of 71.1% (range, 63.2% to 79.0%) of the illustrations, while in the nonreproductive chapters, females were depicted in 8.8% of total illustrations. In anatomy and physical diagnosis texts, women are underrepresented in illustrations of nonreproductive anatomy. The finding that males are depicted in a majority of nonreproductive anatomy illustrations may perpetuate the image of the male body as the normal or standard model for medical education.

Kernig's and Brudzinski's signs revisited.

Although meningitis has been recognized since antiquity, the clear description of signs of meningeal irritation is relatively recent. Kernig's sign is described in physical diagnosis texts; however, the test for Kernig's sign as currently performed differs from Kernig's original description. Brudzinski described several signs of meningitis; his "nape of the neck" sign is the best known. The contralateral leg signs described by Brudzinski are unfamiliar to most clinicians. Brudzinski believed that knowledge of all the meningeal signs was of use because some may be present while others are absent. Since outcome in meningitis is dependent on early treatment--and therefore early diagnosis--familiarity with all the meningeal signs is desirable.

Introduction to Clinical Examination

This is a short "how-to-do-it" book that explains the techniques of systemic examination, as well as history taking and includes a chapter on the integration of the gathered data. The chapter on history taking is only five pages in length, and yet some very useful hints to make history taking easier are mentioned. The chapter on the neurological examination is exceptionally good, and the technique of reinforcement, which is often not mentioned in physical diagnosis texts, is explained. How to feel for the popliteal pulse is explained very well. Physiologic explanation of physical findings is frequently but not always given, but the purpose of this book is not to explain "why." The authors give the impression that hepatojugular reflux can be elicited in normal individuals, which is misleading. Also, the fourth heart sound is not indicative of atrial hypertrophy, as stated by the authors. The statement that junior medical students