Physical Development Of Preschool Children Research Articles

Effects of nutritional interventions on the physical development of preschool children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

There is a significant correlation between diet and delayed growth and development in children. However, the evidence for the crucial role of dietary interventions in children's growth and development health remains inconclusive. This meta-analysis sought to comprehensively evaluate the effects of nutritional interventions on children's physical development. Articles published from January 2007 to December 2022 were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Wanfang, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases. Statistical analysis was conducted using Stata/SE 16.0 software, as well as Review Manager 5.4 software. The meta-analysis included a total of 8 original studies. The total sample comprised 6,645 children aged <8 years. The results of meta-analysis were as follows: (I) there was no significant difference in the body mass index (BMI)-for-age z scores between the nutritional intervention group and the control group [mean difference (MD) =0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.07, 0.30]. Thus, the nutritional interventions did not significantly improve the BMI-for-age z scores; (II) when the nutritional intervention period was <6 months, there was no significant difference in the weight-for-height z scores between the nutritional intervention group and the control group (MD =0.47, 95% CI: -0.07, 1.00), but when the nutritional intervention period was ≥6 months, the nutritional interventions significantly improved the weight-for-height z scores (MD =0.36, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.72); (III) a nutritional intervention period ≥6 months cannot significantly improved children's height-for-age z scores; (4) When the nutritional intervention period was <6 months, there was no statistically significant difference in the weight-for-age z scores between the nutritional intervention group and the control group (MD =-0.20, 95% CI: -0.60, 0.20), but when the nutritional intervention period was ≥6 months, the nutritional interventions significantly increased children's weight-for-age (mean difference =2.23, 95% CI: 0.01, 4.44). Different nutritional interventions had a slight improvement effect on children's physical growth and development. However, the effect of the short-term nutritional interventions (<6 months) was not obvious. In clinical practice, it is recommended that nutritional intervention programs be formulated that can be implemented for longer periods. However, due to the limited literature included, further research is needed.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ІГРОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ У ДІТЕЙ З ОСОБЛИВОСТЯМИ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The article considers game technologies as a form of work with children with moderate and severemental retardation. The article describes the peculiarities of the development of play activities of children with moderate and severemental retardation,definescertaing a metechnologies that are used in work with this category of children. Play is the mainactivity of a preschoolchild. Through the game, the childgets to know thew orld aroundhim, his mental processes develop in the game. It was determined that children with moderate and severemental retardation of preschool ageplay very primitively, their game consists of monotonous movements. Attheinitial stage of organizing the behavior of this category of children, the most accessibleand useful are dance and movement games, which are accompaniedby a simplesongtext. In suchgames, the child gets the opportunity to perform exercises that gradually become more difficult and thatare easily in cludedin the game situation. In the life of a child with intellectual disabilities, play should be come a leading activity, providing the zone of his immediate development. However, this happens only when special conditions are created and the child is in cluded in the process of corrective and educational work, part of which is the purposeful formation of play activities. Most children with intellectual disabilities show aninsufficiently expressed and weakinterestintoys, this is a signof generall ow cognitiveactivity. In most cases, such children do not have favorite toys, as a resul to fwhich they begin to perform game actions with those who at the moment fall into their field of vision or attract them with their appearance, and not with the opportunity to realize a specific go a lin life, as happens in children with norm of development. Based on this, the interestis short-lived, unstable and the child quickly throws the toy away. All the sefeaturesle ad to a long delay in the development of all components of game activity. Some children have a selective interestintoys, their favorite toys stand out. However, this interest is blurred, unstable, which is manifested in the absence of even a short- termin clusion in the game process. The child is quickly distracted. There fore, properly organized play activity has a positive effect on the physical development of preschool children with intellectual disabilities, promotes the activation of their intellectual sphere, forms the arbitrariness of mental processes, there for econtributes to the harmonious development of the child's personality. In addition, the game develops and improves communication skills, which affects the success of socialization.

Peri-Conceptional Folic Acid Supplementation and Children’s Physical Development: A Birth Cohort Study

Maternal lack of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy may increase the risk of low birth weight and preterm delivery. However, little is known about the relationship between folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and the physical development of offspring in the later stage. This study aimed to explore the association between maternal folic acid supplementation status during pregnancy and the physical development of preschool children. A total of 3064 mother-child pairs with data on maternal folic acid supplementation status during pregnancy and children's anthropometric measurements were recruited from the Ma'anshan-Anhui Birth Cohort (MABC) in China. Maternal folic acid supplementation status during pregnancy was the main exposure, and the primary outcomes were children's growth development trajectories. Children's growth development trajectories were fitted using group-based trajectory models. The association between maternal folic acid supplementation status during pregnancy and children's growth trajectories was performed using multiple logistic regression models. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that the absence of maternal folic acid supplementation before pregnancy and in the first trimester was significantly associated with a "high level" trajectory (trajectory 3) and a "high rising level" trajectory (trajectory 4) of BMI-Z scores in children 0 to 6 years of age (OR = 1.423, 95%CI:1.022-1.982; OR = 1.654, 95%CI: 1.024-2.671). In children aged 4 to 6 years old, a "high level" trajectory (trajectory 3) of body fat ratio was substantially related to maternal no folic acid supplementation before pregnancy and in the first trimester (OR = 1.833, 95%CI:1.037-3.240). No significant additional benefits associated with physical developmental indicators in preschool children have been observed with continued folic acid supplementation after the first trimester of gestation. Maternal non-supplementation with folic acid during pregnancy is associated with a "high level" BMI trajectory and a "high level" body fat ratio trajectory in preschool-aged children.

Современные подходы к стандартизации физического развития детей дошкольного возраста

Negative trends in children’s health necessitate the use of a prenosological approach aimed at prevention and early detection of pathology risks. Developmental monitoring as a conditional measure of a child’s physical capabilities is of particular importance. To prevent the development of school-related diseases, it is recommended to conduct examinations in advance, at preschool age. This poses a challenge to public health practitioners to choose between international or regional standards for the assessment of physical development. Objective. To compare the results of applying international and regional standards for assessing the physical development of preschool children. Patients and methods. This cross-sectional study included 1716 children aged 2 to 7 years living in Samara. Physical development was assessed using the WHO Z-score standards and regional regression scales. Results. Comparison of the results revealed significant differences: regression scales were 13.3% more likely to detect short stature, 4.3% more likely to detect tall stature, and 6.5% more likely to detect underweight. The only indicator for which the regression scales were less likely to detect deviations from developmental reference ranges was overweight, but the difference was not significant (p &gt; 0.05) and was observed only when comparing the results in boys. Conclusion. For timely and effective assessment of child and adolescent health, it is advisable to establish regional standards of physical development. Key words: preschool age, children’s health, prevention, physical development

Bobath Therapy for Cerebral Palsy: An Efficacy Study

Cerebral palsy is among the most severe perinatal lesions in the central nervous system and a leading cause of childhood disability. Aim to assess how Bobath therapy affects the motor functions and physical development of preschool children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. The study includes 42 (46.7%) boys and 48 (53.3%) girls aged four diagnosed with spastic diplegia. All patients were divided into two comparison groups of 45 children based on the method of physical rehabilitation: children enrolled in a conventional rehabilitation program (control group) and children receiving standard rehabilitation together with Bobath therapy (treatment group). After a course of integrated physical rehabilitation, patients demonstrated an improvement in motor skills: 15 (33.3%) children (p&lt;0.05) with GMFCS level 2 improved to level 1, and 16 (35.6%) children (p&lt;0.05) with GMFCS level 3 improved to level 2. In the control group, only 6 (13.3%) children (p&lt;0.05) with GMFCS level 2 improved to level 1, and 11 (24.4%) children (p&lt;0.05) with GMFCS level 3 improved to level 2. The conventional physical rehabilitation combined with Bobath therapy has a positive effect on the motor skills and physical development of children with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy.

Problems of physical development of preschool children and junior school children

Problems of physical development of preschool children and junior school children

FOOTBALL AS A MEANS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

This article discusses the effective teaching of football sports in the physical development of preschool children. Additionally, it is mentioned that, football exercises not only have a healthy effect on their healthy growth and development, but also on the leg and arm muscles of children in motion. And exercises that encourage children to move with the ball were also kept in mind.

The Correlation Between Physical Fitness Of Preschool Children And Physical Cognition Of Their Parents

PURPOSE: Parents are playing a more important role than before in promoting the physical development of preschool children. This study was aimed to analyze the characteristics of Chinese preschool children’s physical fitness and the physical cognition of children’s parents, and to explore the relationship between the two. METHODS: 459 Chinese preschool children (223 boys & 236 girls) aged 3-6 years (M ± SD: 4.57 ± 1.12) were recruited from 9 kindergartens in Shanghai, China. Physical fitness of the children was tested based on the Chinese National Fitness Standards (for preschool children). Physical cognition of parents was measured by the cognitive questionnaire on decisional balance scale for exercise. Correlation between children’s physical fitness test score and physical cognition score from the questionnaire was checked. RESULTS: The total score of the physical test is (24.99 ± 4.72) points. In terms of physical shape, standard weight and height scores are 3.88 and 3.94 points respectively; physical fitness included the following subtests (points): standing long jump (2.97), sit and reach (2.77), continuous foot jumping (3.43), balance beam (2.38), 15-meter obstacle run (2.68), and grip strength (2.99). Fail rate 11.4%, qualified rate 50.0%, good rate 29.8%, excellent rate 8.7%. Parents’ exercise benefit score was (3.88 ± 0.54) points, exercise cost is (2.62 ± 0.65) points, exercise decision balance score is (1.26 ± 0.99) points, the parents with a score of more than 0 accounted for 90.4%. Parents’ exercise decision balance score is significantly correlated with children’s physical fitness test scores (r = 0.286, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The current physical fitness of Chinese children is not optimistic. Most children have fair physical fitness level but rare of them are excellent. The development of various physical fitness is unbalanced. The proportion of Chinese parents who are aware of physical behavior is relatively high, and there is a significant correlation with the physical fitness of children. This shows that most parents now recognize the benefits of physical behavior and their attitudes towards physical exercise may affect children’s physical fitness. Behavior has an impact on the physical fitness of preschool children.

Features of motivation for rhythmic gymnastics in preschool girls

The level of physical development and health of children in the Republic of Kazakhstan has signifi- cantly decreased over the past decades. Therefore, at the present stage, the physical development of preschool children is a social order of society in the preschool education system. Rhythmic gymnastics classes can stimulate the physical, psychological, aesthetic development of girls, starting from early childhood, therefore, girls’ enrollment in the rhythmic gymnastics section begins at the present time from 2, 5 to 5 years. Such early inclusion requires taking into account the peculiari- ties of motivating preschool girls to play sports. Analysis of the literature showed that there is not enough research on this topic in Kazakhstan, which determined the need for this research. The purpose of the research was to study the characteristics of motivation in preschool girls to en- gage in rhythmic gymnastics. The analysis of publications on the topic under study showed the presence of studies on the study of motivation to practice rhythmic gymnastics for girls of preschool age; the work of L.N. Rogaleva and O.A. Zimmerman (2012), the authors in their work point out the contradictions in the views of coaches and parents on encouraging preschool children to play sports. In connection with the revealed contradictions, it is indicated that the main problem of motivating preschool children is that their motivation is unstable, arises under the influence of various social and psychological factors, and develops in an often unpredictable manner. In the process of the study, which was attended by 15 girls of preschool age, who go in for rhythmic gymnastics in Almaty, with an average age of 5.6 years, with an experience of playing sports from 3 to 4 years, it was revealed that the motivation to go in for sports is colored by positive emotions in 75% of percent, while 25% choose sad and neutral emotions (concentration), which indicates their anxiety or tension in rhythmic gymnastics classes. Thus, it was concluded that, starting from preschool age, the focus of attention of parents and coaches should be the emotional state of female artists, as the main criterion of their motivation to go in for sports. Key words: features of motivation, rhythmic gymnastics, preschool girls, preschool age, motivation, theoretical and methodological approaches, foreign researchers, etc.

DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL QUALITIES OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN

This article introduces a special set of exercises for the effective organization of the process of physical education for preschool children, the development of their physical qualities in relation to their age, as well as the development of levels of physical fitness. The purpose of our research is to carry out a study into the development of physical qualities of children aged 5-7, as well as the analysis of indicators of physical development of preschool children. As the correct physical education of preschoolers is one of the most significant importance, this article intends to assist with providing general and specific ways in order to preserve the health of preschoolers. Furthermore, their positive impacts on physical development, the formation of motor skills, physical qualities of them.

RETRACTED: The effect of physical activity intensity on the growth and development of 3–6 years old preschool children

Objective To explore the influence of physical activity intensity on physical fitness of preschool children. Methods Taking 192 preschool children in Changsha City as the research objects, using accelerometers to measure physical activity intensity, using correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis and isochronous substitution paradigm to analyze the correlation between different physical activity intensities. Results (1) There was no significant correlation between LPA and its physical fitness indicators. (2) MPA is significantly correlated with physical fitness indicators of preschool children. (3) After controlling for gender, age, wearing time and other factors, MVPA, especially MPA, still has a significant influence on various indicators of physical fitness; (4) After MVPA replaces PA of other strengths, physical fitness changes only when MVPA replaces others. The direction consistency and significance are only when the intensity is PA. Conclusion VPA is closely related to the physical fitness of preschool children. Promoting the improvement of VPA may be crucial to the physical development of preschool children.

Harmonious physique development and obesity prevention of preschool girls

Introduction: The main threats to the health and harmonious physical development of preschool children are overweight, obesity and abnormalities in the physique development. The aim of the study was to verify if particular (harmonious physique development and obesity prevention) PE intervention is more effective than standard PE classes for preschool children. Material and methods: Participants: The thirty healthy preschool girls (5-6 aged). All children practiced PE classes 3 times a week. Group 1 practiced the traditional PE sessions (games, gymnastic and dancing). Group 2 except games and dancing used a particular PE training (purposeful development of the shoulder girdle, upper limbs and motor abilities). The study used methods for estimating height and body weight, BMI, body composition, participants' biacromial breadth and Rees-Eysenck body index (REBI). Results: There were significant (p≤0.05) differences in BMI and biacromial breadth values between of participants' group in the study ending. Group 2 had a significantly (p≤0.05) lower BMI and a larger shoulder width values. Body composition assessment showed a significantly (p≤0.05) higher percentage of bone and muscle mass in group 2. There was a significant decrease in the participants' number of normosthenic body type in group 1. A significant increase in the participants' number of normosthenic body type and decrease in the in the participants' number of pyknic body type were found in group 2. Conclusions: PE programs related to the purposeful development of the shoulder girdle, upper limbs and motor skills contributes to the process of harmonious physique development of preschool girls (aged 5-6). An higher positive effect of using this PE practice in the control of body weight and BMI dynamics in preschool girls was found.

ЗМІНИ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ФІЗИЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ДІТЕЙ 5 РОКІВ м. КИЄВА В ДИНАМІЦІ 1912-2019 РОКІВ

Objective: on the basis of dynamic observations to assess changes in the physical development of preschool children in Kyiv, and to develop standardized indicators. Research methods: hygienic, physiological, anthropometric, statistical. Object of study - preschool children in Kyiv, both sexes, aged 5 years; indicators of physical development, scientific literature. In order to assess the dynamics of the physical development of preschool children, to develop standardized indicators, using anthropometric, physiological and hygienic research methods, we studied the morphological and functional indicators of physical development of 278 modern preschoolers in Kyiv. Results: it is proved that modern children of 5 years of age in comparison with their peers in 1912, 1962 and 2005 have a narrower chest, ie more prone to asthenic body structure, which is especially pronounced among girls. It is also impossible to exclude the beginning of the slowing down of acceleration processes in both sex and age groups, and given the data of physical development of girls, even in the future the tendency to stagnation of physical development. Thus, there is a sexual differentiation of the growth processes of children of five years of age, as evidenced by significant differences in the morphological, functional and anthropometric characteristics of preschoolers, but different rates of their physical development are noted.

ЗМІНИ ПОКАЗНИКІВ ФІЗИЧНОГО РОЗВИТКУ ДІТЕЙ 6 РОКІВ м. КИЄВА В ДИНАМІЦІ 1912–2019 РОКІВ

Objective: on the basis of dynamic observations to assess changes in the physical development of preschool children in Kyiv, and to develop standardized indicators. Research methods: hygienic, physiological, anthropometric, statistical. Object of study - preschool children in Kyiv, both sexes, aged 6 years; indicators of physical development, scientific literature. In order to assess the dynamics of the physical development of preschool children, to develop standardized indicators, using anthropometric, physiological and hygienic research methods, we studied the morphological and functional indicators of physical development of 413 modern preschoolers in Kyiv. Results: it is proved that modern children of 6 years of age in comparison with their peers in 1912, 1962 and 2009 have a narrower chest, ie more prone to asthenic body structure, which is especially pronounced among girls. It is also impossible to exclude the beginning of the slowing down of acceleration processes in both sex and age groups, and given the data of physical development of girls, even in the future the tendency to stagnation of physical development. Thus, there is a sexual differentiation of the growth processes of children of five years of age, as evidenced by significant differences in the morphological, functional and anthropometric characteristics of preschoolers, but different rates of their physical development are noted.

THE PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL CONFORMITY AS THE BASIS OF INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF MM EFYMENKO'S AUTHOR'S TECHNOLOGY ON PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PRESCHOOLERS

The article considers the phylogenetic principle as the core of the general principle of nature in relation to the physical development of preschoolers in normal and with special health capabilities. The phylogenetic logic of human biological formation is reflected in the sequence of individual ontogenetic development of the child, which proves the basic biogenetic law of Haeckel - Mueller. The methodological basis of Mykola Yefimenko's technology is this phylogenetic-ontogenetic sequence of formation of basic movements, which provides a fundamentally new approach to the physical development of preschool children. Physical education classes according to the innovative approach should start with lying-horizontal starting positions (lying, on all fours, sitting) and gradually become more complicated to vertical positions standing, walking, climbing, running and jumping. It is this evolutionary method of practice in the physical education of preschoolers will ensure the implementation of the main didactic principles: from simple - to complex, from easy - to difficult, gradual, consistent, imitation. A kind of evolutionary gymnastics should become not only an algorithm for conducting any form of physical education of preschoolers (from morning gymnastics awakening - to a sports holiday), but be the methodological basis of the whole system of planning physical development of children from nursery to senior group. The implementation of the principle of naturalness will be able to provide stimulation of mental development of preschool children on the basis of purposeful stimulation of attractor structures of the brain formed during human evolution. All this will be able to guarantee the full psychophysical development of the child as a person and in the future its successful socialization. Key words: nature correspondence principle, physical development, preschoolers, phylogenetic sequence, evolutionary method.

Dynamics of indices of physical development of preschool children of the city of Ufa

A comparative analysis of indices of physical development of preschool children of Ufa for 1978, 1999 and 2014 showed mixed changes or no statistically reliable changes in the indices in preschool children of different groups from 1978 to 1999. In the period from 1999 to 2014 in some groups of preschool children there were revealed statistically reliable positive changes in the indices, whereas there was no statistically reliable decrease of indices. A favorable fact is also the increment in the percentage of preschool children with harmonious physical development in the comparison with 1999.

Dynamics of indicators of physical development of preschool children of ufa

A comparative analysis of indicators ofphysical development ofpreschool children of Ufa for 1978, 1999 and 2014 showed mixed changes or no statistically reliable changes in the indicators in preschool children of different groups from 1978 to 1999. In the periodfrom 1999 to 2014 in some groups of preschool children revealed statistically reliable positive changes in the indices, whereas statistically reliable decrease of indicators was not. A favorable fact is also increase in comparison with 1999, the percentage of preschool children with harmonious physical development.

CORRECT BODY POSTURE AND REMEDIATION OF A BAD BODY POSTURE AT PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN

Preschool children are in a period of the most intense growth and development, and this is also a period when physical education can be used more effectively to guide their proper development. On the other hand, if the necessary care is not taken, the occurrence of poor physical development of preschool children of young school age is increasingly emphasized as a problem, primarily as a consequence of the modern way of life, in which the reduced volume of physical activity is particularly emphasized. We want to emphasize that this is an age where the growth and development of children is very intense and accelerated, so the effects of external and internal factors in both directions are very large and this fact should always be taken into consideration by children's institutions, educators, doctors, parents and to give special care to it. The spinal column was especially endangered during this period, as a basis for proper posture and proper growth and development. Today's children spend most of their days at home, growing and developing with the control and influence of computers, mobile phones, video games and the end of the TV screen, so there is very little time to move around. The author, pointing to the problem, encloses the choice of therapeutic exercises with the application of which could be much influenced in order to prevent the occurrence of poor posture and the formation of physical deformities.

Physical Development of Low Birth-Weight Children at Preschool Age, Born to Adolescent Mothers of Bishkek.

This paper presents the results of a risk factors-analysis and the analysis of physical development of pre-school children born with a low birth weight to teenage mothers. The study has also identifed unfavorable factors affecting the birth of low weight children and the lag in physical development of preschool children born with low birth weight to adolescent mothers. According to our research, children born out of wedlock are mostly born with low birth weight (66.7%) and student mothers who had psychological and physical stress during pregnancy. Adolescent mothers who lacked a sufficient and balanced diet, had a high risk of born child with IUGR of hypotrophic type of the 2nd degree.

Prerequisites for the physical development of preschool children for the realization of the tasks of physical education

Prerequisites for the physical development of preschool children for the realization of the tasks of physical education